Corrigendum to: 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases.

Corrigendum to: 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases [Eur Heart Journal (2014) 35, 2873­2926,doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu281]. In Table 3, the radiation for MRI is "0" and not "-". The corrected table is shown below.

Axillary and innominate artery cannulation during surgery of the thoracic aorta: a comparative study.

AIM: The aim of this paper was to compare hospital outcomes in patients undergoing elective surgery of the thoracic aorta using the right axillary artery (RAA) and the innominate artery (IA) as a cannulation site for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) arterial inflow. METHODS: Between September 2009 and October 2011, 71 patients underwent elective aortic procedures with RAA (N.=27) and IA (N.=44) cannulation. Selection of RAA vs. IA was not randomized, but rather based on surgical judgment of best indication in each patient. Pre-, intra-, and postoperative variables were compared according to cannulation site. RESULTS: Preoperative comorbidities, underlying aortic pathology, and surgical procedures were similar in RAA and IA patients. Hospital mortality was 11.1% and 6.8% in RAA and IA patients, respectively (P=0.243). Overall, 4 brain infarctions occurred, all left sided (RAA: 3.7% vs. IA: 6.8%; P=0.508). One brachial plexus injury, and 1 arterial dissection occurred in RAA group. No cannulation-related morbidity was observed in IA patients. Theoretical CPB flow could be reached in all patients, but resistances through the cannulation sites were more favourable in IA patients. CONCLUSION: RAA and IA were associated with similarly valid results. The choice between the two, based on the specific patient's characteristics, can improve outcomes after aortic surgery.

Long-term outcome after acute type A aortic dissection: does an age limit still exist?

AIM: Aim of the study was to analyze outcome in patients who underwent surgery following type A aortic dissections and to evaluate the long-term survival rates in patients 70 years of age and older and those under 70 years of age, and in males as compared to females. METHODS: Between September 1997 and October 2008, 154 patients were retrospectively enrolled. There were 102 males (66.2%) and 52 females (33.8%) with a mean age of 63.5±12; seven patients (4.5%) were over 80 years of age, 46 (29.8%) were between 70 and 80 years of age and 101 were under 70 years of age at the time of surgery. We compared patients 70 years of age and older with those under 70 years of age, analyzing the early and long-term survival results and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Overall in-hospital mortality was 17.5% and permanent neurological dysfunction occurred in 10 patients (6.5%). Twenty patients (12.9%) died during follow-up. Among the males, the long-term survival rate was 80%, 68% and 51% at 1, 5 and 10 years, respectively. Among the females, survival rate was 84.6%, 72.3% and 47.5% at 1, 5 and 10 years, respectively. Five- and 10-year survival rates were 78.1% and 59.4%, respectively, for patients under 70 years of age, and 50.8% at 5 years and 26.1% at 10 years for those over 70. CONCLUSION: Patients might not be excluded from surgical intervention for acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) only due to age. It is important to consider biological age and the clinical features of the patients at the time of surgery. Age is a relative but not absolute contraindication for surgery in ATAAD. Long-term survival was not statistically different between males and females.

The International E-vita Open Registry: data sets of 274 patients.

AIM: After the introduction of the hybrid stent-graft "E-vita-open" by the Essen group in 1/2005 for one stage repair of complex thoracic aortic disease, the International E-vita open Registry was founded in 2008 to study the principles of this treatment algorithm and to control reported favorable single center results on a large patient data set basis up to six years after the first clinical implant. METHODS: Retrospective data work-up after prospective data acquisition was achieved by institution of the International E-vita open Registry with anonymous registration and calculation at Essen University Hospital. From January 2005 to December 2010, 274 patients (mean age 60; 74% males) with complex aortic disease, 190 with aortic dissection (88 acute (AAD), 102 chronic aortic dissection (CAD), and 84 with complex thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) were included in the studied. RESULTS: Eighty-one out of 274 (30%) patients underwent emergency surgery. Stent-graft deployment and arch replacement (238 total, 36 subtotal) was performed under selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (75 min mean). Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and cardiac arrest times were mean 235 and 134 minutes, respectively. In-hospital mortality was 15% (40/274), 18% for AAD, 13% for CAD, and 14% for TAA. New strokes were observed in 6% (16/274), spinal cord injury in 8% (22/274). The false lumen (FL) was evaluated throughout the first hospital stay and at a median follow up time of 59 months after surgery. From the first follow up CT-examination to the last, thoracic complete FL thrombosis increased from 83% to 93% in AAD, from 72% to 92% in CAD. Full exclusion of the aneurysmal disease was achieved in 77% (61/79) during the primary hospital stay. CONCLUSION: Favorable single center results could be confirmed by an International community of cardiac surgical centers in regard to hospital mortality and morbidity, as well as a low postoperative complication rate and exclusion of false lumen in aortic dissection.

Endovascular approach for acute aortic syndrome.

Acute aortic syndrome (AAS) refers to the spectrum of aortic emergencies that include aortic dissection, intramural hematoma and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer. These aortic pathologies may lead to aortic rupture and a timely treatment is crucial to obtain clinical success and benefit on survival. Endovascular strategies have gained wide acceptance in the management of AAS and currently represent the new minimally invasive alternative to traditional surgery. In particular in acute complicated aortic dissection endovascular therapy demonstrated a better survival and limited complications with respect to open surgery. Aim of the present study was to provide an overview of AAS and to assess the current role of endovascular aortic repair in its treatment.

Subclavian embolization associated to carotid-subclavian bypass and stent-graft repair of acute type-B dissection.

Intentional closure of the left subclavian artery (LSA) during an endovascular procedure can be complicated by retrograde filling of the excluded aorta, increasing the risk of aneurysm expansion and sudden rupture. Retrograde coil embolization of the LSA, as alternative to open subclavian ligature, is a safe and effective method of rapid false lumen sealing in patients requiring coverage of the LSA and carotid-subclavian bypass, even in the setting of acute aortic syndromes.

Optimal management of traumatic aortic injury.

BACKGROUND: The best time to intervene in traumatic aortic injuries has long been a matter of debate. While emergency surgery is characterized by high morbidity and mortality, initial medical management of uncomplicated aortic injury and subsequent delayed surgery resulted in better outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS: From analysis of medical literature of the last 10 years, major paradigm shift in management of traumatic injuries includes the use of different imaging methods for diagnosis, with a almost complete elimination of aortography and transesophageal echocardiography in favour of CT scan, and a significant change in method of definitive repair, shifting from exclusively open techniques in 1997 to predominantly endovascular repairs in 2007. At present several reports in literature provide data on comparative results of endovascular therapy with respect open surgery, supporting the use of stent-graft in traumatic injuries, both in acute and chronic cases. The authors' personal experience comprises 58 patients treated with endovascular stent-graft repair, with no mortality or treatment failure even during 11 years follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: For many years traumatic aortic injury has been considered a highly lethal lesion and a potential cause of death in blunt chest trauma. Because of the lower invasivity endovascular repair can be applied in traumatic aortic injury with very low risk and limited impact on trauma destabilization. Long term follow-up seems indicate a substantial durability of the procedure.

Complex repair of the thoracic aorta with the E-vita open prosthesis.

AIM: The treatment of complex aortic pathologies of the thoracic aorta remains a challenging issue in aortic surgery. The'' Frozen elephant trunk'' technique represents a recent development of the classic elephant trunk technique combining endovascular with conventional surgery. METHODS: Between January 2007 and January 2008, 24 patients were operated on for complex pathologies of the thoracic aorta using the frozen elephant trunk technique with the E-vita open prosthesis. There were 21 male (87.5%) and the mean age was 62.4+/-9.9 years. The majority of patients (N=11) presented type A chronic dissection, 6 (25%) patients had chronic aneurysm of distal aortic arch and 5 (20.8%) type B aortic dissection associated with ascending aorta/aortic arch aneurysm. There were 2 cases of acute aortic dissection (1 type A and 1 type B). Nine patients (37.5%) underwent previous cardiovascular operations. RESULTS: The overall in-hospital mortality was 4.2% (1 patient). None patient developed postoperative stroke and 1 patient suffered from spinal cord ischemia (1 paraparesis, 1 paraplegia). There were 2 cases (8.3%) of renal failure (dialysis), 2 patients (8.3%) had pulmonary complications and 2 patients (8.3%) needed rethoracotomy for bleeding. Five patients (21.7%) required extension of the descending thoracic aorta repair with endovascular treatment for persistent perfusion of dilated false lumen. CONCLUSION: The Frozen Elephant trunk technique with the new E-vita open prosthesis combines surgical and interventional technologies and it represents a feasible and efficient option in the treatment of complex aortic pathologies. However long term follow up is required.

Evolving concepts in the treatment of traumatic aortic injury. A review article.

Traumatic aortic injury (TAI) has long been considered a surgical emergency, despite the high mortality and morbidity rates in traumatized patients submitted to open surgery. Initial medical management until stabilization of associated traumatic lesions has long been a matter of debate because of the inherent risk of rupture in some of these cases. Endovascular techniques in the management of polytraumatized patients provides an additional low-invasive treatment option. Because of its lower invasiveness, without thoracotomy or the use of heparin, endovascular repair can be performed in acute patients, without the risk of destabilizing pulmonary, head or abdominal traumatic lesions. Following the publication of early small series and case reports, endovascular repair has become a widely accepted method for treating both acute and chronic traumatic lesions. Our series comprised 51 TAI patients submitted to endovascular aneurysm repair from July 1997 to December 2006, of which 24 had chronic post-traumatic aneurysms and 27 were treated in the acute or subacute phase after the traumatic event. No mortality occurred; aneurysm sealing was consistently good. Major complications included a cerebellar stroke in 1 patient due to occlusion of the left subclavian artery. No failure of aortic procedure, mortality or complications were observed during the follow-up period. Should long-term follow-up in larger series show substantial durability of the graft material, endovascular treatment will become the management of choice for TAIs.

Intraoperative rupture of the donor aorta during heart transplantation: surgical management with a Bentall-de Bono procedure.

Aortic complications are uncommon in cardiac allograft recipients. Primary acute aortic rupture is an extremely rare and dramatic event that can occur in the early phase after transplantation. In this article we describe a case of acute intraoperative rupture of the donor aorta just after aortic declamping during orthotopic cardiac transplantation procedure, successfully treated with a Bentall-De Bono operation.

Clinical value of multidetector CT coronary angiography as a preoperative screening test before non-coronary cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Myocardial scintigraphy and/or conventional angiography (CA) are often performed before cardiac surgery in an attempt to identify unsuspected coronary artery disease which might result in significant cardiac morbidity and mortality. Multidetector CT coronary angiography (MDCTCA) has a recognised high negative predictive value and may provide a non-invasive alternative in this subset of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical value of MDCTCA as a preoperative screening test in candidates for non-coronary cardiac surgery. METHODS: 132 patients underwent MDCTCA (Somatom Sensation 16 Cardiac, Siemens) in the assessment of the cardiac risk profile before surgery. Coronary arteries were screened for > or = 50% stenosis. Patients without significant stenosis (Group 1) underwent surgery without any adjunctive screening tests while all patients with coronary lesions > or = 50% at MDCTCA (Group 2) underwent CA. RESULTS: 16 patients (12.1%) were excluded due to poor image quality. 72 patients without significant coronary stenosis at MDCTCA were submitted to surgery. 30 out of 36 patients with significant (> or = 50%) coronary stenosis at MDCTCA and CA underwent adjunctive bypass surgery or coronary angioplasty. In 8 patients, MDCTCA overestimated the severity of the coronary lesions (> 50% MDCTCA, < 50% CA). No severe cardiovascular perioperative events such as myocardial ischaemia, myocardial infarction or cardiac failure occurred in any patient in Group 1. CONCLUSIONS: MDCTCA seems to be effective as a preoperative screening test prior to non-coronary cardiac surgery. In this era of cost containment and optimal care of patients, MDCTCA is able to provide coronary vessel and ventricular function evaluation and may become the method of choice for the assessment of a cardiovascular risk profile prior to major surgery.

Nine years experience of aortic arch repair with the aid of antegrade selective cerebral perfusion.

AIM: Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (ASCP) is gaining widespread popularity in aortic arch surgery because it has been demonstrated to be an optimal technique of cerebral protection. This study demonstrates the clinical results of aortic arch repair with ASCP. METHODS: Between November 1996 and September 2004, 250 patients underwent thoracic aorta replacement using ASCP under moderate hypothermia. Mean patients age was 63+/-11.5 years. Presenting pathologies were chronic aneurysm in 136 patient (54.4%), type A acute aortic dissection in 80 patients (32%), post-dissection aneurysm in 30 patients (12%). Ascending aorta and hemiarch replacement was performed in 63 patients (25.2%), ascending aorta and total arch replacement in 131 patients (52.4%), total arch replacement in 33 patients (13.2%), total arch and descending aorta replacement in 10 patients (4%) and complete replacement of the thoracic aorta in 13 patients (5.2%). RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 11.6%. Multivariate analysis showed preoperative renal failure (P=0.050), cerebral perfusion time (P<0.001), pulmonary complications (P=0.009) and postoperative dialysis (P=0.030) as risk factors for hospital mortality. Permanent neurologic deficits occurred in 4 patients (1.6%) and coronary artery disease (P=0.029) was found to be the only independent risk factor. Transient neurologic deficits were noted in 18 patients (7.2%). Multivariate analysis revealed age (P=0.043), coronary artery disease (P=0.036), urgent/emergency status of the operation (P=0.016) and concomitant aortic valve replacement (P=0.001) to be independent predictors of transient neurologic dysfunction. The actuarial survival rate at 7 years was 61.7%. CONCLUSIONS: | Our results confirmed that ASCP is a safe method of brain protection allowing complex aortic repairs to be performed with good results in terms of hospital mortality and neurologic outcome. Cerebral perfusion time did not influence postoperative outcome. The use of moderate hypothermia avoided all undesirable effects of deep hypothermia.

Unusual rapid evolution of type B aortic dissection in a marfan patient following heart transplantation: successful endovascular treatment.

A patient with Marfan syndrome with previous Bentall operation for mitral and tricuspid valve repair, required orthotopic cardiac transplantation for end stage cardiomyopathy. Postoperatively he suffered type-B aortic dissection, despite normal aortic diameters. Following sudden increase of aortic diameters, two years later, he underwent successful stent graft implantation. In patients with Marfan syndrome, post transplantation morbidity is high, with a 40% incidence of thoracic aortic dissection. This case highlights the potential of endovascular approach for treating post-transplantation aortic dissection.

Reoperations on the ascending aorta and aortic root. Early and late results?

AIM: We have retrospectively evaluated our results after aortic root and ascending aorta reoperations to determine risk factors of early death and late mortality. METHODS: From January 1986 to April 2002, 73 patients underwent ''reoperative'' procedures on the aortic root and the ascending aorta. The mean age was 56.1+/-13.4 years and males numbered 62 (84.9%). The most frequent indication for reoperation was degenerative aortic aneurysm (49.3%) followed by post-dissection aneurysm (11%). Aortic root replacement with composite valve graft was performed in 47 patients (64.4%) and with aortic homograft in 2 (2.7%). Nineteen patients (26%) underwent ascending aorta replacement with tubular graft, and 4 (5.5%) underwent tailoring aortoplasty of the ascending aorta. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality rate was 16.4% (12 patients). Mortality following elective operations was 8%, and that following urgent or emergency operations was 34.8% (p=0.002). Late survival of hospital survivors at 1, 5 and 10 years was 93.8%, 77.7% and 37%, respectively. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis chronic renal failure (p=0.003) and urgent or emergency operation (p=0.018) were found to be independent predictors of late mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Reoperations on the ascending aorta can be accomplished with acceptable early mortality and satisfactory long-term RESULTS: More radical treatment of the aortic pathology at the initial operation may reduce the need for further reoperations. A careful follow-up is extremely important for detecting complications of the first operation or progression of the aortic pathology before an emergency operation, predictive of poorer early and late outcome, is needed.

Myocardial protection using HTK solution in minimally invasive mitral valve surgery.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) is a safe and satisfactory approach used mainly in mitral valve surgery with excellent results in many centers. Cardioplegia administration can be still a problem, especially when an endoaortic clamp is used. We retrospectively analyzed our early results with histidine-triptophane-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution used for myocardial protection in MICS. METHODS: Between February 2003 and February 2004, 8 patients underwent mitral valve surgery using an endo- cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) system and HTK solution as myocardial protection. The mean patient age was 67.7 +/- 9.2 years, and the preoperative ejection fraction was normal in all patients. Three patients had valve repair and 5 had valve replacement. Mean CPB time was 129.2 +/- 19.4 minutes, and aortic cross-clamp duration was 88.5 +/- 15.4 minutes. RESULTS: In every case HTK solution was used for only a single dose for cardioplegia at the beginning of the procedure, without any recalls. The heart restarted spontaneously at reperfusion in 6 of 8 cases (75%), and there were no significant modifications in electrocardiogram results or myocardial cytonecrosis enzymes (creatine kinase and its MB fraction) during the postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: HTK solution is a cold crystalloid cardioplegia solution that has demonstrated its utility in MICS because it provides a safe long cardioplegic arrest time and it reduces the risk of inadequate coronary perfusion due to dislodgement of the endoaortic clamp.

Surgery using median sternotomy for diffuse aneurysmal disease of the thoracic aorta.

We present our experience using an anterior approach for the replacement of an extensive aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. In recent years we have performed surgery on 20 patients by means of a median sternotomy for aneurysms of the ascending aorta, aortic arch, or descending thoracic aorta. In all but 1 of the patients, a procedure in the ascending aorta was also performed. In some patients a small anterior left thoracotomy at the 4th intercostal space was required to allow the replacement of the aorta as for the diaphragm. Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (ASCP) according to Kazui's technique was used as a brain protection method. All procedures were performed successfully and the aneurysm was completely resected. No neurologic complications or other major complications occurred. We believe that the anterior approach for extensive thoracic aorta replacement is feasible, allows the use of ASCP, and has shown encouraging results.

Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion during surgery of the thoracic aorta: risk analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine independent predictors of neurologic outcome and hospital mortality after surgery of the thoracic aorta using moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest and antegrade selective cerebral perfusion. METHODS: Between November 1996 and June 2000, 96 consecutive patients (69 men, 27 women; mean age 63+/-10 years) underwent operations on the thoracic aorta with the aid of moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest and antegrade selective cerebral perfusion. Sixty-four patients were operated on electively (66.7%), 32 emergently (33.3%). Indications for surgery were: type A acute dissection in 30 patients (31.3%), chronic aneurysm in 66 (68.8%). Seventeen patients (17.7%) had undergone previous aortic/cardiac surgical procedures. The mean selective cerebral perfusion time was 52.2+/-31.9 min (range, 18-220 min). Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis to identify predictors of hospital mortality and neurologic outcome. RESULTS: There were no operative deaths; the hospital mortality rate was 11.5% (11/96). Stepwise logistic regression revealed preoperative renal dysfunction (P=0.021), type A acute dissection (P=0.053), coronary artery bypass grafting (P=0.058), post-operative pulmonary complications (P=0.000) and repeat thoracotomy for bleeding (P=0.027) as independent predictors of hospital mortality. One patient sustained a permanent neurologic deficit (1%). Transient neurologic deficit occurred in eight patients (8.3%). Coronary artery bypass grafting (P=0.013), and postoperative cardiac complications (P=0.049) were statistically associated with an increased risk of any (transient and permanent) neurologic dysfunction on univariate analysis. Stepwise logistic regression indicated coronary artery bypass grafting as independent factor for any neurologic dysfunction. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that selective cerebral perfusion is an effective method of cerebral protection allowing complex thoracic aorta operations to be performed with low risk of hospital mortality and adverse neurologic outcome. We didn't find that the duration of selective cerebral perfusion time influence hospital mortality and any neurologic deficit.