Transmission grating couples and enhances the second harmonic of the electron beam to generate tunable high-power terahertz radiation.

Vacuum electronic devices utilizing free-electron-based mechanisms are a crucial class of terahertz radiation sources that operate by modulating electron beams. In this study, we introduce what we believe is a novel approach to enhance the second harmonic of electron beams and substantially increase the output power at higher frequencies. Our method employs a planar grating for fundamental modulation and a transmission grating operating in the backward region to augment the harmonic coupling. The outcome is a high power output of the second harmonic signal. Contrasting with traditional linear electron beam harmonic devices, the proposed structure can achieve an output power increase of an order of magnitude. We have investigated this configuration computationally within the G-band. Our findings indicate that an electron beam density of 50 A/cm2 at 31.5 kV can produce a 0.202 THz center frequency signal with an output power of 4.59 W. As the electron beam voltage is adjusted from 23 kV to 38.5 kV, the output signal frequency shifts from 0.195 THz to 0.205 THz, generating several watts of power output. The starting oscillation current density at the center frequency point is 28 A/cm2, which is significantly lower in the G-band compared to conventional electron devices. This reduced current density has substantial implications for the advancement of terahertz vacuum devices.

An Angular Radial Extended Interaction Amplifier at the W Band.

In this paper, an angular radial extended interaction amplifier (AREIA) that consists of a pair of angular extended interaction cavities is proposed. Both the convergence angle cavity and the divergence angle cavity, which are designed for the converging beam and diverging beam, respectively, are investigated to present the potential of the proposed AREIA. They are proposed and explored to improve the beam-wave interaction capability of W-band extended interaction klystrons (EIKs). Compared to conventional radial cavities, the angular cavities have greatly decreased the ohmic loss area and increased the characteristic impedance. Compared to the sheet beam (0°) cavity, it has been found that the convergence angle cavity has a higher effective impedance and the diverging beam has a weaker space-charge effect under the same ideal electron beam area; the advantages become more obvious as the propagation distance increases. Particle-in-cell (PIC) results have shown that the diverging beam (8°) EIA performs better at an output power of 94 GHz under the condition of lossless, while the converging beam (-2°) EIA has a higher output power of 6.24 kW under the conditions of ohmic loss, an input power of 0.5 W, and an ideal electron beam of 20.5 kV and 1.5 A. When the loss increases and the beam current decreases, the output power of the -2° EIA can be improved by nearly 30% compared to the 0° EIA, and the -2° EIA has a greatly improved beam-wave interaction capacity than conventional EIAs under those conditions. In addition, an angular radial electron gun is designed.

Observation of the reversed Cherenkov radiation.

Reversed Cherenkov radiation is the exotic electromagnetic radiation that is emitted in the opposite direction of moving charged particles in a left-handed material. Reversed Cherenkov radiation has not previously been observed, mainly due to the absence of both suitable all-metal left-handed materials for beam transport and suitable couplers for extracting the reversed Cherenkov radiation signal. In this paper, we develop an all-metal metamaterial, consisting of a square waveguide loaded with complementary electric split ring resonators. We demonstrate that this metamaterial exhibits a left-handed behaviour, and we directly observe the Cherenkov radiation emitted predominantly near the opposite direction to the movement of a single sheet electron beam bunch in the experiment. These observations confirm the reversed behaviour of Cherenkov radiation. The reversed Cherenkov radiation has many possible applications, such as novel vacuum electronic devices, particle detectors, accelerators and new types of plasmonic couplers.

Enhanced reversed Cherenkov radiation in a waveguide with double-negative metamaterials.

In order to enhance the radiation energy of reversed Cherenkov radiation (RCR), on the basis of the single charged particle model, we developed a theoretical method using a charged particle beam bunch to enhance RCR in a circular waveguide partially filled with anisotropic double-negative metamaterials (DNMs). In this case, the reversed radiation mechanism is further illustrated. Numerical example shows that the radiated energy can be effectively enhanced by increasing the charged particle number in a short bunch and thus be readily detectable. The method reported here offers a theoretical basis for directly observing RCR using a charged particle beam bunch.

Cherenkov radiation in anisotropic double-negative metamaterials.

We theoretically study reversed Cherenkov radiation (CR) in anisotropic double-negative metamaterials (DNMs) in general, and particularly in detail for one of the most practical cases, i.e., CR in a waveguide partially filled with anisotropic DNMs. The theory presented here provides a theoretical basis for possible experiments and potential applications. As an example, we discuss the physical properties of CR and the potential applications such as particle detectors and high-power sources.