ABSTRACT
IL-4 signaling into a cell occurs via assembly of a receptor complex that consists of a high-affinity IL-4Rα chain and a low affinity chain, where the low-affinity chain is either γc or IL-13Rα1. It has been previously shown that mutational disruption of the low affinity interface in the IL-4DM (double mutein) yields an antagonist that inhibits IL-4 as well as IL-13-dependent responses. The present study reveals that new types of IL-4 antagonists can be generated by site-specific chemical modification. The chemically modified IL-4 analogues consist of (1) mixed disulfides created by refolding IL-4 cysteine muteins in the presence of different thiol compounds or (2) maleimide conjugates created by modifying cysteine muteins with maleimide derivatives. IL-4 analogues chemically modified at position 121 retain marginal binding affinity to γc or IL-13Rα1 receptor ectodomains during SPR interaction analysis. The biological activity of the analogues is strongly reduced in HEK-Blue IL-4/IL-13 cells as well as in Jurkat cells. Since the IL-4 analogues modified at position 121 have the ability to inhibit γc (IL-4)- and IL13Rα1 (IL-4/IL-13)-dependent responses in Jurkat and HEK-Blue cell lines, they effectively act as IL-4 antagonists. The results of our IL-4 study provide the first example of a cytokine that is transformed into a competitive inhibitor by site-specific chemical modification.
Subject(s)
Interleukin-13/antagonists & inhibitors , Interleukin-4/analogs & derivatives , Interleukin-4/antagonists & inhibitors , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Interleukin-4/chemistry , Jurkat Cells , Models, Molecular , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a prototypical regulator protein of the immune system that is crucial for the pathogenesis and maintenance of asthma and other atopic diseases. It, together with IL-13, uses the IL-4 receptor α chain (IL-4Rα) to signal into immune and other cells. An IL-4 mutein acting as a dual IL-4/IL-13 receptor antagonist is in clinical development. Here, it is described how IL-4 muteins containing a single engineered cysteine with a free thiol can be prepared and used for site-specific chemical modification. The muteins were initially expressed in E. coli, refolded, and purified, but not in a fully reduced nonconjugated form. Attempts to reduce the cysteine chemically failed because the native disulfide bonds of IL-4 were also reduced under similar conditions. Therefore, an enzymatic procedure was developed to reduce glutathionylated IL-4 cysteine muteins employing glutaredoxin and reduced glutathione. Cysteine muteins engineered at four different positions around the IL-4Rα binding site were enzymatically reduced at different rates. All muteins were prepared with free thiol in reasonable yield and were modified by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) or maleimido-PEG. The effect on IL-4Rα binding of cysteine substitution and of the site-specific modification by glutathione, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), or a branched 2.36 kDa poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) will be discussed.
Subject(s)
Cysteine/metabolism , Glutathione Reductase/metabolism , Glutathione/metabolism , Interleukin-4/chemistry , Interleukin-4/metabolism , Protein Engineering , Sulfhydryl Compounds/analysis , Cysteine/chemistry , Humans , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Sulfhydryl Compounds/chemistryABSTRACT
Three cysteine analogues of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP2A2C, BMP2N56C, and BMP2E96C, were generated in order to enable the attachment of SH-reactive poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) at specific sites. Three different approaches (Ap) were used for SH-specific PEGylation: (Ap1) reaction of glutathione activated proteins with thiol PEG; (Ap2) reaction of DTT reduced proteins with orthopyridyl disulfide PEG; (Ap3) reaction of DTT reduced proteins with maleimide PEG. Non-, mono-, and di-PEGylated BMP-2 analogues could be separated by RP-HPLC. Trypsin digestion of PEGylated proteins and Trypsin and GluC double-digestion of N-ethylmaleimide-labeled proteins confirmed that the modifications were site-specific. Surface plasmon resonance analysis of type I and type II receptor binding of the PEGylated BMP-2 analogues revealed that all three PEGylation approaches were equivalent. PEGylation at positions 2 and 96 caused a similar decrease in receptor affinity. PEGylation at position 56 resulted in a larger decrease in affinity for both types of receptors. Mono-PEGylated BMP-2 analogues exhibited intermediate affinities in comparison with unmodified and di-PEGylated proteins. However, the biological activity of the PEGylated BMP-2 analogues as measured in alkaline phosphatase assay was higher than BMP-2 wild-type for the PEGylated BMP2A2C, slightly reduced for the BMP2N56C, and strongly reduced for the BMP2E96C. These results taken together indicate that specific attachment of PEG at engineered sites of BMP-2 is possible and that the attachment site is critical for biological activity. Furthermore, the biological activity of PEGylated BMP-2 analogues in cell culture seems to be determined not only by receptor affinity, but also by other factors such as protein solubility and stability. It is also discussed that the attached PEG interferes with the binding of BMP-2 to modulator proteins, co-receptors, or heparinic sites of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix.
Subject(s)
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/chemistry , Cysteine/analogs & derivatives , Cysteine/chemistry , Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry , Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Binding Sites , Biosensing Techniques , Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/metabolism , Cell Line , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Chromatography, Reverse-Phase , Humans , Mice , Models, Molecular , Molecular Sequence Data , Protein Conformation , Solubility , Substrate Specificity , Trypsin/metabolismABSTRACT
The mutL gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been cloned and the gene product purified. We have found that the homodimeric N. gonorrhoeae MutL (NgoL) protein displays an endonuclease activity that incises covalently closed circular DNA in the presence of Mn(2+), Mg(2+) or Ca(2+) ions, unlike human MutLalpha which shows endonuclease activity only in the presence of Mn(2+). We report in the present paper that the C-terminal domain of N. gonorrhoeae MutL (NgoL-CTD) consisting of amino acids 460-658 exhibits Mn(2+)-dependent endonuclease activity. Sedimentation velocity, sedimentation equilibrium and dynamic light scattering experiments show NgoL-CTD to be a dimer. The probable endonucleolytic active site is localized to a metal-binding motif, DMHAX2EX4E, and the nicking endonuclease activity is dependent on the integrity of this motif. By in vitro comparison of wild-type and a mutant NgoL-CTD protein, we show that the latter protein exhibits highly reduced endonuclease activity. We therefore suggest that the mode of excision initiation in DNA mismatch repair may be different in organisms that lack MutH protein, but have MutL proteins that harbour the D[M/Q]HAX2EX4E motif.
Subject(s)
Endonucleases/chemistry , Endonucleases/metabolism , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/enzymology , Adenosine Triphosphatases/analysis , Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics , Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism , Adenosine Triphosphatases/physiology , Amino Acid Sequence , Bacterial Proteins/chemistry , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins/physiology , DNA/metabolism , DNA Repair Enzymes/chemistry , DNA Repair Enzymes/genetics , DNA Repair Enzymes/metabolism , DNA Repair Enzymes/physiology , Endonucleases/genetics , Endonucleases/physiology , Escherichia coli Proteins/analysis , Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics , Genetic Complementation Test , Molecular Sequence Data , MutL Proteins , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genetics , Phenotype , Protein Binding , Protein Multimerization/physiology , Protein Structure, Tertiary/physiology , Sequence Homology, Amino AcidABSTRACT
This investigation demonstrates DNA mismatch repair activity in Haemophilus influenzae cell free extracts. The mutS gene as well as purified protein of H. influenzae restored repair activity in complementation assays performed with mutS deficient Escherichia coli strain. The difference in affinity for GT and AC mismatched bases by H. influenzae MutS was reflected in the efficiency with which these DNA heteroduplexes were repaired in vitro, with GT being repaired well and AC the least. Unlike E. coli MutS, the H. influenzae homolog failed to give protein-DNA complex with homoduplex DNA. Interestingly, MutS was found to bind single-stranded DNA but with lesser affinity as compared to heteroduplex DNA. Apart from the nucleotide- and DNA-mediated conformational transitions, as monitored by circular dichroism and limited proteolysis, our data suggest a functional role when H. influenzae MutS encounters single-stranded DNA during exonucleolytic step of DNA repair process. We propose that, conformational changes in H. influenzae MutS not only modulate mismatch recognition but also trigger some of the down stream processes involved in the DNA mismatch repair process.
