Fixed-Dose Phenobarbital Versus As-Needed Benzodiazepines for the Management of Alcohol Withdrawal in Acute Care General Internal Medicine.

OBJECTIVES: The management of patients at risk of severe alcohol withdrawal is challenging because conventional treatment with as-needed benzodiazepines may be ineffective. We created a fixed-dose phenobarbital protocol and compared patient outcomes using this protocol with an as-needed benzodiazepine protocol. METHODS: Patients admitted from the emergency department (ED) to General Medicine from January 1 to June 30, 2022 and treated for alcohol withdrawal with a novel phenobarbital protocol were compared with all of the patients admitted from the ED to General Medicine from January 1 to June 30, 2018, and treated with as-needed benzodiazepines. The primary outcome was a composite of intensive care unit (ICU) transfer or mortality. Secondary outcomes included mortality, ICU transfer, seizure, length of stay, excess sedation, delirium, against medical advice discharge, 30-day re-admission, 30-day ED reevaluation, and antipsychotic use. RESULTS: There were 54 patients in the phenobarbital group and 197 in the benzodiazepine group. The phenobarbital group was less medically complex but had more risk factors for severe withdrawal. There was no difference in the primary outcome, although there was a trend toward benefit in the phenobarbital group (3.7 vs 8.1%, P = 0.26), and there was a lower incidence of delirium in the phenobarbital cohort (0 vs 8.6%, P = 0.03). Secondary outcome trends favored phenobarbital, with lower mortality, ICU transfer, seizure, oversedation, against medical advice discharge, and 30-day re-admissions. A subgroup analysis accounting for differences in patient populations in the primary analysis found similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Phenobarbital is as safe and effective as benzodiazepine-based protocols for the treatment of high-risk alcohol withdrawal, with lower rates of delirium.

Initiative to reduce inappropriate venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in an 11-hospital safety net system: An electronic health records-based approach.

BACKGROUND: While pharmacologic prophylaxis has benefits for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention in high-risk patients, unnecessary use carries potential harm, including bleeding, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and patient discomfort, and should be avoided in low-risk patients. While many quality improvement initiatives aim to reduce underuse, successful models on reducing overuse are sparse in the literature. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to create a quality improvement initiative to reduce overuse of pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis. DESIGNS, SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: A quality improvement initiative was implemented across 11 safety net hospitals in New York City. INTERVENTION: The first electronic health record (EHR) intervention consisted of a VTE order panel that facilitated risk assessment and recommended VTE prophylaxis for high-risk patients only. The second EHR intervention used a best practice advisory that alerted clinicians when prophylaxis was ordered for a patient previously deemed "low risk." Prescribing rates were compared through a three-segment interrupted time series linear regression design. RESULTS: Compared to the preintervention period, the first intervention did not change the rate of total pharmacologic prophylaxis immediately after implementation (1.7% relative change, p = .38) or over time (slope difference of 0.20 orders per 1000 patient days, p = .08). Compared to the first intervention period, the second intervention led to an immediate 4.5% reduction in total pharmacologic prophylaxis (p = .04) but increased thereafter (slope difference of 0.24, p = .03) such that weekly rates at the end of the study were similar to rates prior to the second intervention.

Student High Value Care Initiative: a Longitudinal Model for Student-Led Implementation and Scholarship.

BACKGROUND: Educating medical trainees to practice high value care is a critical component to improving quality of care and should be introduced at the beginning of medical education. AIM: To create a successful educational model that provides medical students and junior faculty with experiential learning in quality improvement and mentorship opportunities, and produce effective quality initiatives. SETTING: A tertiary medical center affiliated with a medical school in New York City. PARTICIPANTS: First year medical students, junior faculty in hospital medicine, and a senior faculty course director. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: The Student High Value Care initiative is a longitudinal initiative comprised of six core elements: (1) project development, (2) value improvement curriculum, (3) mentorship, (4), Institutional support, (5) scholarship, and (6) student leadership. PROGRAM EVALUATION: During the first 3 years, 68 medical students and ten junior faculty participated in 10 quality improvement projects. Nine projects were successful in their measured outcomes, with statistically significant improvements. Nine had an abstract accepted to a regional or national meeting, and seven produced publications in peer-reviewed literature. DISCUSSION: In the first 3 years of the initiative, we successfully engaged medical students and junior faculty to create and support the implementation of successful quality improvement initiatives. Since that time, the program continues to offer meaningful mentorship and scholarship opportunities.

Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: an American college of chest physicians clinical practice guideline

The American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline on the Perioperative Management of Antithrombotic Therapy addresses 43 Patients-Interventions-Comparators-Outcomes (PICO) questions related to the perioperative management of patients who are receiving long-term oral anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy and require an elective surgery/procedure. This guideline is separated into four broad categories, encompassing the management of patients who are receiving: (1) a vitamin K antagonist (VKA), mainly warfarin; (2) if receiving a VKA, the use of perioperative heparin bridging, typically with a low-molecular-weight heparin; (3) a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC); and (4) an antiplatelet drug. Strong or conditional practice recommendations are generated based on high, moderate, low, and very low certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology for clinical practice guidelines. A multidisciplinary panel generated 44 guideline recommendations for the perioperative management of VKAs, heparin bridging, DOACs, and antiplatelet drugs, of which two are strong recommendations: (1) against the use of heparin bridging in patients with atrial fibrillation; and (2) continuation of VKA therapy in patients having a pacemaker or internal cardiac defibrillator implantation. There are separate recommendations on the perioperative management of patients who are undergoing minor procedures, comprising dental, dermatologic, ophthalmologic, pacemaker/internal cardiac defibrillator implantation, and GI (endoscopic) procedures. Substantial new evidence has emerged since the 2012 iteration of these guidelines, especially to inform best practices for the perioperative management of patients who are receiving a VKA and may require heparin bridging, for the perioperative management of patients who are receiving a DOAC, and for patients who are receiving one or more antiplatelet drugs. Despite this new knowledge, uncertainty remains as to best practices for the majority of perioperative management

Executive Summary: Perioperative Management of Antithrombotic Therapy: An American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline.

BACKGROUND: The American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline on the Perioperative Management of Antithrombotic Therapy addresses 43 Patients-Interventions-Comparators-Outcomes (PICO) questions related to the perioperative management of patients who are receiving long-term oral anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy and require an elective surgery/procedure. This guideline is separated into four broad categories, encompassing the management of patients who are receiving: (1) a vitamin K antagonist (VKA), mainly warfarin; (2) if receiving a VKA, the use of perioperative heparin bridging, typically with a low-molecular-weight heparin; (3) a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC); and (4) an antiplatelet drug. METHODS: Strong or conditional practice recommendations are generated based on high, moderate, low, and very low certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology for clinical practice guidelines. RESULTS: A multidisciplinary panel generated 44 guideline recommendations for the perioperative management of VKAs, heparin bridging, DOACs, and antiplatelet drugs, of which two are strong recommendations: (1) against the use of heparin bridging in patients with atrial fibrillation; and (2) continuation of VKA therapy in patients having a pacemaker or internal cardiac defibrillator implantation. There are separate recommendations on the perioperative management of patients who are undergoing minor procedures, comprising dental, dermatologic, ophthalmologic, pacemaker/internal cardiac defibrillator implantation, and GI (endoscopic) procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial new evidence has emerged since the 2012 iteration of these guidelines, especially to inform best practices for the perioperative management of patients who are receiving a VKA and may require heparin bridging, for the perioperative management of patients who are receiving a DOAC, and for patients who are receiving one or more antiplatelet drugs. Despite this new knowledge, uncertainty remains as to best practices for the majority of perioperative management questions.

Perioperative Management of Antithrombotic Therapy: An American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline.

BACKGROUND: The American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline on the Perioperative Management of Antithrombotic Therapy addresses 43 Patients-Interventions-Comparators-Outcomes (PICO) questions related to the perioperative management of patients who are receiving long-term oral anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy and require an elective surgery/procedure. This guideline is separated into four broad categories, encompassing the management of patients who are receiving: (1) a vitamin K antagonist (VKA), mainly warfarin; (2) if receiving a VKA, the use of perioperative heparin bridging, typically with a low-molecular-weight heparin; (3) a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC); and (4) an antiplatelet drug. METHODS: Strong or conditional practice recommendations are generated based on high, moderate, low, and very low certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology for clinical practice guidelines. RESULTS: A multidisciplinary panel generated 44 guideline recommendations for the perioperative management of VKAs, heparin bridging, DOACs, and antiplatelet drugs, of which two are strong recommendations: (1) against the use of heparin bridging in patients with atrial fibrillation; and (2) continuation of VKA therapy in patients having a pacemaker or internal cardiac defibrillator implantation. There are separate recommendations on the perioperative management of patients who are undergoing minor procedures, comprising dental, dermatologic, ophthalmologic, pacemaker/internal cardiac defibrillator implantation, and GI (endoscopic) procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial new evidence has emerged since the 2012 iteration of these guidelines, especially to inform best practices for the perioperative management of patients who are receiving a VKA and may require heparin bridging, for the perioperative management of patients who are receiving a DOAC, and for patients who are receiving one or more antiplatelet drugs. Despite this new knowledge, uncertainty remains as to best practices for the majority of perioperative management questions.

Chiropractic Clinical Outcomes Among Older Adult Male Veterans With Chronic Lower Back Pain: A Retrospective Review of Quality-Assurance Data.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a sample of older adult male U.S. veterans demonstrated clinically and statistically significant improvement in chronic lower back pain on validated outcome measures after a short course of chiropractic care. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of a quality-assurance data set of outcome metrics for male veterans, aged 65 to 89 years, who had chronic low back pain, defined as pain in the lower back region present for at least 3 months before evaluation. We included those who received chiropractic management from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2018. Paired t tests were used to compare outcomes after 4 treatments on both a numeric rating scale (NRS) and the Back Bournemouth Questionnaire (BBQ). The minimum clinically important difference (MCID) was set at 30% change from baseline. Results: There were 217 individuals who met the inclusion criteria. The mean NRS score change from baseline was 2.2 points, representing a 34.1% reduction (t = 13.5, P < .001). The mean score change for BBQ was 14.7 points, representing a 35.9% reduction (t = 16.7, P < .001). The percentage of participants reaching the MCID for the NRS was 57% (n = 124) and for the BBQ was 59% (n = 126), with 41% (n = 90) of the sample reaching the MCID for both the NRS and BBQ. Conclusion: This retrospective review revealed clinically and statistically significant improvement in NRS and BBQ scores for this sample of older male U.S. veterans treated with chiropractic management for chronic low back pain.

Post-TKA abelacimab reduced VTE at 8 to 12 d compared with enoxaparin.

SOURCE CITATION: Verhamme P, Yi BA, Segers A, et al. Abelacimab for prevention of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:609-17. 34297496.

A Rapid Guidance Process for the Development of an Anticoagulation Protocol in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Health care systems have encountered unprecedented challenges during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, such as standardizing care in the absence of high-quality data. As an emblematic example, preliminary data and early anecdotal experience suggested that a major driver of COVID-19 pathophysiology was hypercoagulability, suggesting the need for aggressive anticoagulation. In this article, we describe the rapid guidance process for the development of an anticoagulation protocol for COVID-19. Preliminary evidence was collected from multidisciplinary experts within our institution to inform the first protocol draft. After implementation, we rapidly acquired data to inform a revision, with subsequent modifications based on higher quality data. The description of this process can inform other health systems when faced with a similar crisis characterized by high patient volumes, poor clinical outcomes, lack of proven effective therapies, and rapid flow of information from multiple sources of variable credibility.

Cardiovascular Disease and Severe Hypoxemia Are Associated With Higher Rates of Noninvasive Respiratory Support Failure in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia.

Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is the major complication of coronavirus disease 2019, yet optimal respiratory support strategies are uncertain. We aimed to describe outcomes with high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in coronavirus disease 2019 acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and identify individual factors associated with noninvasive respiratory support failure. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study to describe rates of high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and/or noninvasive positive pressure ventilation success (live discharge without endotracheal intubation). Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard models were used to identify patient characteristics associated with high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and/or noninvasive positive pressure ventilation failure (endotracheal intubation and/or in-hospital mortality). SETTING: One large academic health system, including five hospitals (one quaternary referral center, a tertiary hospital, and three community hospitals), in New York City. PATIENTS: All hospitalized adults 18-100 years old with coronavirus disease 2019 admitted between March 1, 2020, and April 28, 2020. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 331 and 747 patients received high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as the highest level of noninvasive respiratory support, respectively; 154 (46.5%) in the high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula cohort and 167 (22.4%) in the noninvasive positive pressure ventilation cohort were successfully discharged without requiring endotracheal intubation. In adjusted models, significantly increased risk of high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation failure was seen among patients with cardiovascular disease (subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.17-2.83 and subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.06-1.84, respectively). Conversely, a higher peripheral blood oxygen saturation to Fio2 ratio at high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation initiation was associated with reduced risk of failure (subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.19-0.54, and subdistribution hazard ratio 0.34; 95% CI, 0.21-0.55, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of patients receiving noninvasive respiratory modalities for coronavirus disease 2019 acute hypoxemic respiratory failure achieved successful hospital discharge without requiring endotracheal intubation, with lower success rates among those with comorbid cardiovascular disease or more severe hypoxemia. The role of high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in coronavirus disease 2019-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure warrants further consideration.

A Sleep Hygiene Intervention to Improve Sleep Quality for Hospitalized Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Poor sleep is a pervasive problem for hospitalized patients and can contribute to adverse health outcomes. METHODS: We aimed to improve self-reported sleep for patients on a general medicine ward as measured by the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ) as well as the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) question addressing quietness at night. We utilized a non-pharmacologic sleep hygiene bundle composed of a short script with sleep hygiene prompts, such as whether patients would like the shades closed or the lights turned off, as well as a sleep package including an eye mask, earplugs, lavender scent pad, and non-caffeinated tea. Relaxing music was played at bedtime and signs promoting the importance of quietness at night were placed around the unit. Front-line champions were identified to aid with implementation. RESULTS: A total of 931 patients received the intervention. In a sample of surveyed patients, we observed an increase in the RCSQ global score from 6.0 (IQR 3.0-7.0) to 6.2 (IQR 4.0-7.8) from the pre- to post- intervention periods (p = 0.041), as well as increases in three of the five individual survey components. Additionally, HCAHPS "quietness at night" score increased on the unit from 34.1% pre-intervention to 42.5% post-intervention. CONCLUSION: A nonpharmacologic sleep hygiene protocol paired with provider education and use of champions was associated with modest improvements in patients' perceived sleep and unit HCAHPS scores.

Physician perceptions of documentation methods in electronic health records.

This study sought to determine physician, specialty and practice factors influencing choice of method for electronic health record (EHR) documentation: direct typing (DT), electronic transcription (ET), human transcription (HT), and scribes. A survey assessing physician documentation practices was developed and distributed online. The primary outcome was the proportion of physicians using each method. Secondary outcomes were provider-rated accuracy, efficiency, and ease of navigation on a 1-5 Likert scale. Means were compared using linear mixed models with Bonferroni adjustment. The 818 respondents were mostly outpatient (46%) adult (79%) physicians, practiced for a mean 15.8 years, and used DT for EHR documentation (72%). Emergency physicians were more likely to use scribes (p < 0.0001). DT was rated less efficient than all other methods (p < 0.0001). ET was rated less accurate than DT (p < 0.001) and HT (p < 0.001). HT was rated less easy to navigate than DT (p = 0.002) and scribe (p < 0.001), and ET less than scribe (p = 0.002). Two hundred and forty-three respondents provided free-text comments that further described opinions. DT was the most commonly used EHR method but rated least efficient. Scribes were rated easy to navigate and efficient but infrequently used outside of emergency settings. Further innovation is needed to design systems responsive to all physician EHR needs.

An Essential Guide to Chiropractic in the United States Military Health System and Veterans Health Administration.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to provide an essential overview of chiropractic services in United States military and veterans' health care systems. METHODS: We reviewed literature, legislation, and policies from 1936 through September 2021 pertaining to chiropractic services in the United States military and veterans' health systems. Using these sources and our combined experience in these systems, we identified fundamental themes in the delivery of chiropractic care in the health care systems of the Department of Defense (providing health care for active duty service members) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (providing health care for veterans) in main topic areas. RESULTS: We identified 7 main topic areas relevant to the 2 systems: populations served by chiropractors; health care systems; integration; utilization and supply of chiropractic care; vetting of chiropractors; roles and evaluation of chiropractors; and oversight and leadership. Key information about chiropractic care in these systems was synthesized into the main topic areas. Benefits of high-quality within-system chiropractic care to active-duty service members and veterans are presented. The assets that within-system chiropractors bring to the Department of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs health care systems are discussed for each main topic area. CONCLUSION: This article contains an essential overview of chiropractic services in the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs. It offers clarity regarding the integration of chiropractic services into these health care systems and includes a 1-page brief of talking points that may help better inform ongoing discussions of chiropractic services in these 2 different but intertwined environments.

Anticoagulation, Bleeding, Mortality, and Pathology in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Thromboembolic disease is common in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). There is limited evidence on the association of in-hospital anticoagulation (AC) with outcomes and postmortem findings. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine association of AC with in-hospital outcomes and describe thromboembolic findings on autopsies. METHODS: This retrospective analysis examined the association of AC with mortality, intubation, and major bleeding. Subanalyses were also conducted on the association of therapeutic versus prophylactic AC initiated ≤48 h from admission. Thromboembolic disease was contextualized by premortem AC among consecutive autopsies. RESULTS: Among 4,389 patients, median age was 65 years with 44% women. Compared with no AC (n = 1,530; 34.9%), therapeutic AC (n = 900; 20.5%) and prophylactic AC (n = 1,959; 44.6%) were associated with lower in-hospital mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45 to 0.62 and aHR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.45 to 0.57, respectively), and intubation (aHR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.51 to 0.94 and aHR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.58 to 0.89, respectively). When initiated ≤48 h from admission, there was no statistically significant difference between therapeutic (n = 766) versus prophylactic AC (n = 1,860) (aHR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.73 to 1.02; p = 0.08). Overall, 89 patients (2%) had major bleeding adjudicated by clinician review, with 27 of 900 (3.0%) on therapeutic, 33 of 1,959 (1.7%) on prophylactic, and 29 of 1,530 (1.9%) on no AC. Of 26 autopsies, 11 (42%) had thromboembolic disease not clinically suspected and 3 of 11 (27%) were on therapeutic AC. CONCLUSIONS: AC was associated with lower mortality and intubation among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Compared with prophylactic AC, therapeutic AC was associated with lower mortality, although not statistically significant. Autopsies revealed frequent thromboembolic disease. These data may inform trials to determine optimal AC regimens.

"Lipase Only, Please": Reducing Unnecessary Amylase Testing.

BACKGROUND: Serum amylase testing is not recommended for the workup of acute pancreatitis; yet it is commonly ordered in acute care settings. METHODS: This was a student-led quality improvement initiative with application of a pre-post study design at two urban hospitals: Mount Sinai Hospital, a 1,134-bed academic hospital, and Mount Sinai Queens, a 235-bed community hospital. The multifaceted intervention combined a targeted educational and awareness campaign with the decoupling of amylase from electronic order sets (at the academic hospital only), as well as a nonintrusive electronic medical record (EMR) advisory statement (at both hospitals). Monthly amylase orders were tracked for all emergency department visits and hospital admissions between January 2016 and May 2018 for both hospitals RESULTS: There was a significant and sustained decrease in amylase ordering at both the academic hospital (from 3,214 orders per month to 2,348 orders per month; p = 0.011) and the community hospital (from 100 orders per month to 23 orders per month; p = 0.001). Specifically, the nonintrusive EMR order advisory statement was independently associated with a significant reduction in serum amylase ordering. There was an estimated net annual cost reduction of $44,999. CONCLUSIONS: This student-led initiative was successful in reducing unnecessary amylase ordering across two diverse institutions through a combination of education, publicity, and EMR changes.

"THINK" Before You Order: Multidisciplinary Initiative to Reduce Unnecessary Lab Testing.

Inappropriate daily lab testing can have adverse effects on patients, including anemia, pain, and interruption of sleep. We implemented a student-led, multifaceted intervention featuring clinician education, publicity campaign, gamification, and system changes, including a novel nurse-driven protocol to reduce unnecessary daily lab testing in a teaching hospital. We applied a quasi-experimental interrupted time series design with a segmented regression analysis to estimate changes before and after our 14-month intervention with a comparison to a control surgical unit. There was an increasing trend in the baseline period, which was mitigated by the intervention (postintervention effect estimate -0.04 labs per patient day/month, p < .05), which was not seen in the control unit. Estimated cost savings was $94,269 ($6,734/month). A student-led, multidisciplinary campaign involving nurse-driven pathway, education, publicity, gamification, and system changes was effective in reducing daily lab testing.

Adherence to fluid resuscitation guidelines and outcomes in patients with septic shock: Reassessing the "one-size-fits-all" approach.

OBJECTIVE: The Surviving Sepsis Campaign and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Management Bundle (SEP-1) recommend rapid crystalloid infusion (≥30 mL/kg) for patients with sepsis-induced hypoperfusion or septic shock. We aimed to assess compliance with this recommendation, factors associated with non-compliance, and how compliance relates to mortality. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study. SETTING: 1136-bed academic and 235-bed community hospital (January 2015-June 2016). PATIENTS: Patients with septic shock. INTERVENTIONS: Crystalloid infusion (≥30 mL/kg) within 6 h of identification of septic shock as required by CMS. MEASUREMENTS: Associations with compliance and how compliance associates with mortality; odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) reported. MAIN RESULTS: Overall, 1027 septic shock patients were included. Of these, 486 (47.3%) met the 6-hour 30 ml/kg fluid requirement. Compliance was lower in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) (40.9%), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (42.3%) or chronic liver disease (38.5%) and among those that were identified in the inpatient setting (35.4%) rather than in the emergency department (51.7%). When adjusting for relevant covariates, compliance (compared to non-compliance) was not associated with in-hospital mortality: OR 1.03 CI 0.76-1.41. CONCLUSIONS: These findings question a "one-size-fits-all" approach to fluid administration and performance measures for patients with sepsis.