ABSTRACT
Gulf War Illness (GWI) collectively describes the multitude of central and peripheral disturbances affecting soldiers who served in the 1990-1991 Gulf War. While the mechanisms responsible for GWI remain elusive, the prophylactic use of the reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, pyridostigmine bromide (PB), and war-related stress have been identified as chief factors in GWI pathology. Post-deployment stress is a common challenge faced by veterans, and aberrant cholinergic and/or immune responses to these psychological stressors may play an important role in GWI pathology, especially the cognitive impairments experienced by many GWI patients. Therefore, the current study investigated if an immobilization stress challenge would produce abnormal responses in PB-treated rats three months later. Results indicate that hippocampal cholinergic responses to an immobilization stress challenge are impaired three months after PB administration. We also assessed if an immune or stress challenge reveals deficits in PB-treated animals during hippocampal-dependent learning and memory tasks at this delayed timepoint. Novel object recognition (NOR) testing paired with either acute saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 30 µg/kg, i.p.), as well as Morris water maze (MWM) testing was conducted approximately three months after PB administration and/or repeated restraint stress. Rats with a history of PB treatment exhibited 24-hour hippocampal-dependent memory deficits when challenged with LPS, but not saline, in the NOR task. Similarly, in the same cohort, PB-treated rats showed 24-hour memory deficits in the MWM task. Ultimately, these studies highlight the long-term effects of PB treatment on hippocampal function and provide insight into the progressive cognitive deficits observed in veterans with GWI.
Subject(s)
Cognitive Dysfunction , Persian Gulf Syndrome , Rats , Animals , Gulf War , Lipopolysaccharides , Acetylcholinesterase , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyridostigmine Bromide/pharmacology , Memory Disorders , Disease Models, AnimalABSTRACT
Persons with rheumatic diseases in the hand-arm-system are hindered to use requisits in their daily activities, because they can only fulfill grasping and holding functions with great difficulties and pain. A substancial point in this analysis takes the questions of existing knowledge and experiences in ergonomics and medical therapy concerning design criteria for service equipment in the sense of joint protection and prevention. A confrontation and examples show that important design criteria for service equipment are contradicting themselves and that for planning and designing requisits of daily use and work it is necessary to develop directions for prophylactic joint protection.
