Erratum to: Evaluation of gene expression levels in the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2020.17279.].

Evaluation of gene expression levels in the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate gene expression levels in the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma both which have a distinct treatment and prognosis. METHODS: Between January 2012 and January 2014, 12 newly diagnosed patients with a lung adenocarcinoma, 12 patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma, and eight healthy individuals as the control group were included. After treatment of the fresh samples of lung adenocarcinoma stored at -80°C for ribonucleic acid isolation, and paraffin-embedded tissues of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma were deparaffinized, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and expression of 84 genes associated with deoxyribonucleic acid repair were analyzed via real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. According to the expression of tumor cells, expression of each fold change was calculated. RESULTS: The BRCA1, BRCA2, CDK7, MLH3, MSH4, NEIL3, SMUG1, UNG, XRCC2, and XRCC4 genes showed more than five-fold higher expression in the patients with lung adenocarcinomas, compared to the control group. The patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma showed a five-fold higher expression in the APEX2, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDK7, MLH1, MLH3, MSH3, MSH4, NEIL3, PARP2, PARP3, PMS1, RAD50, RAD51, RAD51B, RAD51D, RAD52, RPA3, SMUG1, UNG, XPA, XRCC2, and XRCC4 genes, compared to the control group. Comparing malignant pleural mesothelioma with lung adenocarcinoma cases, we found that CDK7, MLH1, TREX1, PRKDC, XPA, PMS1, UNG, and RPA3 genes were overexpressed. CONCLUSION: Our study results showed differences between expression profiles of deoxyribonucleic acid repair genes in lung adenocarcinoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma cells. Based on our study results, we suggest that TREX1, PRKDC, and PMS1 genes may play a key role in the differential diagnosis of these two entities.

Bilateral Breast Cancer with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Patient: Case Report.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is autosomal dominant and it is the most common hereditary disease. This case report is about a woman and her daughter. Both of them are NF1 and mother also has metachronous bilateral breast carcinoma. We analyzed expressions of 84 genes related with DNA Repair by Real Time PCR (AB Applied Biosystem 7000 Sequence Detection System; Thermo Fisher, Foster City, CA, USA). We also performed NF1 sequencing analyzing in exon 9 of the NF1 gene for mother. In Real Time PCR analysis of DNA Repair Genes, expression chances were predominant both in mother and daughter compared with control group. When the mother and daughter's expression profiles were compared, similar DNA repair array gene expression profiles were observed and the expression of DDB2, MGMT, MLH1, POLB UNG, XPA genes were high in both mother and daughter. In sequencing analysis, we obtained a mutation in c.1246 C>T. This mutation is reported to be common in NF1 cases with breast carcinoma. Our results indicate that the daughter with NF1 is probably prone to have malignancy in her future life. She should be carefully followed up for early diagnosis of a probable malignancy.

Gene expression characteristics of breast cancer stem cells.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer stem cells have been found to be responsible for tumorigenic potential and resistance to therapy. This study aimed at comparing gene expression profiles in breast cancer, based on the differences of stem cells in their biological characteristics. METHODS: Four breast cancer cell lines with different molecular and biological characteristics were used to analyze 84 breast cancer-related gene expressions. These were the ductal human epithelial breast cancer cell line T47D (HTB-133) with metastatic origin, the invasive ductal human breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 (HTB-26), the ductal human epithelial breast cancer cell line BT-474 (HTB-20) and the human metastatic breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 (HTB-22). RESULTS: There were significant differences between the breast cancer cells and the stem cells, particularly in angiogenesis, migration, proliferation and the expression of the DNA repair genes. CONCLUSION: These data indicated the absence of a general cancer stem cell in breast cancer. Our study supports the use of the term "breast cancer initiating cells" instead of breast cancer stem cells. All of these genetic differences should be taken into account in the planning of final therapeutic approach.

S2O8(2-)/UV-C and H2O2/UV-C treatment of Bisphenol A: assessment of toxicity, estrogenic activity, degradation products and results in real water.

The performance of S2O8(2-)/UV-C and H2O2/UV-C treatments was investigated for the degradation and detoxification of Bisphenol A (BPA). The acute toxicity of BPA and its degradation products was examined with the Vibrio fischeri bioassay, whereas changes in estrogenic activity were followed with the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) assay. LC and LC-MS/MS analyses were conducted to determine degradation products evolving during photochemical treatment. In addition, BPA-spiked real freshwater samples were also subjected to S2O8(2-)/UV-C and H2O2/UV-C treatment to study the effect of a real water matrix on BPA removal and detoxification rates. BPA removal in pure water was very fast (⩽7 min) and complete via both H2O2/UV-C and S2O8(2-)/UV-C treatment, accompanied with rapid and significant mineralization rates ranging between 70% and 85%. V.fischeri bioassay results indicated that degradation products being more toxic than BPA were formed at the initial stages of H2O2/UV-C whereas a rapid and steady reduction in toxicity was observed during S2O8(2-)/UV-C treatment in pure water. UV-C treatment products exhibited a higher estrogenic activity than the original BPA solution while the estrogenicity of BPA was completely removed during H2O2/UV-C and S2O8(2-)/UV-C treatments parallel to its degradation. 3-methylbenzoic and 4-sulfobenzoic acids, as well as the ring opening products fumaric, succinic and oxalic acids could be identified as degradation products. BPA degradation required extended treatment periods (>20 min) and TOC removals were considerably retarded (by 40%) in the raw freshwater matrix most probably due to its natural organic matter content (TOC=5.1 mg L(-1)). H2O2/UV-C and S2O8(2-)/UV-C treatment in raw freshwater did not result in toxic degradation products.

Investigation of the toxicity of common oxidants used in advanced oxidation processes and their quenching agents.

The inhibitory effect of commonly known oxidants and their quenching agents was investigated by employing a battery of toxicity tests. Hydrogen peroxide toxicity could be effectively eliminated by the enzyme catalase, whereas sodium thiosulfate and ascorbic acid were recommended as suitable quenching agents for the removal of the oxidants persulfate and peroxymonosulfate in the Vibrio fischeri bioassays. None of the studied quenching agents was found to be suitable for persulfate and peroxymonosulfate in the Daphnia magna bioassays since high inhibitory effects were obtained for both oxidants. In the case of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, manganese dioxide powder should be used as an alternative quenching agent to catalase, since this enzyme exhibited a highly toxic effect towards these microalgae. Sodium sulfite, which is extensively used as a quenching agent, was not appropriate for quenching peroxymonosulfate in all studied bioassays.

Advanced oxidation of the commercial nonionic surfactant octylphenol polyethoxylate Triton™ X-45 by the persulfate/UV-C process: effect of operating parameters and kinetic evaluation.

This study explored the potential use of a sulfate radical (SO(·-) 4)-based photochemical oxidation process to treat the commercial nonionic surfactant octylphenol polyethoxylate (OPPE) Triton™ X-45. For this purpose, the effect of initial S2O(2-) 8 (0-5.0 mM) and OPPE (10-100 mg/L) concentrations on OPPE and its organic carbon content (TOC) removal were investigated at an initial reaction pH of 6.5. Results indicated that very fast OPPE degradation (100%) accompanied with high TOC abatement rates (90%) could be achieved for 10 and 20 mg/L aqueous OPPE at elevated S2O(2-) 8 concentrations (≥2.5 mM). S2O(2-) 8/UV-C treatment was still capable of complete OPPE removal up to an initial concentration of 40 mg/L in the presence of 2.5 mM S2O(2-) 8. On the other hand, TOC removal efficiencies dropped down to only 40% under the same reaction conditions. S2O(2-) 8/UV-C oxidation of OPPE was also compared with the relatively well-known and established H2O2/UV-C oxidation process. Treatment results showed that the performance of S2O(2-) 8/UV-C was comparable to that of H2O2/UV-C oxidation for the degradation and mineralization of OPPE. In order to elucidate the relative reactivity and selectivity of SO(·-) 4 and HO(·), bimolecular reaction rate coefficients of OPPE with SO(·-) 4 and HO(·) were determined by employing competition kinetics with aqueous phenol (47 µM) selected as the reference compound. The pseudo-first-order abatement rate coefficient obtained for OPPE during S2O(2-) 8/UV-C oxidation (0.044 min(-1)) was found to be significantly lower than that calculated for phenol (0.397 min(-1)). In the case of H2O2/UV-C oxidation however, similar pseudo-first-order abatement rate coefficients were obtained for both OPPE (0.087 min(-1)) and phenol (0.140 min(-1)). From the kinetic study, second-order reaction rate coefficients for OPPE with SO(·-) 4 and HO(·) were determined as 9.8 × 10(8) M(-1) s(-1) and 4.1 × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The kinetic study also revealed that the selectivity of SO(·-) 4 was found to be significantly higher than that of HO(·).