Differences in clinical manifestations and increased severity of systemic lupus erythematosus between two groups of Hispanics: European Caucasians versus Latin American mestizos (data from the RELESSER registry).

BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is regarded as a prototype autoimmune disease because it can serve as a means for studying differences between ethnic minorities and sex. Traditionally, all Hispanics have been bracketed within the same ethnic group, but there are differences between Hispanics from Spain and those from Latin America, not to mention other Spanish-speaking populations. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics, severity, activity, damage, mortality and co-morbidity of SLE in Hispanics belonging to the two ethnic groups resident in Spain, and to identify any differences. METHODS: This was an observational, multi-centre, retrospective study. The demographic and clinical variables of patients with SLE from 45 rheumatology units were collected. The study was conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Hispanic patients from the registry were divided into two groups: Spaniards or European Caucasians (EC) and Latin American mestizos (LAM). Comparative univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were carried out. RESULTS: A total of 3490 SLE patients were included, 90% of whom were female; 3305 (92%) EC and 185 (5%) LAM. LAM patients experienced their first lupus symptoms four years earlier than EC patients and were diagnosed and included in the registry younger, and their SLE was of a shorter duration. The time in months from the first SLE symptoms to diagnosis was longer in EC patients, as were the follow-up periods. LAM patients exhibited higher prevalence rates of myositis, haemolytic anaemia and nephritis, but there were no differences in histological type or serositis. Anti-Sm, anti-Ro and anti-RNP antibodies were more frequently found in LAM patients. LAM patients also had higher levels of disease activity, severity and hospital admissions. However, there were no differences in damage index, mortality or co-morbidity index. In the multivariate analysis, after adjusting for confounders, in several models the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for a Katz severity index >3 in LAM patients was 1.45 (1.038-2.026; p = 0.02). This difference did not extend to activity levels (i.e. SLEDAI >3; 0.98 (0.30-1.66)). CONCLUSION: SLE in Hispanic EC patients showed clinical differences compared to Hispanic LAM patients. The latter more frequently suffered nephritis and higher severity indices. This study shows that where lupus is concerned, not all Hispanics are equal.

Relationship between damage and mortality in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: Cluster analyses in a large cohort from the Spanish Society of Rheumatology Lupus Registry (RELESSER).

OBJECTIVES: To identify patterns (clusters) of damage manifestation within a large cohort of juvenile SLE (jSLE) patients and evaluate their possible association with mortality. METHODS: This is a multicentre, descriptive, cross-sectional study of a cohort of 345 jSLE patients from the Spanish Society of Rheumatology Lupus Registry. Organ damage was ascertained using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index. Using cluster analysis, groups of patients with similar patterns of damage manifestation were identified and compared. RESULTS: Mean age (years) ±â€¯S.D. at diagnosis was 14.2 ±â€¯2.89; 88.7% were female and 93.4% were Caucasian. Mean SLICC/ACR DI ±â€¯S.D. was 1.27 ±â€¯1.63. A total of 12 (3.5%) patients died. Three damage clusters were identified: Cluster 1 (72.7% of patients) presented a lower number of individuals with damage (22.3% vs. 100% in Clusters 2 and 3, P < 0.001); Cluster 2 (14.5% of patients) was characterized by renal damage in 60% of patients, significantly more than Clusters 1 and 3 (P < 0.001), in addition to increased more ocular, cardiovascular and gonadal damage; Cluster 3 (12.7%) was the only group with musculoskeletal damage (100%), significantly higher than in Clusters 1 and 2 (P < 0.001). The overall mortality rate in Cluster 2 was 2.2 times higher than that in Cluster 3 and 5 times higher than that in Cluster 1 (P < 0.017 for both comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of jSLE patients, renal and musculoskeletal damage manifestations were the two dominant forms of damage by which patients were sorted into clinically meaningful clusters. We found two clusters of jSLE with important clinical damage that were associated with higher rates of mortality, especially for the cluster of patients with predominant renal damage. Physicians should be particularly vigilant to the early prevention of damage in this subset of jSLE patients with kidney involvement.

Valoración del dolor agudo postoperatorio / Assessment of acute postoperative pain

Objetivo: Una tarea de la enfermería es vigilar que el dolor asociado a las intervenciones quirúrgicas no altere el bienestar del paciente. El primer objetivo de este estudio es medir el grado de satisfacción de los pacientes operados respecto al control del dolor postoperatorio. En segundo lugar, se pretende conocer los factores que determinan una analgesia postoperatoria adecuada y evaluar el valor predictivo de la escala visual analógica (EVA). Material y métodos: A una muestra de pacientes intervenidos se les pasó la EVA a las 2 h y el cuestionario de la Sociedad Americana del Dolor a las 24h. Se utilizó la curva de eficacia diagnóstica para determinar un punto de corte en la EVA como prueba diagnóstica, y los modelos de regresión logística para determinar la contribución de cada una de las variables. Resultados: Se entrevistaron 237 pacientes entre abril de 2007 y abril de 2008. El 54% de los intervenidos refirió dolor. El 98% de los pacientes estuvo satisfecho con su manejo y el 95% creyó que los analgésicos pueden aliviar el dolor mucho o totalmente. Las variables que se asociaron significativamente a la presencia de dolor fueron la especialidad y una EVA superior a 0. Este punto de corte en la EVA fue el que aportó mejores resultados diagnósticos. Conclusiones: El control del dolor postoperatorio se lleva a cabo de forma satisfactoria. El uso de la EVA a las 2h de la intervención permite identificar una parte importante de los pacientes que van a tener dolor (AU)

Objective: A nursing task is to look after the pain associated with surgical procedures in order to maintain patient wellbeing. The first objective of this study was to measure the level of the patient satisfaction with management of post-operative pain. Secondly, we wanted to identify the determining factors of an adequate postoperative analgesia and the predictive value of the visual analogical scale (VAS). Material and methods: A sample of patients who had an operation was interviewed. The VAS was administered two hours and 24h after the surgical procedure with the American Society of Pain questionnaire. ROC curves were applied to establish the cut-off point for the VAS. We determined the contribution of different variables to adequate pain management by means of logistic regression. Results: We interviewed 237 patients in 2007 and 2008. Pain during the first 24h was perceived by 54% of them, 98% were satisfied with pain management and 95% expressed that analgesic treatment relieved their pain. Variables statistically associated with pain were specialty, and a value on the VAS higher than 0 two hours after the procedure. Conclusions: The management of post operative pain is satisfactory. The use of the VAS during the first two hours identifies an important percentage of patients who require more intensive analgesic treatment (AU)

[Assessment of acute postoperative pain]. / Valoración del dolor agudo postoperatorio.

OBJECTIVE: A nursing task is to look after the pain associated with surgical procedures in order to maintain patient wellbeing. The first objective of this study was to measure the level of the patient satisfaction with management of post-operative pain. Secondly, we wanted to identify the determining factors of an adequate postoperative analgesia and the predictive value of the visual analogical scale (VAS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of patients who had an operation was interviewed. The VAS was administered two hours and 24h after the surgical procedure with the American Society of Pain questionnaire. ROC curves were applied to establish the cut-off point for the VAS. We determined the contribution of different variables to adequate pain management by means of logistic regression. RESULTS: We interviewed 237 patients in 2007 and 2008. Pain during the first 24h was perceived by 54% of them, 98% were satisfied with pain management and 95% expressed that analgesic treatment relieved their pain. Variables statistically associated with pain were specialty, and a value on the VAS higher than 0 two hours after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The management of post operative pain is satisfactory. The use of the VAS during the first two hours identifies an important percentage of patients who require more intensive analgesic treatment.