Emerging trends in immunotoxin targeting cancer stem cells.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are self-renewing multipotent cells that play a vital role in the development of cancer drug resistance conditions. Various therapies like conventional, targeted, and radiotherapies have been broadly used in targeting and killing these CSCs. Among these, targeted therapy selectively targets CSCs and leads to overcoming disease recurrence conditions in cancer patients. Immunotoxins (ITs) are protein-based therapeutics with selective targeting capabilities. These chimeric molecules are composed of two functional moieties, i.e., a targeting moiety for cell surface binding and a toxin moiety that induces the programmed cell death upon internalization. Several ITs have been constructed recently, and their preclinical and clinical efficacies have been evaluated. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the recent preclinical and clinical advances as well as significant challenges in ITs targeting CSCs, which might reduce the burden of drug resistance conditions in cancer patients from bench to bedside.

Nano drug (AgNPs capped with hydroxychloroquine): Synthesis, characterization, anti-covid-19 and healing the wound infected with S. aureus.

Almost existing anti-viral drugs are only organic molecules that are able to circumvent the system the virus works with, which leaves it facing the immune system of our bodies and then kills it. Unfortunately, this type of pharmacological fight did not succeed in a way to overcome this virus, so it became necessary to think outside the box, to find a drug that would kill the virus or alter its protein structure. This research aims to prepare silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) by the green method depending on the reaction of the silver nitrate (safe for humans) with the phoenix dactylifera extract (safe for humans) and then coated with the hydroxychloroquine (HQ, known antiviral drug). This substance will fight the virus with different mechanisms (i) silver will carry the drug to cells easily, and then (ii) nano silver will perform a physical inhibition of the virus and thus reduce its susceptibility to binding to host cells. In addition, (iii) silver nanoparticle is much smaller than the size of the virus which qualifies it to cross into the virus and change the structure of RNA. Furthermore, (iv) it is possible for silver to interact with the amino and carboxylic ends in the virus proteins. The results of TCID50 shows that the prepared nano drug is able to reduce the viability of covid-19 to about 22% using 400 mg/ml of AgNPs/HQ. The resulted nanodrug was also used for healing the wound infected with S. aureus and the histological results revealed that all of the disease symptoms improved, with the epidermal layer multiplying quickly and the infected wounds healing quickly.