Maternal soybean diet during lactation alters breast milk composition and programs the lipid profile in adult male rat offspring.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of maternal dietary soybean during lactation on the milk composition, body composition, lipid profile and glucose homeostasis of dams and offspring at weaning (21 days) and adulthood (150 days). METHODS: Lactating rats were divided into: casein control (C): casein diet; soy (S): soybean diet; soy oil control (SOC): casein diet, but with fat content similar to the S group. RESULTS: At 21 days, S mothers showed lower estradiol, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) in serum; and lower TC and TG in milk. The S offspring had lower body weight, body fat mass, TC, LDL, hyperleptinemia and hypertriglyceridemia. At 150 days, S offspring presented higher total mineral content and lower TC (v. SOC) and LDL (v. C and SOC), and hyperinsulinemia with lower glycemia v. SOC group, which had lower insulinemia with higher glycemia, TC and LDL. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal intake of soybeans in lactation changes the lipid content of breast milk and programmed offspring for phenotype of the lower metabolic risk, with lower serum TC and LDL, and seems to protect the progeny of alterations in glucose metabolism despite the higher lipid content. The difference in fat content of breast milk and the higher isoflavones content of soy diet are possible imprinting factors that could program the offspring.

Perfil do consumo alimentar e da relação cálcio/proteína de mulheres no climatério / Profile consumption food and ratio calcium / protein in women in climacteric

Introdução: O aumento significativo da expectativa de vida entre a população feminina nos faz observar mais claramente a importância da atenção à saúde durante a fase do climatério. Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o consumo alimentar de macronutrientes (carboidratos, proteínas e lipídeos) e micronutrientes (cálcio e vitamina D), a relação do consumo de cálcio e proteína de mulheres na fase do climatério e a correlação entre o consumo de cálcio e proteína com grau de escolaridade e nível salarial. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo que utilizou dados secundários, referentes ao período de janeiro de 2013 a janeiro de 2014, de mulheres no período do climatério. O consumo calórico e alimentar foi analisado através de registro alimentar de três dias e os dados socioeconômicos e antropométricos, através de questionários específicos aplicados como rotina do Projeto «Viver Melhor» do Hospital Universitário de Juiz de Fora, Brasil. Resultados: A população de estudo foi constituída de 43 mulheres entre 39 e 63 anos de idade, sendo a média de idade de 50,3 ± 4,7 anos. A maioria possuía o ensino médio completo (55,8%) e um nível salarial entre 1 e 2 salários mínimos (64,3%). O Índice de Massa Corporal médio foi equivalente a sobrepeso (28,9 ± 4,3kg/m²). A ingestão diária de carboidrato (259,6 ± 79,4g), proteína (72,2 ± 18,7g) e lipídio (56,5g ± 19,9g) manteve-se dentro dos valores de referência. O consumo diário de cálcio (614,2 ± 407,2 mg) e vitamina D (1,08 µg), assim como a rela- ção cálcio/proteína (8/1), foram inadequados. Não houve associação significativa entre a relação cálcio/proteína e o grau de escolaridade e entre a relação cálcio/proteína e o nível salarial, porém observou-se uma maior relação cálcio/proteína entre aquelas que possuíam renda salarial entre 2 e 5 salários-mínimos e entre as que possuíam maior escolaridade. Conclusão: Em média, as mulheres apresentam excesso de peso. O consumo calórico e de macronutrientes foi adequado, uma vez que esteve dentro da faixa de distribuição aceitável. Entretanto, o consumo de cálcio e vitamina D, não atingiu as recomendações mí- nimas preconizadas. A relação cálcio/proteína apresentou-se inadequada e sua correlação com os dados socioeconômicos não foi significativa (AU)

Introduction: The significant increase in life expectancy among women makes us look more clearly the importance of health care during the phase of menopause. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the food intake of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) and micronutreintes (calcium and vitamin D), the ratio of calcium intake and women of protein in the climacteric phase and the correlation between the consumption of calcium and protein with educational level and salary level. Methods: This was a retrospective study using secondary data, for the period from January 2013 to January 2014, women in the climacteric period. The calorie and food intake was analyzed by food record three days and the socioeconomic and anthropometric data, through specific questionnaires routinely Project «Living Better» of Juiz de Fora University Hospital, Brazil. Results: The study population consisted of 43 women between 39 and 63 years old, with a mean age of 50.3 ± 4.7 years. Most had completed high school (55.8%) and a wage level between 1 and 2 minimum wages (64.3%). The mean body mass index was equivalent to overweight (28.9 ± 4,3kg / m²). The daily intake of carbohydrate (259.6 ± 79.4g), protein (72.2 ± 18.7g) and lipid (56.5 ± 19.9g) remained within the reference values. The daily calcium intake (614.2 ± 407.2 mg) and vitamin D (1.08 µg), as well as the calcium / protein ratio (8/1) were inadequate. There was no significant association between calcium / protein ratio and the degree of schooling, and the calcium / protein and salary levels, but increased the calcium was observed / protein among those who had wage income between 2 and 5 minimum wages and among those who had more education. Conclusion: On average, women are overweight. The caloric and macronutrient intake was adequate, as was within the acceptable distribution range. However, the consumption of calcium and vitamin D, did not reach the recommended minimum recommendations. The calcium / protein showed to be inadequate and its correlation with socioeconomic data was not significant (AU)