ABSTRACT
Two series of cyclic nitrogen mustards structurally related to L-carnitine have been prepared. The cytotoxic activity of these compounds was evaluated by using Chlorambucil as a reference. In accordance with earlier report, the cytotoxicity is in direct correlation with the lipophilicity of the introduced alkyl chains. Among the cyclic nitrogen mustards synthesized, the most cytotoxic compounds were the one acylated with a palmitoyl side chain, which showed activities comparable to that of Chlorambucil.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Carnitine/chemistry , Nitrogen Mustard Compounds/chemical synthesis , Nitrogen Mustard Compounds/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Mitochondria/drug effects , Mitochondria/metabolism , Nitrogen Mustard Compounds/chemistryABSTRACT
Binding of beta2GPI (beta2 glycoprotein I), a human plasma protein, to AnPLs (anionic phospholipids) plays a key role in the formation of antiphospholipid antibodies involved in autoimmune diseases like antiphospholipid syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus. We recently showed that binding of beta2GPI to AnPLs was enhanced by biotinylation of its glycan chains with biotin-hydrazide. In the present study, we investigated why this chemical modification of beta2GPI increased both its affinity for AnPLs and its recognition by anti-cardiolipin antibodies. Electrophoretic analysis showed that: (i) high molecular mass beta2GPI (dimers and other oligomers) covalently coupled by imine bonds, were present in variable amounts in oxidized beta2GPI and in beta2GPI-bh (beta2GPI-biotin-hydrazide), but were absent in native beta2GPI; (ii) binding of beta2GPI-bh to phosphatidylserine-coated microtitre plates generated high molecular mass polymers in a time-dependent manner. Native beta2GPI did not polymerize in these conditions. These polymers did not bind more strongly to AnPLs than the monomer beta2GPI. However, in solution at 1 microM beta2GPI-bh essentially appeared as a dimer as revealed by light-scattering analysis. SPR (surface plasmon resonance) analysis showed that the increased affinity of beta2GPI-bh for AnPL monolayers was due to a lower dissociation rate constant compared with native beta2GPI. Finally, the monoclonal human aCL (auto-immune anti-cardiolipin antibody) EY2C9 bound to beta2GPI-bh but did not bind to monomeric native and oxidized beta2GPI. It is likely that the dimeric quaternary structure of beta2GPI-bh is in fact responsible for the appearance of the epitopes targeted by the EY2C9 antibody.