Comparison of COVID-19 Infection in Operating Room Staff During Two COVID-19 Waves Using Different Preventive Strategies in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To assess if limiting elective surgeries during specific pandemic phases significantly affected COVID-19 incidence among operating room (OR) staff. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. Place and Duration of the Study: Operation Theatre (OT), The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from May 2020 to 2021. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective study compared two pandemic waves: Wave 1, during which elective surgeries were restricted (REL), and Wave 2, during which elective surgeries were continued routinely (EL). Exposure levels were measured based on OR activity. Incidence rates were calculated per 100 OR staff, per 100 ORs, and per 100 surgeries for both Groups. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference emerged in COVID-19 incidence among OR staff between REL (13.8 per 100 staff) and EL (14.4 per 100 staff) Groups (p = 0.825). However, the EL Group exhibited a significantly lower incidence risk per running OR (5.6 per 100 ORs vs. REL's 12 per 100 ORs, p <0.001). Additionally, the EL Group showed a lower incidence per 100 surgeries (1.5 vs. REL's 2.9, p <0.002). CONCLUSION: Restricting elective surgeries during the early pandemic phase did not significantly reduce COVID-19 incidence among OR staff. Infections were primarily linked to interactions with colleagues and the community, emphasising the need for a balanced pandemic response considering patient care and the consequences of surgery restrictions. KEY WORDS: COVID-19 infection, Operating room staff, COVID-19 waves, COVID-19 transmission, Hospital epidemiology, Pandemic response.

Trend of anaesthesia research from SAARC countries. A decade's bibliographic analysis of indexed journals of Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contribution of member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation towards anaesthesia research. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted at Department of Anaesthesia, Aga Khan University, Karachi from January 2018 to June 2018 and comprised literature search to identify published articles related to anaesthesia, critical care and pain research contributed by authors from member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation region and published in Pakistani indexed journals between January 2007 and December 2016. Data was analysed using SPSS 19. RESULTS: Of the 183 articles extracted, 179(97.8%) were contributed from Pakistan and 4(2.2%) from India. Overall, there were 50(27%) randomised controlled trials, 38((20%) case reports and 36(19.5%) observational studies. There was 1(0.5%) collaborative study involving researchers from two member countries. CONCLUSIONS: The contribution to anaesthesia, critical care and pain research was not ideal from the member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.

Global perspective of paediatric surgery in low and middle income countries.

There is huge burden of paediatric surgical diseases in low and middle income countries. Issues behind such a scenario include lack of trained paediatric surgeons, higher mortality due to infections, and poor postoperative care. The possible solution is improvement in the existing structure, which is government hospitals, because they are the most prevalent form of healthcare delivery in such countries. Proper coding system, research and identification of paediatric bellwether procedures can improve the existing health system. Task shifting and sharing can help in many areas. The doctors leaving their countries for better training and employment options should be properly incentivised locally. A lot can be done in terms of providing infrastructure, finances, changing mind-sets, developing expertise, making registry and rehabilitation. By doing so, millions of paediatric mortalities can be prevented in low and middle income countries.

Value of Routine Preoperative Tests for Coagulation Before Elective Cranial Surgery. Results of an Institutional Audit and a Nationwide Survey of Neurosurgical Centers in Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Routine preoperative blood testing has become a dogma. The general practice is to order preoperative workup as a knee-jerk response rather than individualize it for each patient. The fact that the bleeding brain tends to swell, which coupled with limited options for proximal control, packing, and overall hemostasis, leads to an overemphasis on the preoperative coagulation profile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective review of the medical records of patients admitted at Aga Khan University Hospital from January 2010 to December 2015 for an elective craniotomy. The hospital registry was used to identify files for review. Data were collected on a predefined proforma. A nationwide survey was performed, and 30 neurosurgery centers were contacted across Pakistan to confirm the practice of preoperative workup. RESULTS: The survey revealed that all centers had a similar practice of preoperative workup. This included complete blood count, serum electrolytes, and coagulation profile, including prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and international normalized ratio (INR). A total of 1800 files were reviewed. Nine (0.5%) patients were found to have deranged clotting profile without any predictive history of clotting derangement; 56% were male and 44% were female. Median age was 32 years with an interquartile range of 27 years. Median aPTT was (40.8 with 20.8 IQR). Median INR was (1.59 with 0.48 IQR). Median blood loss was (400 with 50 IQR). No significant association between coagulation profile (aPTT, INR) and blood loss was found (P = 0.85, r = -0.07). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that patients without a history of coagulopathy and normal physical examination do not require routine coagulation screening before elective craniotomy.

Intraoperative ventilatory management of adult tracheoesophageal fistula.

Iatrogenic Tracheo Esophageal Fistula (TEF) in adults is a rare complication occurring secondary to trauma and prolonged intubation. There is very scarce data regarding its airway management and that too is from the paediatric age group. We describe the case of a young male undergoing TEF repair. We started with routine tracheal intubation but during surgery our tracheal tube was hindering surgical repair. So we used intermittent ventilation by passing the tracheal tube distal to the fistula and then pulling it back and providing clear surgical field during apnoea. It was done several times until the repair was completed successfully. Different airway management techniques are described in literature with the most common being oral intubation and placement of cuff distal to the fistula. However it may need to be modified according to the situation. We used a different technique for ventilation and will discuss it's pros and cons.

Anesthetic Management of Conjoined Twins for Computed Tomography Scan.

Anesthetic management of the conjoined twins in the radiology suite presents some unique problems for anesthesia. We report a case of 3-month and 10-day-old xiphopagus twins undergoing computed tomography scan under general anesthesia. The issues in their management in radiology included the unknown effects of anesthetic agents on circulation because of sharing of organs, duplication of staff, equipment in a limited space, placing the children on the scan table, airway control and ventilator management, and changeover of equipment during procedure.

Airway management and postoperative length of hospital stay in patients undergoing head and neck cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: General anesthesia and airway management of patients for head and neck cancer surgery is a challenge for the anesthesiologist. Appropriate assessment and planning are essential for successful airway management. Our objectives were to review airway management strategies in patients undergoing head and neck cancer surgery in our tertiary care institution and also to observe the effect of airway management techniques on postoperative length of hospital stay (PLOS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective medical record review of 400 patients who underwent major head and neck cancer surgery in our institution was conducted. A special form was used, and records were searched for airway and anesthetic management in the operating room and recovery room, and for PLOS. RESULTS: 289 (72.25%) of the patients were male, and 111 (27.75%) female. 49.8% of patients had Mallampati score of 3 and 4. Airway was managed with tracheostomy in 81 (20.25%) patients; nasal intubation was performed in 177 (44.25%) and oral intubation in 142 (35.5%) patients. Postoperative emergency tracheostomy was not done in any of the patients. CONCLUSION: Median postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer (P = 0.0005) in patients who had a tracheostomy performed compared with those where the airway was managed without it.