Assessment of intensive care unit delirium in developmentally delayed children.

Pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) delirium is an increasingly common diagnosis with negative impacts on morbidity and mortality. Patients with developmental delay are particularly susceptible to developing ICU delirium due to possible cerebral disease, sensory loss, unfamiliar environment, or use of deliriogenic medications. Of the existing scoring tools to assess for ICU delirium, few have been evaluated for patients with developmental delay. This review highlights the literature investigating measures of accuracy of ICU delirium scoring tools in pediatric patients, potential impact of developmental delay on successfully diagnosing delirium, and future directions for this area of care. IMPACT: This article summarizes pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) delirium, delirium screening tools, and developmental delay. This article highlights the limitations to current ICU delirium screening tools in patients with developmental delay and highlights future directions for the field.

Pharmacokinetic parameters over time during sepsis and the association of target attainment and outcomes in critically ill children and young adults receiving ceftriaxone.

INTRODUCTION: Early sepsis results in pharmacokinetic (PK) changes due to physiologic alterations. PK changes can lead to suboptimal drug target attainment, risking inadequate coverage from antibiotics like ceftriaxone. Little is known about how ceftriaxone PK and target attainment quantitatively change over time in patients with sepsis or the association between target attainment and outcomes in critically ill children and young adults. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a prospective study was conducted in a single-center pediatric intensive care unit. Septic patients given at least one ceftriaxone dose (commonly as 50 mg/kg every 12 h) and who had blood obtained in both the first 48 h of therapy (early) and afterwards (late) were included. Normalized clearance and central volume were estimated and compared in both sepsis phases. We evaluated target attainment, defined as concentrations above 1× or 4× the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 100% of dosing intervals, and investigated the association between target attainment and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Fifty-five septic patients (median age: 7.5 years) were included. Normalized clearance and central volume were similar in both phases (6.18 ± 1.48 L/h/70 kg early vs. 6.10 ± 1.61 L/h/70 kg late, p = 0.60; 26.6 [IQR 22.3, 31.3] L/70 kg early vs. 24.5 [IQR 22.0, 29.4] L/70 kg late, p = 0.18). Individual percent differences in normalized clearance and central volume between sepsis phases ranged from -39% to 276% and -51% to 212% (reference, late sepsis), respectively. Fewer patients attained the 1× MIC target in late sepsis (82% late vs. 96% early, p = 0.013), which was associated with transition to once daily dosing, typically done due to transfer from the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) to a lower acuity unit. Failure to attain either target in late sepsis was associated with antibiotic broadening. CONCLUSION: Ceftriaxone PK parameters were similar between early and late sepsis, but there were large individual differences. Fewer patients attained MIC targets in late sepsis and all who did not attain the less stringent target received once daily dosing during this period. The failure to attain targets in late sepsis was associated with antibiotic broadening and could be an area for antibiotic stewardship intervention.

The Clinical Utility of MRSA Nasal Surveillance Swabs in Ruling-Out MRSA Infections in Children.

The utility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal surveillance swabs has not been well-described in children. This retrospective, cohort study yielded a negative predictive value of 99.4% for an initial negative MRSA nasal surveillance swab in 165 hospitalized children with a suspected infection and clinical cultures obtained from a likely site of infection.

Rechallenge of Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor After Skin Rash in Two Pediatric Patients.

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators have revolutionized care for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The triple combination product elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor is a highly effective CFTR modulator that is generally well tolerated. However, in clinical trials of pediatric and adult patients, 4% to 12% developed rash after initiation of therapy. Few reports have described approaches to management of this adverse effect. In this report, we describe 2 children with CF who developed a pruritic, maculopapular rash after initiating elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor. These patients were successfully rechallenged after rash resolution with a practical titration schedule.