Racial differences in cyberbullying from the perspective of victims and perpetrators.

Although cyberbullying has attracted a good deal of research attention in recent years, we know much less about how cyberbullying differs by race and ethnicity, and the few studies that have examined this topic have yielded conflicting findings. In the current study, 352 White and Black respondents answered questions about their victimization and perpetration experiences with both traditional bullying and cyberbullying. More than 80% of both White and Black participants indicated that they had been victims of traditional bullying, and over 45% had been victims of cyberbullying at least once. Fewer reported perpetrating either type of bullying. Texting and social media were the most common forms of technology used by both White and Black respondents as well as the most common venues by which cyberbullying occurred. For all participants, cyberbullying victimization was associated with greater suicidal ideation, and traditional bullying victimization was related to higher loneliness, depression, and suicidal ideation. At higher frequencies of traditional bullying victimization, Black respondents reported higher loneliness than did White participants. Understanding patterns of technology use and experiences with cyberbullying victimization and perpetration will help to inform effective strategies for prevention and intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Survey of graduates of the british columbia pharmacy practice residency programs, 1973-2009.

BACKGROUND: The Canadian Hospital Pharmacy Residency Board (CHPRB) first introduced accreditation standards to guide the development and maintenance of pharmacy residency programs in the 1970s. These standards have evolved over the years, including a comprehensive revision in 1998. Ongoing quality assessment of residency training is necessary to identify areas for improvement and to ensure that residency training keeps pace with continual changes in pharmacists' roles. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the practices of graduates of the British Columbia Pharmacy Practice Residency Programs (BCPPRPs), to review the effect of residency training on their careers, and to assess whether the BCPPRPs achieved their educational goals with respect to the 2010 CHPRB accreditation standards. METHODS: An 18-question electronic survey was sent by e-mail to all graduates of the BCPPRPs from inception in 1973 to 2009. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, so descriptive, narrative, and formal mixed-methods approaches were used for the analysis. RESULTS: Of the estimated 490 graduates, 144 (29%) completed the survey. About 95% of respondents (125 of 131) agreed that the BCPPRPs had adequately prepared them for a career in hospital pharmacy practice. A majority strongly or somewhat agreed that their respective programs had allowed them to aquire all core competencies. There was less agreement about the achievement of project management and leadership skills. Analysis of these results by eras (specifically, before and after the 1998 revision of the CHPRB accreditation standards) showed statistically significant improvements in achievement for 2 of the educational outcomes, "providing evidence-based direct patient care as a member of an inter-professional team" (p = 0.001) and "adequate training in literature appraisal" (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: A majority of respondents recognized that their residency program had a substantial impact on their hospital pharmacy careers, especially in terms of developing direct patient care skills. The 2010 standards have introduced a specific outcome related to leadership skills. These results indicate that both the CHPRB and specific residency programs would benefit from discussions clarifying outcomes related to project management skills.

Effect of chronic probenecid therapy on cefazolin serum concentrations.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively assess the effectiveness of probenecid at maintaining therapeutic serum concentrations of cefazolin at steady-state by comparing cefazolin serum concentrations produced by intravenous cefazolin 2000 mg every 8 hours with concentrations produced by once-daily administration of intravenous cefazolin 2000 mg plus oral probenecid 500 mg 4 times daily. METHODS: Patients in this prospective, nonrandomized, unblinded study were identified after an order was written for intravenous cefazolin 2000 mg every 8 hours or once daily plus oral probenecid 500 mg 4 times daily in the emergency department. For both study arms, a peak cefazolin serum concentration was obtained 1 hour after the infusion was started and 23 hours later, prior to the next scheduled dose. Doses of cefazolin for days 2-4 were then administered as ordered. On day 5, peak and trough serum concentrations were drawn 1 hour after the infusion started and 23 hours later, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 26 patients were prospectively assessed from April 2000 to October 2001. In patients who received cefazolin once daily, the average serum peak and trough concentrations on day 1 were 146.53 and 2.02 mg/L, respectively. Peak and trough concentrations on day 5 were 148.30 and 2.67 mg/L, respectively. In patients who received cefazolin every 8 hours, peak and trough concentrations were 122.15 and 18.65 mg/L on day 1 and, on day 5, 136.51 and 16.98 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Probenecid 500 mg given orally 4 times daily was effective in maintaining therapeutic serum concentrations of cefazolin at steady-state when given with intravenous cefazolin 2000 mg once daily.