The potential association between metabolic disorders and pulmonary tuberculosis: a Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic disorders (MetDs) have been demonstrated to be closely linked to numerous diseases. However, the precise association between MetDs and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) remains poorly understood. METHOD: Summary statistics for exposure and outcomes from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for exposures and outcomes were obtained from the BioBank Japan Project (BBJ) Gene-exposure dataset. The 14 clinical factors were categorized into three groups: metabolic laboratory markers, blood pressure, and the MetS diagnostic factors. The causal relationship between metabolic factors and PTB were analyzed using two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR). Additionally, the direct effects on the risk of PTB were investigated through multivariable MR. The primary method employed was the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) model. The sensitivity of this MR analysis was evaluated using MR-Egger regression and the MR-PRESSO global test. RESULTS: According to the two-sample MR, HDL-C, HbA1c, TP, and DM were positively correlated with the incidence of active TB. According to the multivariable MR, HDL-C (IVW: OR 2.798, 95% CI 1.484-5.274, P = 0.001), LDL (IVW: OR 4.027, 95% CI 1.140-14.219, P = 0.03) and TG (IVW: OR 2.548, 95% CI 1.269-5.115, P = 0.009) were positively correlated with the occurrence of PTB. TC (OR 0.131, 95% CI 0.028-0.607, P = 0.009) was negatively correlated with the occurrence of PTB. We selected BMI, DM, HDL-C, SBP, and TG as the diagnostic factors for metabolic syndrome. DM (IVW, OR 1.219, 95% CI 1.040-1.429 P = 0.014) and HDL-C (IVW, OR 1.380, 95% CI 1.035-1.841, P = 0.028) were directly correlated with the occurrence of PTB. CONCLUSIONS: This MR study demonstrated that metabolic disorders, mainly hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, are associated with the incidence of active pulmonary tuberculosis.

IAIH-PG consensus for histological criteria of AIH: Multicentre validation with focus on chronic liver diseases in China.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The International AIH Pathology Group (IAIH-PG) put forward the new histological criteria of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in 2022, which have not undergone adequate verification. In this study, we verified the applicability of the new histological criteria in the population of Chinese patients with chronic liver disease, comparing it with the simplified criteria. METHODS: The gold standard for diagnosis in all patients was based on histological findings, combined with clinical manifestations and laboratory tests and determined after a follow-up period of at least 3 years. A total of 640 patients with various chronic liver diseases from multiple centres underwent scoring using the new histological criteria and the simplified criteria, comparing their diagnostic performance. RESULTS: In this study, the new histological criteria showed a sensitivity of 73.6% and 100% for likely and possible AIH, with specificities of 100% and 69.0% respectively. The coincidence rates of possible AIH for the new histological criteria, simplified histological criteria and simplified score were 81.7%, 72.8% and 69.7% respectively. For likely AIH, the rates were 89.2%, 75.9% and 65.6% respectively. Based on the new histological criteria, all patients with AIH were correctly diagnosed. Specifically, 73.6% were diagnosed with likely AIH and 26.4% were possible AIH. Additionally, the simplified histological criteria achieved a diagnosis rate of 98.6% for AIH, while the simplified score could only diagnose 53.8% of AIH. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the simplified score and simplified histological criteria, the sensitivity and specificity of the new histological criteria for AIH were significantly improved. The results indicate that the new histological criteria exhibit high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing AIH in China.

Precirrhotic Primary Biliary Cholangitis with Portal Hypertension: Bile Duct Injury Correlate.

Background/Aims: : The histological characteristics and natural history of precirrhotic primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) with portal hypertension (PH) are unclear. Our aim was to clarify the prevalence, risk factors, and histological characteristics of precirrhotic PBC patients with PH. Methods: : This retrospective study compared the clinical features, histological characteristics, and response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) between the PH and non-PH groups of precirrhotic PBC patients. Results: : Out of 165 precirrhotic PBC patients, 40 (24.2%) also had PH. According to histological stage 1, 2 and 3 disease, 5.3% (1/19), 17.3% (17/98), and 45.8% (22/48) of patients also had PH, respectively. Precirrhotic PBC with PH was significantly positively correlated with bile duct loss, degree of cytokeratin 7 positivity, and degree of fibrosis in the portal area, but significantly negatively correlated with lymphoid follicular aggregation. Compared to the non-PH group, patients in the PH group showed a higher prevalence of obliterative portal venopathy, incomplete septal fibrosis, portal tract abnormalities and non-zonal sinusoidal dilatation (p<0.05). In addition, patients with PH were more likely to present with symptoms of jaundice, ascites, epigastric discomfort, a poorer response to UDCA, and more decompensation events (p<0.05). High alkaline phosphatase levels, low white blood cell counts, high Mayo scores, and high FIB-4 index values were risk factors for precirrhotic PBC with PH. Conclusions: : Approximately 24.2% of precirrhotic PBC patients have PH, which is histologically related to the injury of bile ducts. High alkaline phosphatase levels, low white blood cell counts, high Mayo scores, and high FIB-4 index values are associated with increased risk of precirrhotic PBC with PH.

Development and validation of a noninvasive prediction model of autoimmune hepatitis in patients with liver diseases.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is no golden standard for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis which still dependent on liver biopsy currently. So, we developed a noninvasive prediction model to help optimize the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. METHODS: From January 2017 to December 2019, 1739 patients who had undergone liver biopsy were seen in the second hospital of Nanjing, of which 128 were here for consultation. Clinical, laboratory, and histologic data were obtained retrospectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to create a nomogram model that predicting the risk of autoimmune hepatitis. Internal and external validation was both performed to evaluate the model. RESULTS: A total of 1288 patients with liver biopsy were enrolled (1184 from the second hospital of Nanjing, the remaining 104 from other centers). After the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, nine variables including ALT, IgG, ALP/AST, ALB, ANA, AMA, HBsAg, age, and gender were selected to establish the noninvasive prediction model. The nomogram model exhibits good prediction in diagnosing autoimmune hepatitis with AUROC of 0.967 (95% CI: 0.776-0.891) in internal validation and 0.835 (95% CI: 0.752-0.919) in external validation. CONCLUSIONS: ALT, IgG, ALP/AST, ALB, ANA, AMA, HBsAg, age, and gender are predictive factors for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis in patients with unexplained liver diseases. The predictive nomogram model built by the nine predictors achieved good prediction for diagnosing autoimmune hepatitis.

A risk prediction model for acute kidney injury in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis during anti-tuberculosis treatment.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is not a rare complication during anti-tuberculosis treatment in some patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). We aimed to develop a risk prediction model for early recognition of patients with PTB at high risk for AKI during anti-TB treatment. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study assessed the clinical baseline, and laboratory test data of 315 inpatients with active PTB who were screened for predictive factors from January 2019 to June 2020. The elements were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. A nomogram was established by the results of the logistic regression analysis. The prediction model discrimination and calibration were evaluated by the concordance index (C-index), ROC curve, and Hosmer-Lemeshow analysis. RESULTS: A total of 315 patients with PTB were enrolled (67 patients with AKI and 248 patients without AKI). Seven factors, including microalbuminuria, hematuria, cystatin-C (CYS-C), albumin (ALB), creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs), body mass index (BMI), and CA-125 were acquired to develop the predictive model. According to the logistic regression, microalbuminuria (OR = 3.038, 95%CI 1.168-7.904), hematuria (OR = 3.656, 95%CI 1.325-10.083), CYS-C (OR = 4.416, 95%CI 2.296-8.491), and CA-125 (OR = 3.93, 95%CI 1.436-10.756) were risk parameter, while ALB (OR = 0.741, 95%CI 0.650-0.844) was protective parameter. The nomogram demonstrated good prediction in estimating AKI (C-index= 0.967, AUC = 0.967, 95%CI (0.941-0.984), sensitivity = 91.04%, specificity = 93.95%, Hosmer-Lemeshow analysis SD = 0.00054, and quantile of absolute error = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Microalbuminuria, hematuria, ALB reduction, elevated CYS-C, and CA-125 are predictive factors for the development of AKI in patients with PTB during anti-TB treatments. The predictive nomogram based on five predictive factors is achieved good risk prediction for AKI during anti-TB treatments.

Nutritional status is closely related to the severity of COVID-19: a multi-center retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Nutritional status has been defined as an individual's health condition. The relationship between the progression of COVID-19 and Nutritional status is still unclear. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of 342 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, and analyzed the relationship between the progression of COVID-19 and Nutritional status. METHODOLOGY: 342 COVID-19 were enrolled from ten different hospitals in China. The clinical characteristics were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The body mass index (BMI) of the mild patients (Group A) was higher than those in severe patients (Group B) and critical patients (Group C); The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level of Group A was lower than those of the other two groups; Sex, age, and BMI, was strongly correlated with Clinical classification (CT); Among the laboratory test results, Neutrophil (NEU%), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), LDH, and blood glucose (BG) were positively correlated with CT; Lymphocyte ( LYM%), Platelet (PLT), Albumin (ALB), and Creatinine (Cr) were negatively correlated with CT. BMI, NEU%, LYM%, ALB, Cr, and PLT are all protective factors that affect CT. CONCLUSION: People with poor nutritional status (lower BMI and ALB) have a higher risk of developing severe disease after infection with SARS-CoV-2. In the clinical treatment of COVID-19, individualized nutritional support is very important for the rehabilitation of patients.

Comparison of clinical and pathological features of lymph node tuberculosis and histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the basis for a differential diagnosis of lymph node tuberculosis and histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis. METHODOLOGY: This study selected 85 cases of lymph node tuberculosis (Group A patients) and 26 cases of histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (Group B patients). The clinical and pathology features on both groups were analysed. RESULTS: The Group A patients were older than the Group B patients (t = 5.233, P < 0.01); The Group B patients had less tuberculosis exposure history (x2 = 4.279, P < 0.01), and a higher frequency of tenderness (χ2 = 8.109, P < 0.01) and fever (x2 = 31.923, P < 0.01). The Group A patient group had a higher WBC level (t = 2.980, P < 0.01) and lower serum ALB (t = 5.508, P < 0.01); As seen through ultrasound imaging, Group B patients had more clear boundaries (70.59%), higher low-echo rates (82.36%) and low calcification rates (0%), Group A patients for whom these rates was 25.76%, 40.91% and 25.76% respectively. In terms of pathology data, the main manifestations of Group A patients were granulomatous inflammation with caseous necrosis, multinuclear giant cell reaction, and in some cases, acid-fast bacilli smears (+). In Group B patients, there were instances of coagulative necrosis surrounded by foam-like tissue cells without neutrophil infiltration. CONCLUSION: We found that the epidemiological history, clinical symptoms, laboratory examinations, ultrasound imaging and changes in pathology are very important for the identification of lymph node tuberculosis and histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis.