Patient-controlled sedation in orthopedic surgery under regional anesthesia: a new approach in procedural sedation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Regional anesthesia is a commonly used technique in orthopedic procedures. Sedation should reduce the patient's anxiety and fear while increasing regional anesthesia quality. This study evaluated the hemodynamic changes, level of sedation, both patients' and surgeons' levels of satisfaction and potential side effects in patient-controlled sedation using propofol. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial studied sixty ASA physical class I-III patients scheduled for total knee replacement surgery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. Patients in Group P (n = 30) received propofol via a patient-controlled analgesia device with the following settings: intravenous propofol bolus dose 400 µg.kg(-1), 5-minute lockout interval and no basal infusion. In Group S, we infused saline 150 using the same settings. To determine the level of sedation, we used BIS and Observer's Assessment of Alertness/ Sedation Scale. For all patients, we recorded the number of requests. As the fi nal evaluation, we scored surgeons' and patients' satisfaction on 4-point scales. RESULTS: Both BIS values and OAA/S scores were lower in Group P than in Group S. Patients' satisfaction was higher in Group P, although there was no significant difference with respect to surgeons' satisfaction between the groups. The number of requests for sedation was significantly higher in Group S. However, most requests were considered unsuccessful. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that patient-controlled sedation with propofol can be used efficiently in orthopedic procedures.

Sedação controlada pelo paciente em cirurgia ortopédica sob anestesia regional: uma nova abordagem em sedação / Patient-controlled sedation in orthopedic surgery under regional anesthesia: a new approach in procedural sedation / Analgesia controlada por el paciente en cirugía ortopédica bajo anestesia regional: un nuevo abordaje en sedación

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Anestesia regional é uma técnica de uso comum em procedimentos ortopédicos. A sedação deve reduzir a ansiedade e o medo do paciente e aumentar a qualidade da anestesia regional. Este estudo avaliou as alterações hemodinâmicas, o nível de sedação e de satisfação tanto dos pacientes quanto dos cirurgiões e os potencias efeitos colaterais da sedação controlada pelo paciente com o uso de propofol. MÉTODOS: Selecionamos 60 pacientes, estado físico Asa I-III e agendados para artroplastia total do joelho sob anestesia combinada raqui-peridural. Os pacientes do Grupo P (n = 30) receberam propofol por meio de um dispositivo de analgesia controlada pelo paciente com as seguintes configurações: dose de propofol em bolus de 400 µg.kg-1 por via intravenosa (IV), com intervalo de bloqueio de cinco minutos e sem infusão basal. Os pacientes do Grupo S receberam infusão de solução salina (150 mL), com as mesmas configurações. Para determinar o nível de sedação, o índice bispectral (BIS) e a Escala de Avaliação de Alerta e Sedação dos Observadores (OAA/S) foram usados. O número de solicitações foi registrado para todos os pacientes. Como avaliação final, a satisfação dos cirurgiões e dos pacientes foi registrada em escala de 4 pontos. RESULTADOS: Os valores de BIS e da OAA/S foram menores no Grupo P que no Grupo S. A satisfação dos pacientes foi maior no Grupo P, embora não tenha havido diferença significativa em relação à satisfação dos cirurgiões entre os grupos. O número de solitações de sedação foi significativamente maior no Grupo S. Contudo, a maioria das solicitações não foi considerada bem-sucedida. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que a analgesia controlada pelo paciente com o uso de propofol pode ser usada com resultados eficazes em procedimentos ortopédicos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Regional anesthesia is a commonly used technique in orthopedic procedures. Sedation should reduce the patient's anxiety and fear while increasing regional anesthesia quality. This study evaluated the hemodynamic changes, level of sedation, both patients' and surgeons' levels of satisfaction and potential side effects in patient-controlled sedation using propofol. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial studied sixty ASA physical class I-III patients scheduled for total knee replacement surgery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. Patients in Group P (n = 30) received propofol via a patient-controlled analgesia device with the following settings: intravenous propofol bolus dose 400 µg.kg_1, 5-minute lockout interval and no basal infusion. In Group S, we infused saline 150 using the same settings. To determine the level of sedation, we used BIS and Observer's Assessment of Alertness/ Sedation Scale. For all patients, we recorded the number of requests. As the final evaluation, we scored surgeons' and patients' satisfaction on 4-point scales. RESULTS: Both BIS values and OAA/S scores were lower in Group P than in Group S. Patients' satisfaction was higher in Group P, although there was no significant difference with respect to surgeons' satisfaction between the groups. The number of requests for sedation was significantly higher in Group S. However, most requests were considered unsuccessful. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that patient-controlled sedation with propofol can be used efficiently in orthopedic procedures.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La anestesia regional es una técnica de uso común en los procedimientos ortopédicos. La sedación debe reducir la ansiedad y el miedo del paciente y aumentar la calidad de la anestesia regional. Este estudio evaluó las alteraciones hemodinámicas, el nivel de sedación, los niveles de satisfacción tanto de los pacientes como de los cirujanos y los potencias efectos colaterales de la sedación controlada por el paciente con el uso de propofol. MÉTODOS: Seleccionamos 60 pacientes, estado físico Asa I-III programados para la artroplastia total de la rodilla bajo anestesia combinada raquiepidural. Los pacientes del Grupo P (n = 30) recibieron propofol por medio de un dispositivo de analgesia controlada por el paciente con las siguientes configuraciones: dosis de propofol en bolo de 400 µg.kg-1 vía intravenosa (IV), con un intervalo de bloqueo de cinco minutos y sin infusión basal. Los pacientes del Grupo S recibieron infusión de solución salina (150 mL), con las mismas configuraciones. Para determinar el nivel de sedación, usamos el índice bispectral (BIS) y la Escala de Evaluación del Índice de Alerta y Sedación del Observador (EAIASO). El número de solicitaciones fue registrado para todos los pacientes. Como evaluación final, la satisfacción de los cirujanos y de los pacientes fue registrada en escala de 4 puntos. RESULTADOS: Los valores de BIS y de la Evaluación del Observador de Guardia (OAA/S) fueron menores en el Grupo P que en el Grupo S. La satisfacción de los pacientes fue mayor en el Grupo P, aunque no haya habido diferencia significativa con relación a la satisfacción de los cirujanos entre los grupos. El número de solicitaciones de sedación fue significativamente mayor en el Grupo S. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las solicitaciones no fue considerada exitosa. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio sugiere que la analgesia controlada por el paciente con el uso de propofol puede ser usada con resultados eficaces en procedimientos ortopédicos.

Neuroaxial anesthesia in a patient with progressive systemic sclerosis : case presentation and review of the literature on systemic sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Systemic sclerosis (SSc), a progressive disease characterized by excessive accumulation of connective tissue components. Although most patients have long survival, some of them progress rapidly to death. Pulmonary system involvement and pulmonary hypertension are the most frequent cause of death. When the patient with SSc is to be operated, the anesthetic procedure could be a serious problem. In this article, we report a combined spinal--epidural technique in a patient with progressive SSc and the anesthetic considerations that could be recommended for these patients. CASE PRESENTATION: A 68-year-old woman who had a history of progressive systemic sclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, kyphoscoliosis and decreased oral apertura underwent total hip arthroplasty. This operation was performed successfully under combined spinal epidural anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Systemic sclerosis is a complex disease that involves multiple organ systems. Every aspects of anesthetic care may be altered or hindered by the pathogenesis of disease. Although the choice of regional or general anesthesia is unclear, to choose combined spinal epidural anesthesia may be useful.