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1.
Rev. Soc. Venez. Microbiol ; 36(2): 63-67, dic. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-842870

ABSTRACT

Aproximadamente el 50% de los carcinomas hepatocelulares (CHC) en el mundo están etiológicamente asociados con la infección por el virus de hepatitis B (VHB). Se han descrito 10 genotipos del VHB (A-J). En Venezuela y en varios países latinoamericanos predomina el genotipo F. Las mutaciones K130M y V131I presentes en la proteína HBx del VHB han sido asociadas al desarrollo del CHC. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la variabilidad genética de la proteína HBx del VHB circulante en pacientes venezolanos, con el fin de correlacionar estas mutaciones con los parámetros clínicos y virológicos de la enfermedad. Se analizó la secuencia del gen X del VHB, mediante amplificación por PCR de un fragmento de ese gen, en 45 pacientes infectados (35 crónicos y 10 agudos). Se observó una mayor frecuencia de las mutaciones K130M y V131I en pacientes de 25 o más años y con infección crónica. La presencia de estas mutaciones fue significativamente menor en el subgenotipo F3, comparado con el genotipo C. Estos resultados refuerzan la hipótesis de que el subgenotipo F3, predominante en Venezuela, podría estar asociado a una progresión menos severa de la enfermedad que la descrita para otros subgenotipos americanos, como F1b o F2.


Approximately 50% of the hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) in the world are etiologically associated to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Ten HBV genotypes (A-J) have been described in Venezuela and in other Latin American countries where the F genotype predominates. The K130M and V131I mutations present in the HBx protein of HBV have been associated with the development of HCC. The aim of this work was to study the genetic variability of HBx protein from HBV circulating in Venezuelan patients, in order to correlate these mutations with clinical and virus factors involved in the disease. The X HBV gene sequence was analyzed by PCR amplification of that gene in 45 infected patients (35 with chronic and 10 with acute stages of hepatitis). A higher frequency K130M and V131I mutations was observed in subjects 25 years of age and older with chronic infection. The presence of these mutations was significantly lower in the F3 subgenotype compared with genotype C. These results support the hypothesis that the F3 subgenotype, predominant in Venezuela, could be associated with a less severe progression of the disease than that described for other American subgenotypes, such as F1b or F2.

2.
Invest Clin ; 57(1): 38-46, 2016 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27382800

ABSTRACT

Globally, about 50% of liver cancer originates as a result of long term infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), and some genotypes and mutations have been associated with an increased severity of infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of HBV in patients from Venezuela, with chronic infection, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to compare the occurrence of mutations in all patient groups. Samples from patients with different pathologies of the liver, associated with HBV infection, were collected. The HBV S region was analyzed for genotype determination and, when available, the whole genome sequence was examined for mutations analysis. Genotype F was the most common genotype (87%). While the HBV subgenotype F3 was the most frequent genotype in the whole group of samples (44%), the subgenotype F2 predominated in HCC patients (56%). Mutations were more common in HCC and cirrhosis cases (p=0.01). The A1762T mutation was significantly associated with the advanced stage of liver disease (p=0.008). Additionally, mutations were more common in early stages of liver disease in HBV subgenotype F2-infected patients, and a significant association between this subgenotype and the emergence of T 1753C, A1762T, A1762T/G1764A (p=0.04) and C1773T (p=0.001) mutations in chronic patients was found, when compared to the HBV subgenotype F3. By comparing F2 with all other HBV subgenotypes, a positive association for the three basal core promoter (BCP) mutants (A1762T, A1762T/G1764A p=0.01, G1764A p=0.04) was found. These results suggest that the HBV subgenotype F2 might be associated to more severe forms of liver disease in comparison with the HBV subgenotype F3.


Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology , Genetic Variation , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Liver Neoplasms/virology , Mutation , Genotype , Humans , Venezuela
3.
Invest. clín ; Invest. clín;57(1): 38-46, mar. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-841097

ABSTRACT

Globally, about 50% of liver cancer originates as a result of long term infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), and some genotypes and mutations have been associated with an increased severity of infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of HBV in patients from Venezuela, with chronic infection, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to compare the occurrence of mutations in all patient groups. Samples from patients with different pathologies of the liver, associated with HBV infection, were collected. The HBV S region was analyzed for genotype determination and, when available, the whole genome sequence was examined for mutations analysis. Genotype F was the most common genotype (87%). While the HBV subgenotype F3 was the most frequent genotype in the whole group of samples (44%), the subgenotype F2 predominated in HCC patients (56%). Mutations were more common in HCC and cirrhosis cases (p=0.01). The A1762T mutation was significantly associated with the advanced stage of liver disease (p=0.008). Additionally, mutations were more common in early stages of liver disease in HBV subgenotype F2- infected patients, and a significant association between this subgenotype and the emergence of T1753C, A1762T, A1762T/G1764A (p=0.04) and C1773T (p=0.001) mutations in chronic patients was found, when compared to the HBV subgenotype F3. By comparing F2 with all other HBV subgenotypes, a positive association for the three basal core promoter (BCP) mutants (A1762T, A1762T/G1764A p=0.01, G1764A p=0.04) was found. These results suggest that the HBV subgenotype F2 might be associated to more severe forms of liver disease in comparison with the HBV subgenotype F3.


Mundialmente, alrededor del 50% del cáncer de hígado se origina como consecuencia de la infección a largo plazo con el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB), y algunos genotipos y mutaciones han sido asociados con severidad incrementada de la infección. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la diversidad genética del VHB en pacientes de Venezuela con infección crónica, cirrosis y carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) y comparar la ocurrencia de mutaciones en los tres grupos de pacientes. Se reunieron muestras de pacientes con diferentes patologías de la enfermedad del hígado asociada a la infección por VHB. La región S del VHB fue analizada para la determinación del genotipo y cuando estuvo disponible, la secuencia del genoma completo fue examinada para análisis de mutaciones. El genotipo F de VHB fue el más frecuente (87%). Mientras que el F3 fue el subgenotipo más encontrado en el grupo completo de muestras (44%), el F2 fue predominante en pacientes con CHC (56%). Las mutaciones fueron más comunes en casos de pacientes con cirrosis y CHC (p=0,01). La mutación A1762T estuvo asociada significativamente con estado avanzado de la enfermedad del hígado (p=0,008). Adicionalmente, las mutaciones fueron más comunes en estados tempranos de la enfermedad del hígado en pacientes infectados con el subgenotipo F2, encontrándose una asociación significativa entre este subgenotipo y la ocurrencia de las mutaciones T1753C, A1762T, A1762T/ G1764A (p=0,04) y C1773T (p=0,001) en pacientes crónicos, en comparación con el subgenotipo F3. Por otro lado, al comparar F2 con los demás subgenotipos de VHB, se encontró una asociación positiva para las tres mutantes del promotor basal de la cápside (PBC) (A1762T, A1762T/G1764A p=0,01, G1764A p=0,04). Estos resultados sugieren que el subgenotipo F2 de VHB puede estar asociado a formas más severas de la enfermedad del hígado en comparación al subgenotipo F3.


Subject(s)
Humans , Genetic Variation , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology , Liver Neoplasms/virology , Mutation , Venezuela , Genotype
4.
J Med Microbiol ; 63(Pt 8): 1099-1104, 2014 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24895404

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-co-infected Venezuelan patients. The prevalence of HBV and HCV markers of infection in HIV-1 patients was 14% for anti-hepatitis B core antigen, 3% for hepatitis B surface antigen and 0.7% for anti-HCV, respectively. HBV prevalence was higher than HCV, as expected for a country where sexual intercourse, not intravenous drug use, is the main mode of HIV-1 transmission. The HCV genotype distribution in HIV-1-co-infected patients was similar to that obtained in HCV-mono-infected patients, but genotype 1a was more frequent in HIV-1-infected patients. The HBV genotype distribution exhibited differences between mono-infected and HIV-1-co-infected individuals. HBV F3 was the most common subgenotype in both groups, followed by F1b in HIV-1 co-infection and F2 in HBV mono-infection. In addition, genotype G (single infection) was found in an HIV-1-co-infected individual. A high prevalence of occult HBV infection was detected in HIV-1-co-infected naïve patients (18%), with F2 being the most common genotype (75%). To the best of our knowledge, these results correspond to the first description of frequency and molecular characterization of HBV and HCV in HIV-1 Venezuelan patients.


Subject(s)
Coinfection/virology , Genetic Variation , HIV Infections/complications , Hepacivirus/genetics , Hepatitis B/virology , Hepatitis C/virology , Adolescent , Adult , Coinfection/epidemiology , Female , Genotype , HIV Infections/virology , HIV-1 , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Molecular Sequence Data , Venezuela/epidemiology , Young Adult
5.
Virus Res ; 127(2): 177-84, 2007 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17280734

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a significant health concern in Latin America, where around 11 million persons are infected. Amerindian populations exhibit the highest prevalences of infection in the region. HBV exhibits a degree of variability intermediate between DNA and RNA viruses. This plasticity leads to the generation of several mutants and genotypic variability. Eight HBV genotypes (A-H) have been described, based on a minimum divergence of 8% of the complete genome sequences. HBV genotype F is the most divergent of the HBV genotypes, is autochthonous to South America and is highly predominant in the Northern region of South America. The recently described HBV genotype H is closely related to genotype F and seems to be restricted to Central and North America. Recombination among different HBV strains seems to be frequent, although it has not been described yet between American genotypes. Inside HBV genotype F, four subgenotypes have been described, which exhibit a geographic pattern of distribution. The clinical and biologic importance of the genotypic diversity of HBV is of major concern at the present moment and has been studied in Asia and Europe. In contrast, it is not known whether infection with the American HBV genotypes F and H is associated with a rapid or slow development of disease. The origin of HBV is still an open question. Depending on the model used for the phylogenetic analysis, an Asian or an American origin of HBV has been proposed. By revisiting the genotypic diversity of HBV, an alternative explanation is that human HBV genotypes might have emerged by several zoonotic introductions, both in the Old and the New World.


Subject(s)
Genetic Variation , Hepatitis B virus/classification , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Hepatitis B/virology , Molecular Epidemiology , Geography , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Humans , Latin America , Prevalence
6.
Invest Clin ; 47(1): 27-34, 2006 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16562642

ABSTRACT

The genetic variability was studied in HIV-1 from Venezuelan patients with and without treatment, in order to evaluate the presence of polymorphisms and drug resistance mutations. Proviral DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells or viral RNA from plasma was extracted from the blood of 30 patients. Two regions from the polymerase gene, protease (Pr) and reverse transcriptase (RT) and one genomic fragment from the envelope (Env) gene were amplified and sequenced. All HIV-1 samples analyzed were classified as subtype B, without evidence of recombination. Although no primary protease mutations were detected, a high frequency of secondary mutations (86%, 19/22), associated to restoration of viral replicative fitness, was observed in strains circulating both in treated and non-treated patients. Resistance mutations to nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTI) and non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTI) were detected in 35% (6/17) and 12% (2/17) of the viruses circulating in treated patients, respectively. Resistance mutations were also present in the virus infecting one antiretroviral naive individual (7.7%), suggesting that local screening for resistant mutation in naive patient might be important to minimize therapy failure. Future studies are warranted to assess the role of secondary mutation in the success of viral infection.


Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Viral , HIV-1/drug effects , HIV-1/genetics , Mutation , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Polymorphism, Genetic , Prevalence , Venezuela
7.
Invest. clín ; Invest. clín;47(1): 27-34, mar. 2006. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-449297

ABSTRACT

Se estudiaron pacientes seropositivos para el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 (VIH-1) con y sin tratamiento, con el fin de determinar el polimorfismo y la prevalencia de mutaciones de resistencia a la terapia antirretroviral. El material genético viral fue extraído a partir de células mononucleares de sangre periféricas (ADN) y del plasma (ARN) de 30 pacientes. Se amplificaron 2 regiones del gen Pol, Transcriptasa Reversa (TR) y Proteasa (Pr) y el gen de envoltura (Env) por medio de la técnica de PCR y se obtuvo la secuencia genómica de los productos. Todos los aislados analizados pertenecieron al subtipo B. No se observaron mutaciones primarias asociadas a resistencia a inhibidores de Pr pero sí un alto porcentaje (86 por ciento, 19/22) de mutaciones no asociadas con resistencia sino a restitución de la capacidad replicativa de cepas mutantes (mutaciones secundarias). Se observó la presencia de mutaciones asociadas a resistencia a inhibidores nucleósidos de la TR (INTR) en 35 por ciento (6/17) de los pacientes sometidos a tratamiento, mientras que 12 por ciento (2/17) de ellos presentaron mutaciones de resistencia a inhibidores no nucleósidos de la TR (INNTR). Interesantemente, un paciente no tratado estaba infectado con una cepa que presentaba mutaciones primarias (7,7 por ciento); este resultado sugiere que podría ser importante plantearse el estudio local de determinación de resistencia genotípica en pacientes antes del tratamiento, con miras a minimizar fallas terapéuticas. Se requieren estudios adicionales para evaluar el rol de las mutaciones secundarias en el éxito de la infección viral


Subject(s)
Humans , Gene Products, pol , HIV-1 , Medicine , Venezuela
8.
Acta cient. venez ; 57(1): 22-27, 2006. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-537151

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of several viral antibodies in non-human primates from two zoological gardens from Venezuela. Only two out of 66 sera were positive for antibodies to dengue virus by hemagglutination inhibition. Six out of 62 sera exhibited antibodies against Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core antigen. Viral DNA was detected by nested PCR in one positive serum and in three negative without serological evidence of HBV infection. Sequence analysis showed the circulation of HBV genotype F, predominant in Venezuela. Antibodies against rotavirus antigens were found in 87 percent (20/23) of Old World primates and in 50 percent (13/26) of New World primates. Both the prevalence of antibodies and the mean O.D. value by ELISA were significantly lower in New World primate sera. These results suggest that non-human primates do not seem to represent an important reservoir for dengue virus infection, highly endemic in Venezuela. Anthropozoonotic infection of HBV seems to occur among primates not only from the Old but also from the New World, reinforcing the importance of vaccination of species at risk. This study also suggests a lower frequency of infection by rotavirus of non-human primates from the New World, compared to primates from the Old World.


En este estudio se determinó la prevalencia de anticuerpos contra varios virus en primates no humanos de dos parques zoológicos de Venezuela. Sólo dos de 66 sueros fueron positivos, por inhibición de la hemaglutinación, para anticuerpos contra virus dengue. Seis de 62 sueros presentaron anticuerpos contra la cápside del virus de la hepatitis B virus (VHB). Se detectó el ADN viral, mediante PCR en dos rondas, en uno de éstos y en tres sueros sin evidencia serológica de infección por VHB. El análisis de la secuencia mostró la circulación del VHB genotipo F, predominante en Venezuela. Un 87 por ciento (20/23) de los sueros de primates del Viejo Mundo y un 50 (13/26) de los del Nuevo Mundo mostraron anticuerpos contra antígenos de rotavirus. Tanto la prevalencia de anticuerpos como los valores promedio de D.O. por ELISA fueron significativamente menores en sueros de primates del Nuevo Mundo. Los primates no humanos no parecen jugar un papel importante como reservorio de la infección por virus dengue, altamente prevalente en el país. La infección por cepas humanas del VHB en primates sugiere infección antroponótica y la importancia de vacunar las especies a riesgo. Los resultados sugieren igualmente una menor frecuencia de infección por rotavirus en primates del Nuevo Mundo.


Subject(s)
Animals , Hepatitis B virus , Haplorhini/virology , Primates , Rotavirus/chemistry , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Virology/methods , Dengue Virus/chemistry , Molecular Biology
9.
J Clin Gastroenterol ; 39(7): 611-8, 2005 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16000930

ABSTRACT

At least five hepatitis viruses are known to date. Infection by enterically transmitted viruses (HAV and HEV) is generally benign compared with the disease caused by parenterally transmitted viruses (HBV, HCV, and HDV). Chronic infection by HBV is common and may evolve to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Eight HBV genotypes (A-H) have been described, with the South American genotype F being the most divergent. Seven clades of HDV have been described; among them, the South American genotype III is associated to a high frequency of fulminant hepatitis. HCV infection leads to a high rate of chronicity and HCC. From the six HCV genotypes, infection with genotype 1 might have the worst prognostic. Chronic infection by HCV and HBV is the major risk factor for HCC, which occurs, in the majority of the cases, as a consequence of cirrhosis. However, there is growing evidence that some HBV and HCV proteins might contribute to the generation of HCC. Some HBV and HCV variants and specific mutations within the viral genomes might be more frequently associated with the evolution to HCC. Although more studies are needed, emerging evidence indicates that it might be important to address the genetic variability of these viruses and their contribution to the development of HCC.


Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology , Hepatitis Viruses/genetics , Hepatitis, Chronic/virology , Liver Neoplasms/etiology , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology , Genotype , Global Health , Hepatitis, Chronic/complications , Hepatitis, Chronic/epidemiology , Humans , Incidence , Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology , Liver Neoplasms/pathology
10.
J Med Virol ; 73(2): 200-7, 2004 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15122793

ABSTRACT

Surface antigen negative hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was evaluated in Venezuela, by molecular characterization of blood samples positive for antibodies to core antigen (anti-HBc) and negative for surface antigen (HBsAg) in blood donors (residual infections). HBV DNA was found in 11/258 samples (4.3%), and was significantly associated with high levels of anti-HBc antibodies (>25 UI/ml, P < 0.05), while no correlation was found between the presence of HBV DNA and the levels of anti-HBs. Synonymous and non-synonymous mutations were found in the HBV surface region (but not vaccine escape mutants) and in the precore/core region (precore mutants in 2/7 samples and 33-45 bp deletions near the N-terminal core region in 4/19 samples). While HBV genotype F prevails among HBsAg positive samples from blood donors in Venezuela, residual infection isolates were mainly genotypes A and D. Phylogenetic analysis of viral surface and core region revealed discrepancies in genotype designation in 6/9 samples, suggesting the presence of mixed infection or recombination. In conclusion, HBV residual infection in Venezuela does not seem to be frequently observed in HBV genotype F. This type of infection is frequently associated with variants exhibiting mutations in the surface gene that might be affecting the correct recognition by commercial tests, with precore mutants and with core internal deletions. These variants do not seem to cause severe liver disease, and on the contrary, were found circulating at low viremia.


Subject(s)
Blood Donors , Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood , Hepatitis B virus/isolation & purification , Hepatitis B/virology , Amino Acid Sequence , Antigens, Surface/genetics , DNA, Viral/blood , DNA, Viral/chemistry , DNA, Viral/isolation & purification , Genotype , Hepatitis B Core Antigens/immunology , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/immunology , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Hepatitis B virus/immunology , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutation, Missense/genetics , Phylogeny , Polymorphism, Genetic , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Venezuela , Viral Core Proteins/genetics , Viremia
11.
J Med Virol ; 72(3): 377-84, 2004 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14748061

ABSTRACT

Eight genotypes (A-H) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been described, HBV genotypes F and H being autochthonous to America. HBV genotype F has been classified in four clusters. The objective of this study was to gain insight into the molecular epidemiology of HBV American genotypes, as well as to analyze the genotype-related polymorphism in some functional domains of the surface proteins. The sequences of the S region of 106 isolates genotype F and H were analyzed, out of which 47 isolates genotype F circulated in different Venezuelan populations. Most of the Venezuelan isolates genotype F were grouped in cluster III (n = 39) and 7 in cluster II. One isolate obtained from a blood donor could not be classified in any clade and harbored amino acid substitutions characteristic of a vaccine escape mutant (G145R) and a stop codon in the surface antigen. Amino acid analysis of the PreS and S gene products showed unique genetic characteristics in genotype F and H sequences in some important domains involved in the early steps of infection. Out of 30 available sequences, two complete genome sequences of HBV genotype F from Venezuela were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of these complete genomes confirmed the presence of four clusters inside genotype F, differing in more than 4% nucleotide divergence. Our extended analysis showed that genotype F clades Ia, III, and IV exhibit a restricted geographic distribution (Central America, the North and the South of South America, respectively) while clades Ib and II are found in all the Americas except in the Northern South America and North America respectively.


Subject(s)
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/genetics , Hepatitis B virus/classification , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Hepatitis B/epidemiology , Polymorphism, Genetic , Americas/epidemiology , Amino Acid Sequence , DNA, Viral/chemistry , DNA, Viral/genetics , DNA, Viral/isolation & purification , Genetic Variation , Genome, Viral , Genotype , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/chemistry , Hepatitis B virus/immunology , Hepatitis B virus/isolation & purification , Humans , Molecular Epidemiology , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutation , Phylogeny , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Analysis, DNA
12.
Acta cient. Soc. Venez. Bioanalistas Esp ; 7(1): 17-35, 2001. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-449496

ABSTRACT

El desarrollo de la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR) ha revolucionado el campo de la Biología Molecular. El principio básico de la PCR es la amplificación exponencial de la secuencia ADN molde, utilizando oligonucleótidos sintéticos iniciadores cuyas secuencias corresponden con la secuencia blanco y delimitan el segmento ADN a amplificar. La naturaleza exponencial de la amplificación se logra mediante ciclos repetidos de desnaturalización, hibridación y extensión, que conforman una ronda de amplificación. Previo a la realización de la PCR, es neceeasrio disponer del material génetico a ser amplificado, que puede ser ADN ó ARN; en el caso ARN se procederá previamente a la síntesis de una hebra complementaria de ADN mediante transcripción reversa. Las tecnologías utilizadas para medir carga viral pueden divirse en 2 categorías: 1) donde la carga viral es detectada sin amplificación de la muestra original (como es el caso del sistema de sonda ramificada o bDNA) ó 2)donde el genoma viral es amplificado , obtebiéndose una medida indirecta de la carga viral, generalmente mediante la comparación con estándares internos. En esta última categoria los más conocidos son el ensayo Amplicor, el de captura de híbridos y el NASBA. La cuantificación viral puede realizarse también la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) competitiva; sin embargo, esta técnica es relativamente delicada de poner a punto en el laboratorio. Todas estas técnicas proporcionan una información valiosa y confiable con resoecto a la carga viral; sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos a través de una técnica no son forzosamente comprobables con los obtenidos por otra metodología, por que es importante que el seguimiento del paciente afectado se realice siempre usando la misma técnica. La técnica de PCR ha generado igualmente una verdadera revolución en el estudio de la variabilidad génomica de microorganismos, en particular en de los virus. Si bien la imformación óptima vendrá siempre propor...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Clinical Diagnosis , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Molecular Biology , Venezuela
13.
Acta cient. Soc. Venez. Bioanalistas Esp ; 6(1/2): 13-28, 2000. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-449532

ABSTRACT

El virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) presenta características únicas dentro del grupo de virus que poseen un genoma tipo ADN, entre ellas encontramos la de presentar un cierto grado de variabilidad genética atípica en este tipo de virus. Esta peliculiaridad, se ha manifestado en la existencia de 7 genotipos (A-G) circulando a nivel mundial, los cuales son consecuencia de las mutaciones acumuladas a lo largo de la historia del VHB y cuyo estudio ha permitido el mejor entendimiento de la evolución y biología de este virus. Por otra parte un evento frecuente durante la infección natural por VHB es la generación y selección de mutantes del virus, principalmente como resultado de la presión ejercida por la respuesta inmunitaria del hospedero, así como la debida a la intervención de la vacunación y más recientemente de la terapia anti-viral. Hasta la fecha se han identificado mutaciones naturales en todos los genes virales y elementos regulatorios del VHB mediante técnicas moleculares. sin embargo, la carencia de sistemas apropiados que permitan estudiar la influencia de estas mutantes sobre el ciclo de replicación del virus, la patogénesis de la enfermedad y su interacción con el sistema inmunitario del hospedero, impide un análisis funcional apropiado de estas mutantes. Por tal razón es poco lo que se sabe posibles implicaciones de la variabilidad genética del VHB. A pesar de ello y después de haber sido consideradas como mera curiosidad, estudios sobre la han permitido establecer las posibles consecuencias sobre el curso de la infección (mutaciones en el gen pre-cápside y en el gen cáspite), sobre la eficacia de la vacuna actual (mutaciones en el gen S: mutantes de escape), los sitemas de diagnóstico (mutaciones del gen S) y la terapia anti-viral (mutaciones en el gen P). En el presente artículo haremos una revisión acerca de como ocurren y cuales son las mutantes más frecuentes que se generan a lo largo del genoma del VHB. Así mismo, discutimos sus posibles implica...


Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Female , Epidemiology , Hepatitis B Vaccines , Hepatitis B virus/genetics , Molecular Biology , Venezuela
14.
GEN ; 51(2): 75-84, abr.-jun. 1997. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-261395

ABSTRACT

El alfabeto en vías de desarrollo que conforman los virus causantes de hepatitis es un buen ejemplo para demostrar las bondades y el potencial de la biología molecular, así como su aplicación en la solución de problemas claves de salud pública. Así por ejemplola identificación mediante ingeniería genética del virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) en 1989, cuando no se había podido aislar, cultivar ni visualizar este virus, permitió el desarrollo de proteínas recombinantes que son utilizadas en todo el mundo en las pesquisas serológicas para prevenir hepatitis post-transfunsionales. El descubrimiento molecular del HCV es seguido un año después por el clonamiento del virus de la hepatitis E, utilizando un enfoque similar. Más recientemente, utilizando técnicas aún más avanzadas, se pudo identificar el denominado virus de la hepatitis G (VHG), aunque su acepción como virus de hepatitis es ahora controversial. Es evidente el impacto de la biología molecular en la identificación y caracterización de los virus de hepatitis. Si bien las técnicas de biología molecular no son aún, por lo general, de uso rutinario en laboratorios clínicos, representan el soporte técnico del diagnóstico masivo y permiten realizar una caracterización detallada del agente infeccioso, proveyendo herramientas más efectivas para la prevención y el tratamiento de estas enfermedades


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Biology , Hepatitis, Viral, Human , Molecular Biology
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