Long-term monitoring of Graves' disease in children and adolescents: a single-center experience

Background/aim: Graves' disease (GD) is more severe, requires a more complex treatment, and has a lower probability of achieving remission in children than in adults. There is no consensus on the appropriate duration of antithyroid drug (ATD) treatment. Surgical or radioactive iodine (RAI) treatments are not definitive and generally result in permanent hypothyroidism. This study's goal was examining the effectiveness of ATD treatment in children and adolescents with GD and determining the risk factors of remission and relapse. Materials and methods: This retrospective study included 45 patients (36 females and 9 males, median age 12.5 years) aged 4­18 who were diagnosed with GD between 2003 and 2017. All patients initially were treated with an ATD. ATD treatment was discontinued at a mean of 23.2 ± 13.2 months (10­37 months). Results: Patients were classified into remission (n = 24) and relapse groups (n = 21). The duration of initial ATD treatment in the remission group was longer (26.91 ± 5.17 months) than in the relapse group (19.09 ± 7.14 months) (P = 0.01). The total ATD treatment duration was statistically longer in the remission group (42.14 ± 14.35 months) than in the relapse group (26.95 ± 16.13 months) (P = 0.03). Conclusion: Long-term initial ATD treatment and long-term total ATD treatment were evaluated as positive parameters for the remission of Graves' disease in children and adolescents. Our findings showed that the chance of long-term remission increases in direct proportion to the initial ATD treatment duration and the total ATD treatment duration.

Carotid artery intima-media thickness in pediatric type 1 diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the carotid artery intima-media thickness in pediatric type 1 diabetic patients with that in healthy control subjects matched for age, sex, height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. METHODS: Fifty diabetic patients and forty-five control subjects were enrolled into this observational, cross-sectional, controlled study. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT), flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid stiffness index were measured by using a carotid Doppler and real-time ultrasound. Student's t, chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the groups for age, sex, height, weight, BMI and waist circumference (mean age 12.10 ± 2.02 vs. 11.49 ± 1.90 years, weight 41.14 ± 11.28 vs. 40.88 ± 11.68 kg, height 149.78 ± 20.3 vs. 145.62 ± 20.14 cm, BMI 18.49 ± 2.64 vs. 18.26 ± 2.59 kg/m2, waist circumference 69.72 ± 8.6 vs. 66.05 ± 7.47 cm, respectively). A significantly higher cIMT was found in the patients with type 1 diabetes (0.49 ± 0.05 vs. 0.44 ± 0.03 mm; p<0.001). A higher carotid stiffness index was found in the diabetic group when compared with control group (3.11 ± 0.46 vs. 2.6 ± 0.29 mm; p<0.001). Carotid IMT was not affected by mean HbA1c level and median HbA1c level (r=0.112, p=0.437 and r=0.249, p=0.082). CONCLUSION: Type 1 diabetes is associated with higher cIMT and carotid stiffness index in a pediatric population.

Management of central diabetes insipidus with oral desmopressin lyophilisate in infants.

AIM: To assess the efficiency of oral desmopressin lyophilisate (ODL) in neonatal central diabetes insipidus (CDI). METHODS: The characteristics of four newborns with CDI treated with ODL were evaluated. RESULTS: Four newborns with polyuria and hypernatremia were included [male, 2 (50%); mean postnatal age, 19±17 days]. At the time of hypernatremia, the mean serum and urine osmolality values were 310±16 and 179±48 mOsm/kg, respectively. Antidiuretic hormone levels were undetectable (<0.5 pmol/L) in all cases. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed anatomical malformations in all cases. ODL (60 µg/tablet) dissolved in water (3-5 mL) was initiated with a dose of 5 µg/kg/day in two equal doses, together with limitation of water intake to avoid hyponatremia. Serum sodium levels returned to normal in a mean duration of 58±9.9 h with a mean decline rate of 0.37±0.1 mEq/L/h after desmopressin administration. Rehospitalization was required for one of the infants because of hypernatremia due to non-compliance. No episode of hyponatremia was encountered. Weight gain and growth of the infants were normal during the mean follow-up duration of 8.5±1 months. CONCLUSIONS: ODL appears to be practical and safe in the treatment of CDI during the first year of life.

Neonatal seizure as a manifestation of unrecognized maternal hyperparathyroidism.

Maternal hypercalcemia suppresses parathyroid activity in the fetus resulting in impaired parathyroid responsiveness to hypocalcemia after birth. Resultant hypocalcemia may be severe and prolonged and rarely may lead to convulsions. Here, we present a newborn infant admitted to the pediatric emergency department at age two weeks with recurrent tonic convulsions due to asymptomatic maternal hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency. Physicians should be aware that undiagnosed maternal hyperparathyroidism can cause severe hypocalcemia in the newborn.

Impact of insulin resistance on insulin-like growth factor-1/insulin like growth factor-binding protein-3 axis and on early weight gain in small for gestational age infants.

OBJECTIVE: To assess insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) axis and insulin resistance (IR) and the relationship of these parameters with growth in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and small for gestational age (SGA) infants at birth and in early infancy. METHODS: Postnatal blood samples for measurement of glucose, insulin, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 were taken from 60 infants (30 AGA and 30 SGA) at birth and at one, three, and six months of age. Both SGA and AGA infants were divided into two groups: growing well and not growing well. Blood glucose, insulin, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 values were assessed in all infants. RESULTS: Homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) values in well-growing SGA infants in the third and sixth months were found to be higher than in not well-growing SGA infants (3.9±0.8 vs. 1.0±0.3 at 3 months and 3.3±0.9 vs. 2.4±0.9 at 6 months, p<0.05). IGF-1 levels in well-growing SGA infants at 3 and 6 months were found to be higher than those in not well-growing SGA infants (83.80±44.50 vs. 73.50±17.60 ng/mL at 3 months and 95.12±50.74 vs. 87.67±22.91 ng/mL at 6 months, p<0.05). The IGF-1 values were significantly lower in well-growing SGA infants than in well-growing AGA infants (83.80±44.50 vs. 103.31±30.81 ng/mL at 3 months and 95.12±50.74 vs. 110.87±26.44 ng/mL at 6 months, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the effects of accelerated early infant growth on IGF-1/IGFBP-3 axis in SGA-born infants.

Acute vitamin D intoxication possibly due to faulty production of a multivitamin preparation.

Vitamin D intoxication usually occurs as a result of inappropriate use of vitamin D preparations and can lead to life-threatening hypercalcemia. It is also known that there are a number of physicians who prescribe vitamin D supplements for various clinical conditions, such as poor appetite and failure to thrive. While inappropriate use of vitamin D supplements may lead to vitamin D intoxication, there are no reports of cases of vitamin D toxicity due to manufacturing errors of vitamin D preparations. Here, we present cases of hypervitaminosis D which developed following the use of a standard dose of a multivitamin preparation. All three cases presented with hypercalcemia symptoms and had characteristic laboratory findings such as hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, low levels of parathyroid hormone. The very high serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels in these patients indicated vitamin D excess. The vitamin D level of the prescribed multivitamin preparation in the market was studied and was found to contain a very low level of vitamin D (10 IU/5 mL). Although the stated vitamin D content of the preparations ingested by these patients was not high, unproven but possible manufacturing errors were considered to be a possible cause of the hypervitaminosis D diagnosed in these three patients.

Attempted suicide with levothyroxine in an adolescent girl.

Attempted suicide with levothyroxine is very rare and has been described only in a few case reports. Although acute accidental or intentional overdoses of thyroid hormones can lead to marked elevations in serum T4 levels, many children who take as much as 5-10 mg of levothyroxine as a single dose have few or no symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. We report an adolescent girl who attempted suicide by ingesting levothyroxine. She responded well to ß-adrenergic blockade.

The Prevalence of von Willebrand Disease and Significance of in Vitro Bleeding Time (PFA-100) in von Willebrand Disease Screening in the Izmir Region.

OBJECTIVE: von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common hereditary bleeding disorder. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of vWD among adolescents in Izmir and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of PFA-100 as a screening method in detecting this disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our study was conducted on adolescents in the city of Izmir between October 2006 and March 2007. A total of approximately 1500 high school students between 14 and 19 years of age were planned to be included in the investigation. Survey forms prepared for assessing hemorrhagic diathesis were completed by 1339 individuals (512 males, 827 females). The necessary laboratory tests were performed after having obtained written informed consent from 40 individuals suspected to have hemorrhagic diathesis. RESULTS: Based on the von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag) and ristocetin cofactor activity (vWF:RCo) levels and bleeding symptoms, vWD type-1 was diagnosed in 14 individuals (4 males, 10 females; prevalence: 1.04%). The most common bleeding symptom in these patients was found to be epistaxis (10/14). Screening with PFA-100 revealed prolongation in both cartridges (Col/ADP and Col/Epi) in 3 of the 14 patients. PFA-100 was determined to exhibit 21.4% sensitivity and 100% specificity in the diagnosis of vWD. CONCLUSION: The PFA-100 device was found to have high specificity but to have exhibited low sensitivity. Therefore, its utilization as a screening test may be problematic in patients with mild type-1 vWD. Specific tests (vWF:RCo, vWF:Ag) are required for the definite diagnosis of vWD. However, further studies with a large number of patients are needed. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None declared.

Hypocalcemic seizure in an adolescent with Down syndrome: a manifestation of unrecognized celiac disease.

Celiac disease (CD) affects up to 1% of the general population. Classically, it manifests with intestinal symptoms (diarrhea, steatorrhea, abdominal pain or discomfort) associated with weight loss and anemia. Seizure is a rare form of presentation of CD. A 13-year-old female patient with Down syndrome was admitted to the pediatric emergency department with generalized tonicclonic seizure in addition to numbness around the mouth, paresthesias, and muscular cramping for seven days. Investigations revealed severe hypocalcemia and vitamin D deficiency, which were a consequence of malabsorption secondary to histopathologically confirmed CD. Physicians should be aware that unrecognized CD can cause severe hypocalcemia.

Hypochondroplasia in a child with 1620C>G (Asn540Lys) mutation in FGFR3.

Hypochondroplasia (HCP) is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia characterized by short extremities, short stature and lumbar lordosis, usually exhibiting a phenotype similar to but milder than achondroplasia (ACP). Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene (FGFR3) mutations in the germline are well-known causes of skeletal syndromes. FGFR3 is a negative regulator of bone growth and all mutations in FGFR3 are gain-of-function mutations that lead to skeletal dysplasias. We report a child who presented with short stature, a relatively long trunk, short legs, short arm span, radiographic evidence of HCP and mild mental retardation. Genetic analysis revealed a heterozygous 1620C>G (Asn540Lys) mutation in FGFR3. To our knowledge, ours is the first case report of HCP with a heterozygous 1620C>G (Asn540Lys) mutation in Turkey.

A novel homozygous HESX1 mutation causes panhypopituitarism without midline defects and optic nerve anomalies.

OBJECTIVE: There are many genes reported to have been associated with combined pituitary hormone deficiencies, but mutations in HESX1 strongly correlate with septo-optic dysplasia. Our aim was to determine the cause of panhypopituitarism in our patient. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied an 8-month-old child having panhypopituitarism. The coding exons of PIT1, PROP1, LHX3, and HESX1 genes were amplified. Direct sequencing was done after denaturing HLPC. RESULTS: We identified a novel homozygous mutation (R160H) within the homeodomain of HESX1, which, to our knowledge, is the first to be described in humans. Neuroimaging studies revealed anterior pituitary aplasia, a normal posterior pituitary gland, and a thin pituitary stalk but no midline abnormalities. Optic nerve studies showed no pathology. This mutation is also carried in the parents of the affected child in a heterozygous pattern, suggesting an autosomal recessive inheritance. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that homozygous HESX1 mutation causing an R160H substitution can result in panhypopituitarism without midline defects.

Clinical and epidemiological features of Turkish children with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection: experience from multiple tertiary paediatric centres in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: In April 2009 a novel strain of human influenza A, identified as H1N1 virus, rapidly spread worldwide, and in early June 2009 the World Health Organization raised the pandemic alert level to phase 6. Herein we present the largest series of children who were hospitalized due to pandemic H1N1 infection in Turkey. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multicentre analysis of case records involving children hospitalized with influenza-like illness, in whom 2009 H1N1 influenza was diagnosed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay, at 17 different tertiary hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 821 children with 2009 pandemic H1N1 were hospitalized. The majority of admitted children (56.9%) were younger than 5 y of age. Three hundred and seventy-six children (45.8%) had 1 or more pre-existing conditions. Respiratory complications including wheezing, pneumonia, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and hypoxemia were seen in 272 (33.2%) children. Ninety of the patients (11.0%) were admitted or transferred to the paediatric intensive care units (PICU) and 52 (6.3%) received mechanical ventilation. Thirty-five children (4.3%) died. The mortality rate did not differ between age groups. Of the patients who died, 25.7% were healthy before the H1N1 virus infection. However, the death rate was significantly higher in patients with malignancy, chronic neurological disease, immunosuppressive therapy, at least 1 pre-existing condition, and respiratory complications. The most common causes of mortality were pneumonia and sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: In Turkey, 2009 H1N1 infection caused high mortality and PICU admission due to severe respiratory illness and complications, especially in children with an underlying condition.

Comparison of in vitro activity of ertapenem with other carbapenems against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Kleibsella species isolated in a tertiary children's hospital.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates to ertapenem in a tertiary pediatric care center in Turkey. DESIGN/METHODS: All isolates of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were collected from clinical specimens from children, and susceptibility tests were done using the Vitek 2 compact system. RESULTS: Ninety-nine per cent of the ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolates were found to be susceptible to ertapenem, 99.5% to imipenem and 100% to meropenem. In the Klebsiella species, 91.5% of the isolates were susceptible to ertapenem, 99.3% to imipenem and 100% to meropenem. CONCLUSION: The results of our data, including isolates from children, showed that ertapenem had high in vitro activity against the majority of the ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella species, as reported in previously published studies. However, additional clinical studies are required to assess the clinical activity of ertapenem and the clinical importance of the resistant isolates.

The effects of topical iodine containing antiseptics on thyroidal status of preterm versus term babies.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of iodine containing antiseptics on thyroid function for the first 3 weeks in non-very-low-birth weight preterm and term babies, and to evaluate their thyroid function and behavioral status 7 years later. METHODS: Cohort I (between the years 1997-1998) was studied in 57 preterm (30-35 weeks) and 29 term newborns, 7 years later cohort II (in the year 2005) was created from same 28 preterm and 18 term infants at Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey. Serum thyrotropin, triiodothyronine, total and free thyroxine were measured on the first, seventh, and twenty-first days (cohort I), and at the age of 7 (cohort II). In respect of used antiseptics, the patients were divided into 2 groups. The evaluation of patients was performed according to the Turgay Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Psychiatric Disorders, 4th edition based child and adolescent behavior disorders screening and rating scale. RESULTS: On the seventh day of life, iodine-exposed newborns had significantly higher mean thyrotropin levels and lower free thyroxine, total thyroxine, and triiodothyronine levels. On the twenty-first day, thyrotropin levels of iodine-exposed newborns were similar to controls. The cohort II results showed normal thyroid function in all patents with increased hyperactivity among children born prematurely, and particularly experienced exposure to iodine. CONCLUSION: Iodine excess may cause transient hypothyroxinemia in preterm babies (>30 weeks gestational age, >1.5 kg) and this may be one of the reasons for behavior problems observed later in these children.

Insulin detemir improves glycemic control and reduces hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes: findings from the Turkish cohort of the PREDICTIVE observational study.

BACKGROUND: Insulin detemir is a basal insulin analog designed to produce a superior pharmacokinetic profile to basal formulations of human insulin. It has shown consistently improved tolerability in comparison to neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin in adult cohorts, but there are relatively few publications involving pediatric cohorts. METHODS: The efficacy and safety of insulin detemir in children with type 1 diabetes was assessed using data from the Turkish cohort of PREDICTIVE (a large, multinational, observational) study. The children investigated were using basal-bolus therapy involving NPH insulin or insulin glargine at baseline but were switched to insulin detemir as part of routine clinical care by their physicians. RESULTS: Twelve weeks of treatment with insulin detemir significantly reduced mean hemoglobin A1c (9.7-8.9%, p < 0.001) and mean fasting glucose [185-162 mg/dL (10.3-9 mmol/L), p < 0.01]. Fasting glucose variability was also lower after treatment with insulin detemir than previously (on either NPH or glargine, p < 0.05). The frequencies of total, major and nocturnal hypoglycemic events were significantly reduced with insulin detemir relative to baseline, with an estimated mean of 6.89 fewer events/patient/yr overall (p < 0.001) and 2.6 fewer nocturnal events/patient/yr (p < 0.01). Weight and insulin dose remained relatively unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Twelve weeks of treatment with insulin detemir improved glycemic control and reduced hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes. This improved tolerability might allow further dose titration and therefore additional improvements in glucose control.

Arachnoid cyst with growth hormone deficiency.

On clinical grounds, arachnoid cysts are usually associated with neurological dysfunction. Little is known concerning their involvement in endocrine disorders. A seven-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital for evaluation of an unprovoked afebrile seizure. His neurological examination was normal, however, he had growth retardation. Insulin tolerance and L-dopa growth hormone stimulation tests revealed an inefficient growth hormone response. An MRI of hypophysis and cranium yielded a shift of hypophysis and a large arachnoid cyst.