Lactic acid fermentation improves rehydration and emulsifying properties of spray-dried egg yolk powder.

In this study, we investigated the protein structures, powder characteristics, as well as rehydration and emulsifying properties of spray-dried egg yolk powder after short-time lactic acid fermentation (3.5 h). Results indicate that fermentation improved the rehydration and emulsifying properties of yolk powder. Limosilactobacillus reuteri-fermented yolk powder exhibited better wettability due to the porous structure of particles and higher hydrophilicity. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus-fermented yolk powder had an enhanced coefficient of stability due to its smaller particles and higher surface charge. The higher water solubility of fermented yolk powder samples is mainly attributed to their lower hydrophobicity and higher zeta potential. The enhanced emulsifying activity of fermented yolk powder samples is primarily related to their increased ß-turn structure and better solubility. Furthermore, fermentation treatment altered powder moisture content and bulk densities, while not affecting its flow behavior and thermal stability. This study provides an effective approach to improving the quality of yolk powder.

g-C3N4 modified natural low-grade dolomite-palygorskite: Removal capacity and adsorption mechanism for Gd3.

Rare earth elements (REEs) pose significant environmental challenges due to the wastewater generated during their extraction. Developing efficient adsorbents with simple, economical and eco-friendly methods for removing and recovering REEs from wastewater is highly demanded but full of challenges. This study creates a novel adsorbent (g-C3N4/0.5DPal) for efficient REEs removal and recovery by integrating the low-grade mineral dolomite-palygorskite with g-C3N4 through a "one-pot" calcination method. Characterization techniques including SEM, XRD, FT-IR, XPS, etc., were employed to analyze the structure of the g-C3N4/0.5DPal composite. Batch adsorption experiments focusing on Gd3+ from among the REEs were conducted to evaluate the adsorption performance. The results reveal a remarkable 3.34 times increase in Gd3+ adsorption capacity of g-C3N4/0.5DPal (192.46 mg/g) compared to raw dolomite-palygorskite (57.62 mg/g) at 298 K, highlighting the effectiveness of the modification. The adsorption mechanism involves electrostatic interactions, surface complexation, and cation-π interactions. It is worth noting that g-C3N4 facilitates the conversion of dolomite to calcite during the preparation process, enhancing the Gd3+ adsorption of g-C3N4/0.5DPal. This work offers a promising solution for the removal and recovery of REEs and the high-value utilization of low-grade minerals, addressing both environmental concerns and resource sustainability.

The virome of the kitome: small circular virus-like genomes in laboratory reagents.

In the course of studying the virome of protozoan parasites, we identified small circular genomes resembling viruses, which turned out to be contaminants from an RNA purification kit. We report their sequences here so others can detect possible contamination in their samples by aligning them to these targets.

Clonally expanded HIV-1 proviruses with 5'-leader defects can give rise to nonsuppressible residual viremia.

BackgroundAntiretroviral therapy (ART) halts HIV-1 replication, decreasing viremia to below the detection limit of clinical assays. However, some individuals experience persistent nonsuppressible viremia (NSV) originating from CD4+ T cell clones carrying infectious proviruses. Defective proviruses represent over 90% of all proviruses persisting during ART and can express viral genes, but whether they can cause NSV and complicate ART management is unknown.MethodsWe undertook an in-depth characterization of proviruses causing NSV in 4 study participants with optimal adherence and no drug resistance. We investigated the impact of the observed defects on 5'-leader RNA properties, virus infectivity, and gene expression. Integration-site specific assays were used to track these proviruses over time and among cell subsets.ResultsClones carrying proviruses with 5'-leader defects can cause persistent NSV up to approximately 103 copies/mL. These proviruses had small, often identical deletions or point mutations involving the major splicing donor (MSD) site and showed partially reduced RNA dimerization and nucleocapsid binding. Nevertheless, they were inducible and produced noninfectious virions containing viral RNA, but lacking envelope.ConclusionThese findings show that proviruses with 5'-leader defects in CD4+ T cell clones can give rise to NSV, affecting clinical care. Sequencing of the 5'-leader can help in understanding failure to completely suppress viremia.FundingOffice of the NIH Director and National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University Center for AIDS Research; National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, to the PAVE, BEAT-HIV, and DARE Martin Delaney collaboratories.

Antigen-driven clonal selection shapes the persistence of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells in vivo.

Clonal expansion of infected CD4+ T cells is a major mechanism of HIV-1 persistence and a barrier to achieving a cure. Potential causes are homeostatic proliferation, effects of HIV-1 integration, and interaction with antigens. Here, we show that it is possible to link antigen responsiveness, the full proviral sequence, the integration site, and the T cell receptor ß-chain (TCRß) sequence to examine the role of recurrent antigenic exposure in maintaining the HIV-1 reservoir. We isolated CMV- and Gag-responding CD4+ T cells from 10 treated individuals. Proviral populations in CMV-responding cells were dominated by large clones, including clones harboring replication-competent proviruses. TCRß repertoires showed high clonality driven by converging adaptive responses. Although some proviruses were in genes linked to HIV-1 persistence (BACH2, STAT5B, MKL1), the proliferation of infected cells under antigenic stimulation occurred regardless of the site of integration. Paired TCRß and integration site analysis showed that infection could occur early or late in the course of a clone's response to antigen and could generate infected cell populations too large to be explained solely by homeostatic proliferation. Together, these findings implicate antigen-driven clonal selection as a major factor in HIV-1 persistence, a finding that will be a difficult challenge to eradication efforts.