[Peculiarities of the stab and cut wounds caused by blades of combat cold weapons]. / Osobennosti koloto-rezanykh ran, prichinennykh klinkami boevogo kholodnogo oruzhiia.

Design philosophy of blades of Russia-made combat cold arms and of inflicted-by-them stab-and-cut wounds were characterized on the basis of a comparative-and-evaluation study. Stereomicroscopy, histology examinations as well as X-ray-spectral and fluorescence analyses were made use of while investigating the wounds with subsequent processing of the results by discriminative analysis. Form, skewness and a graze type of the wound tubber as well as presence of "edge cuts" and of central graze wound were found to be the main distinctive wound signs. The study results ensure a full-value differential diagnosis of a type of the used cold-arm sample.

[Characteristics of gunshot wounds caused by the special forces shooting knife (NRS and NRS-2)]. / Osobennosti ognestrel'nykh povrezhdenii, prichinennykh iz nozha razvedchika spetsial'nogo (NRS i NRS-2).

Gunshot wounds of skin and long cortical bones inflicted by the special intelligence knife (NRS and NRS-2: special silent cartridges SP-3 and SP-4) from different distances were examined. Stereomicroscopy, emission spectral analysis, contact-diffusion method and regression- step-by-step analysis were made use of within the case study. A lack of mechanical, thermal or chemical impact from firing gas and of fire soot as well as presence of particles of rubber, copper and sealing varnish, i.e. the most informative shot products, were found to be the main distinctive features in the said wounds. The data obtained can be used in the differential diagnosis of a type and model of the used gun.

[The cerebral cortex in severe penetrating gunshot craniocerebral trauma (an experimental study)]. / Sostoianie kory bol'shogo mozga pri tiazheloi pronikaiushchei ognestrel'noi cherepno-mozgovoi travme (éksperimental'noe issledovanie).

Gunshot disturbances of different severeness were induced in rabbit brain by means of specifically worked out experimental model. Cerebral cortex was studied using light and electron microscopy in severe gunshot craniocerebral trauma (SGCT), accompanied with cranial bones and cerebral disorders, plentiful external and internal hemorrhages and death of the animals 1-5 minutes after the shot. Peculiarities of responsiveness to trauma were demonstrated in microcirculatory bed elements, neurons and glial cells. SGCT causes rapid appearance of destructive changes in cerebral cortex with degenerative processes not following hemomicrocirculatory bed disturbances, but developing simultaneously with them.

[Changes in the cerebral cortex in closed craniocerebral trauma of gunshot origin (experimental research)]. / Izmeneniia kory golovnogo mozga pri zakrytoi cherepno-mozgovoi travme ognestrel'nogo proiskhozhdeniia (éksperimental'noe issledovanie).

Cerebral cortex was studied morphologically in rabbits with concussion of brain induced by gunshot injury. The extent of severity was modelled by the bullet rate. No significant bleeding followed the injury allowing to observe the animals during the necessary terms (7-14 d.) Morphological study included light optical and electron microscopy. In neurons, glial cells and synapses a series of essential destructive changes in shown detectable predominantly on ultrastructural level that might be the base of psychoneurological complications of a distant period. Ballistic properties of a bullet were obviously fundamental to pathogenesis of brain concussion in these experiments as kinetic energy of the bullet was only sufficient for non significant damage of the skull soft tissue. But in contrast to the dull trauma, the blow was of a high speed and despite mild clinical characteristics caused essential diffuse structural disturbances in brain tissues.

[Changes in the skin and sciatic nerve after soft-tissue damage to the extremity by a high-speed small-caliber bullet]. / Izmeneniia v kozhe i sedalishchnom nerve posle povrezhdeniia miagkikh tkanei konechnosti vysokoskorostnoi malokalibernoi pulei.

The character of contusive changes has been determined in the skin and sciatic nerve after lesion of soft tissues of the extremity with a high-speed small-bore bullet. A high-speed filming, tensiometry have been used. They allow to observe and measure processes of formation of the temporal pulsating cavity appearing at the moment of injury in the block of 20% gelatin and its influence on the imitator of the vascular-neural bundle. In the investigation performed on test-animals by means of neuromorphological, histological and histochemical techniques certain contusive changes are stated in the skin and sciatic nerve at various distances from the edge of the entrance and axis of the wound canal. The investigation of the material in 1, 3, 5 days after the lesion makes it possible to differentiate initial changes connected mainly with the effect of contusion from the secondary ones.

[Wounds from modern small arms and international humanitarian law]. / Raneniia sovremennym strelkovym oruzhiem i mezhdunarodnoe gumanitarnoe pravo.

The article cites the concept, basic standards and principles of international humane law concerning the banning or restriction of some types of conventional weapons. The authors describe international methods for appreciation of destructive effects of wounding missiles. On the basis of literature and their own experiments the authors make a conclusion that actually it would be impossible to formulate a straight definition between "human" and "inhumane" bullets, as well as to establish a criterion which could determine the admissible or inadmissible limits for gunshot injuries.

[Morpho-functional changes in the vascular bed in obstructed portal blood flow]. / Morfofunktsional'nye izmeneniia sosudistogo rusla pri blokade portal'nogo krovotoka.

Clinical observations were performed in 104 patients with intrahepatic blockade and 32 patients with subhepatic blockade of portal bloodflow and experimental studies in 24 mongrel dogs with the model of dosed stenosis of the portal vein. It was found that microcirculation bed of hollow organs of the gastrointestinal tract is also involved into the circle of pathological disorders in portal hypertension. Alterations of the microcirculation bed consist in the appearance of destructive lesions of the microvessel walls, disturbance of their permeability and hemodynamics. Undoubtedly, genesis of functional disturbances is based on structural alterations.

[The hemomicrocirculatory bed in the wall of hollow organs of the gastrointestinal tract of dogs with portal hypertension]. / Gemomikrotsirkuliatornoe ruslo v stenke polykh organov zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta sobaki pri portal'noi gipertenzii.

At portal hypertension, produced by means of experimental stenosis of the portal vein in the hemomicrocirculatory bed of hollow organs of the gastrointestinal tract, congestive phenomena and edema of walls in the organs are observed. Manifested dilatation is noted in the lumen of arterioles, venules, postcapillary venules and capillaries. At early stages after the operation average diameters of these vessels in the submucosal base of the small intestine become increased 3-7 times and they do not return to the initial size even at late stages. The precapillary sphincters are in the state of spasm. Overdistention of walls in microvessels of the venular part of the functional module results in their increased permeability, that is demonstrated as diapedesic hemorrhages. During formation of intraorganic and extraorganic peripheral pathways of the circulation, the congestive phenomena in the hemomicrocirculatory bed disappear gradually.

[Reactive motility of dendrites]. / Reaktivnaia podvizhnost' dendritov.

The neurohistological data on the nonspecific reactive phenomenon the dendrite neuroplasm excrescences were compared with intravital data on reactive mobility of the processes of the surviving neurons and nerve cells in tissue cultures. It was demonstrated that static pictures on histological preparations correspond to the stages of reactive reconstruction of live dendrites, such as retraction, extrusion and autotomy. The neuroplasmic excrescences reflect the reverse displacement of the neuroplasm associated with the process retraction rather than enhancement of its proximodistal flow.

[Condition of the internal arterial and microcirculatory bed of the neck muscles of the dog after simultaneous ligation of the common carotid and vertebral arteries]. / Sostoianie vnutriorgannogo arterial'nogo i mikrotsirkuliatornogo rusla myshts shei sobaki posle odnovremennoi pereviazki obshchikh sonnykh i pozvonochnykh arterii.

In 21 mongrel dogs changes in the intraorganic arterial and microcirculatory bed of the cervical muscles have been studied after a simultaneous ligation of the common carotid and vertebral arteries. The most pronounced changes of rearrangement are observed during early periods after the operation (up to two months). The form, size of the arterial loops and direction of the blood stream change in them. On the base of the arterio-arterial anastomoses collateralies are formed, their degree of development is progressing with the increase of the postoperative time. The arteriolo-arteriolar anastomoses in small loops convert into microvascular collateralies that are of importance only during early postoperative stages. The new conditions of hemodynamics at the arteriolar level result in a dependent rearrangement in other links of the microcirculatory bed, where a number of compensatory-adaptive mechanisms are revealed. After the magistral by-pass ways are completely formed, the changes observed disappear and the microcirculatory network acquires the features specific for intact animals.