ABSTRACT
Traditionally, plant-pollinator interactions have been interpreted as pollination syndrome. However, the validity of pollination syndrome has been widely doubted in modern studies of pollination ecology. The pollination ecology of five Asian Buddleja species, B. asiatica, B. crispa, B. forrestii, B. macrostachya and B. myriantha, in the Sino-Himalayan region in Asia, flowering in different local seasons, with scented inflorescences were investigated during 2011 and 2012. These five species exhibited diverse floral traits, with narrow and long corolla tubes and concealed nectar. According to their floral morphology, larger bees and Lepidoptera were expected to be the major pollinators. However, field observations showed that only larger bees (honeybee/bumblebee) were the primary pollinators, ranging from 77.95% to 97.90% of total visits. In this study, floral scents of each species were also analysed using coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Although the five Buddleja species emitted differentiated floral scent compositions, our results showed that floral scents of the five species are dominated by substances that can serve as attractive signals to bees, including species-specific scent compounds and principal compounds with larger relative amounts. This suggests that floral scent compositions are closely associated with the principal pollinator assemblages in these five species. Therefore, we conclude that floral scent compositions rather than floral morphology traits should be used to interpret plant-pollinator interactions in these Asian Buddleja species.
Subject(s)
Bees/physiology , Buddleja/physiology , Flowers/physiology , Oils, Volatile/metabolism , Pollination/physiology , Scrophulariaceae/physiology , Animals , Buddleja/anatomy & histology , Ecology , Flowers/anatomy & histology , Phenotype , Plant Nectar/physiology , Reproduction/physiology , Scrophulariaceae/anatomy & histology , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
One hundred twenty pigs (initially 44 kg BW) were used to determine the effects of genotype, sex, and dietary lysine on subprimal cut yields and carcass quality. Within genotype (high or medium potential for lean tissue gain), barrows and gilts were fed separately either a .90 or .70% lysine diet until the mean weight of each pen of three pigs reached 104 kg. Then one pig was removed and dietary lysine for the remaining two pigs was decreased to .75 or .55%, respectively. At both 104 and 127 kg BW, carcasses from high-lean genotype (HLG) pigs and gilts had (P < .01) higher percentages of boneless closely trimmed ham, loin, and shoulder than carcasses from medium-lean genotype (MLG) pigs and barrows, respectively. At 104 kg BW HunterLab values indicated (P < .01) that HLG longissimus muscle (LM) was redder, more yellow, and more intense in color than MLG LM. The LM from HLG gilts had (P < .05) higher Warner-Bratzler shear values (less tender) than LM from HLG barrows and MLG pigs at 104 kg BW. At 127 kg BW, HLG LM was visually firmer (P < .05) and more reddish-pink (P < .01); had HunterLab values (P < .01) that indicated a darker, redder color; had less moisture exudate (P < .05), thaw loss (P < .01), and percentage of lipid (P < .01); and had a higher pH (P < .05) than MLG LM. Barrow LM had more marbling (P < .05), a higher percentage of lipid (P < .01), less moisture exudate (P < .05), and less thaw loss (P < .01) than LM from gilts. The LM from HLG barrows had higher (P < .05) Warner-Bratzler shear values than the LM from HLG gilts and MLG pigs at 127 kg BW. Overall, the dietary regimens used in this trial resulted in minimal differences in either carcass quality or cutability. The production option of feeding HLG gilts to 127 kg can be used to optimize carcass cutability and quality traits.
Subject(s)
Body Composition/physiology , Diet/veterinary , Lysine/pharmacology , Meat/standards , Sex Characteristics , Swine/physiology , Animals , Body Composition/drug effects , Body Composition/genetics , Body Weight/drug effects , Body Weight/physiology , Female , Food Technology , Genotype , Male , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Swine/geneticsSubject(s)
Mycobacterium Infections , Skin Diseases, Infectious/etiology , Adult , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Female , Forearm , Hemin/metabolism , Humans , Iron/metabolism , Mycobacterium/isolation & purification , Mycobacterium/metabolism , Mycobacterium Infections/microbiology , Mycobacterium Infections/therapy , Skin Diseases, Infectious/microbiology , Skin Diseases, Infectious/therapySubject(s)
Food Microbiology , Milk/microbiology , Mycobacterium/isolation & purification , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/isolation & purification , Animals , Australia , Cattle , Child , Hot Temperature , Humans , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/transmission , Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/classification , SerotypingABSTRACT
Civil aid projects in developing countries and military experience in South Vietnam have enabled numerous Australian and New Zealand anaesthetists to experience and evaluate anaesthetic techniques, drugs, unfamiliar apparatus and the anaesthetic training of paramedical personnel under unusual conditions. Supply problems, economic conditions, climate, educational standards of trainees, and the health of the community are some of the factors which influence the methods which have been adopted. The value of this experience is seen in its continuing commitment to civil aid projects in developing countries, and parallels are also seen in the anaesthetic requirements for major disasters, whether civil or military.