ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Proficient surgical skills are essential for surgeons, making surgical training an important part of surgical education. The development of technology promotes the diversification of surgical training types. This study analyzes the changes in surgical training patterns from the perspective of bibliometrics, and applies the learning curves as a measure to demonstrate their teaching ability. METHOD: Related papers were searched in the Web of Science database using the following formula: TS=((training OR simulation) AND (learning curve) AND (surgical)). Two researchers browsed the papers to ensure that the topics of articles were focused on the impact of surgical simulation training on the learning curve. CiteSpace, VOSviewer and R packages were applied to analyze the publication trends, countries, authors, keywords and references of selected articles. RESULT: Ultimately, 2461 documents were screened and analyzed. The USA is the most productive and influential country in this field. Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques publish the most articles, while surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques is the most cited journal. Aggarwal Rajesh is the most productive and influential author. Keyword and reference analyses reveal that laparoscopic surgery, robotic surgery, virtue reality (VR) and artificial intelligence (AI) were the hotspots in the field. CONCLUSION: This study provided a global overview of the current state and future trend in the surgical education field. The study surmised the applicability of different surgical simulation types by comparing and analyzing the learning curves, which is helpful for the development of this field.
ABSTRACT
Clinoptilolite and sodium polyacrylate (Na-PAA) were used as water-retaining agents to improve the water-holding capacity of compacted clay cover (CCC). The optimum moisture content and Atterberg limits of the CCC modified by clinoptilolite and Na-PAA were studied. The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) of the CCC modified by clinoptilolite and Na-PAA was studied. The mesostructure of the CCC was analyzed by polarized light microscopy. The test results show that: (1) the optimum moisture content and liquid limit of the CCC modified by clinoptilolite and Na-PAA increased, while the maximum dry density decreased; (2) the SWCC of the CCC modified by clinoptilolite and Na-PAA shifts to the upper right, and the volume moisture content of modified CCC is higher than that of unmodified CCC under the same matrix suction; (3) compared with the unmodified CCC, the air-entry value (AEV) of the clinoptilolite-modified CCC increased by 65.18% at most, and the AEV of the further modified CCC with Na-PAA in-creased by about two times; and (4) the flocculation structure and porosity of modified CCC decreased, and the porosity was distributed uniformly.
Subject(s)
Water , Zeolites , Clay , Zeolites/chemistry , Soil , Sodium , IonsABSTRACT
The strong hygroscopicity of wood greatly shortens its service life. Here, a simple impregnation modification approach was used to construct superhydrophobic silicone resin coatings on wood surfaces. Briefly, with hydrofluorosilicone oil (HFSO), tetramethyl tetravinyl cyclotetrasiloxane (V4), and hydrophobic SiO2 from industrial production as raw materials, superhydrophobic wood samples (water contact angle ~160.8°, sliding angle ~3.6°) can be obtained by simply dipping the wood in the HFSO/V4/SiO2 modifier solutions. As a result, the superhydrophobic silicone resin coating constructed on the wood surface still has good water repellency after finger touching, tape peeling, and sandpaper abrasion. When the mass ratio of HFSO to V4 is 2:1, the water absorption of the resulting wood after soaking in water for 24 h is only 29.2%. Further, the resulting superhydrophobic wood shows excellent anti-fouling properties. Finally, we believe that the impregnation modification method proposed in this study can be applied to the protection of cellulose substrates.
ABSTRACT
Building superhydrophobic protective layers on the wood substrates is promising in terms of endowing them with multiple functions, including water-repellent, self-cleaning, anti-icing functions. In this study, multifunctional superhydrophobic wood was successfully fabricated by introducing SiO2 sol and superhydrophobic powder (PMHOS). The SiO2 sol was prepared using tetraethoxysilane as a precursor and ethanol was used as the dispersant. The PMHOS was synthesized using poly(methylhydrogen)siloxane (PMHS) and ethanol. As a result, the obtained superhydrophobic wood had a water contact angle (WCA) of 156° and a sliding angle (SA) of 6° at room temperature. The obtained superhydrophobic wood exhibited excellent repellency toward common liquid (milk, soy sauce, juice, and coffee). The superhydrophobic layer on the wood surface also exhibited good durability after a series of mechanical damages, including finger wiping, tape peeling, knife scratching, and sandpaper abrasion. In addition, the obtained superhydrophobic wood showed excellent anti-icing properties.
