ABSTRACT
Objetivo: determinar prevalencia de tabaquismo en población general y en individuos con alto riesgo cardiovascular.Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta de tabaquismo y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una muestra poblacional aleatoria (≥ 15 años) de San Andrés de Giles, Bs As. Seconsideró fumadores actuales a quienes habían fumado más de 100 cigarrillos y fumaban actualmente y ex fumadores a quienes habían fumado más de 100 cigarrillos y abandonado. Analizamos: instrucción, vivienda, ingresos, actividad física, consumo de alcohol, hipertensión, diabetes, obesidad, dislipemia, sindrome metabólico, antecedentes de infarto, angina de pecho y accidente cerebrovascular. Resultados: Fueron encuestados 1091 mujeres (40.8±0.5 años) y 500 varones (40.4±0.8 años). La prevalencia ajustada por edad de fumadores actuales fue 32.8 en varones(IC95% 28.7-36.9) y 25.4 en mujeres (IC95% 22.9-28.0). En el grupo 15-24 años 41.8% de los varones y 31.5% de las mujeres eran fumadores actuales. Del total de fumadores actuales, habían pensado dejar 56.0% y fijarían fecha en 30 días 29.0%. No hubo diferencias en la prevalencia según el nivel de educación (p=0.699). La prevalencia defumadores actuales fue mayor en aquellos sin vivienda propia (p<0.001), en quienes consumían alcohol (p<0.001) y en quienes no realizaban actividad física (p=0.003). Eran fumadores actuales 24.5% de los hipertensos, 15.4% de los diabéticos, 25.0% de los obesos, 22.9% de los dislipémicos, 20.9% de los con síndrome metabólico y 27.1% de los con enfermedad cardiovascular.Conclusiones: El tabaquismo estuvo fuertemente asociado a la falta de actividad física y al consumo de alcohol y una alta proporción de sujetos con alto riesgo cardiovascular continúan fumando.
Objetive: To determine the prevalence of the tobacco smoking habit in the general population and in individuals with high cardiovascular risk. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional survey took place in a random sample ofthe inhabitants aged 15 years and more at San Andres de Giles, Buenos Aires, Argentina. People who had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their life and still smoked were defined as current smokers, while people that had smoked at least 100 cigarettes but had quitsmoking were considered former smokers. We evaluated: 1-education level, 2-access to housing, 3-self perception of income, 4-regular physical activity, 5-alcohol consumption, 6-hypertension, 7-diabetes, 8-obesity, 9-dyslipidemia, 10-metabolic syndrome (NCEPATPIII criteria), 11-history of myocardial infarction, angina and stroke.Results: The sample included 1091 women (40.8 ± 0.5 years) and 500 males (40.4 ± 0.8 years). The prevalence of current smokers was 32.8 in men (CI 95% 28.7-36.9) and 25.4 inwomen (CI95% 22.9-28.0). In the age group that included people between the ages 15 to 24 years, 41.8% of men and 31.5% of women were current smokers. 56.0% of the current smokers had thought about quitting and 29.0% were willing to fix a date within the next 30days. There were no significant differences according to education level (p=0.699). Alcohol consumption (p<0.001) and lack of regular physical activity (p=0.003) were associatedwith a high prevalence of current smokers. 24.5% participants were hypertensives, 15.4% diabetics, 25.0% obeses and 22.9% dyslipidaemics; 20.9% had metabolic syndrome and27.1% of those with cardiovascular disease, were current smokers.Conclusion: There were strong relationships between smoking, alcohol consumption and lack of physical activity. A high proportion of subjects with high cardiovascular risk were current smokers.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cardiovascular Diseases , Tobacco Use Disorder/adverse effects , Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology , Argentina/epidemiology , Data Collection , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Rural HealthABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to test the hypotheses that: 1) diagnosing the metabolic syndrome does not effectively identify insulin-resistant (IR) individuals; and 2) waist circumference (WC) is no better than body mass index (BMI) in predicting insulin resistance or the components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Measurements of BMI, WC, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose, insulin (FPI), triglycerides (TG), and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were made in 1,300 adults, without known cardiovascular disease (CVD) or drug treatment of hypertension or diabetes. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the ability of the MetS, and its components, to identify IR individuals. In addition, comparisons were made of CVD risk factors following division of the population into quartiles of FPI concentrations, and univariate and multiple regression analysis used to compare the ability of WC, BMI, and FPI as predictors of MetS components. The MetS was no more effective in identifying IR individuals than several individual components (sensitivity~40%), and IR individuals not identified were at significantly increased CVD risk. FPI concentration was the best predictor of an abnormal glucose, TG, and HDL-C, whereas the adiposity indices were better predictors of abnormal blood pressure. The relationship between BMI and WC with the MetS and its components seemed comparable.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Insulin Resistance , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Obesity/epidemiology , Adiposity , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Argentina , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Glucose/analysis , Blood Pressure , Body Mass Index , Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Chi-Square Distribution , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Female , Humans , Insulin/blood , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/blood , Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology , Middle Aged , Obesity/blood , Obesity/diagnosis , Obesity/physiopathology , Predictive Value of Tests , Prevalence , ROC Curve , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Triglycerides/blood , Waist Circumference , Young AdultABSTRACT
The aim of this paper was to study the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), its changes with age, and its association with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP), indicators of obesity, dyslipemia, insulin resistance and inflammation on a random population sample. BP, weight, size and waist circumference (WC) were recorded at home. Fasting morning blood samples were analysed. The eGFR was calculated with MDRD (eGFR-MDRD), Cockroft-Gault (eGFR-CG) adjusted to 1.73 m2 and reciprocal of serum creatinine (100/serum cretinine). A total of 1016 individuals, 722 females (41.97 +/- 0.66 years old) and 294 males (42.06 +/- 0.99 years old), completed the laboratory tests. The mean of 100/Scr was 115.13 +/- 0.60 (dl/mg), the mean eGFR-CG was 98.48 +/- 0.82 ml/min/1.73 m2; the mean eGFR-MDRD was 85.15 +/- 0.58 ml/min/1.73 m2. The eGFR-MDRD decreased with age and with the number of risk factors in both sexes. The eGFR-MDRD < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 adjusted prevalence was 6.2 per 100 inhabitants (CI 95%, 4.7-7.7), 3.6 (CI 95%, 1.5-5.7) in males and 8.6 (CI 95%, 6.6-10.6) in females. The bivariate analysis showed that the eGFR-MDRD correlates inversely with age, SBP, DBP WC, BMI, serum glucose, serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum uric acid and, in males, with C-reactive-protein. There was no correlation with either insulinemia or HOMA. The mean eGFR value, its association with cardiovascular risk factors and the prevalence of eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 found in a rural population of Argentina are similar to those found in other parts of the world.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Glomerular Filtration Rate/physiology , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Biomarkers/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Dyslipidemias/complications , Female , Humans , Hypertension/complications , Inflammation/complications , Male , Middle Aged , Obesity/complications , Risk Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
The aim of this paper was to study the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), its changes with age, and its association with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP), indicators of obesity, dyslipemia, insulin resistance and inflammation on a random population sample. BP, weight, size and waist circumference (WC) were recorded at home. Fasting morning blood samples were analysed. The eGFR was calculated with MDRD (eGFR-MDRD), Cockroft-Gault (eGFR-CG) adjusted to 1.73 m² and reciprocal of serum creatinine (100/serum cretinine). A total of 1016 individuals, 722 females (41.97 ± 0.66 years old) and 294 males (42.06 ± 0.99 years old), completed the laboratory tests. The mean of 100/Scr was 115.13 ± 0.60 (dl/mg), the mean eGFR-CG was 98.48 ± 0.82 ml/min/1.73 m²; the mean eGFR-MDRD was 85.15 ± 0.58 ml/min/1.73 m². The eGFR-MDRD decreased with age and with the number of risk factors in both sexes. The eGFR-MDRD < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² adjusted prevalence was 6.2 per 100 inhabitants (CI 95%, 4.7-7.7), 3.6 (CI 95%, 1.5-5.7) in males and 8.6 (CI 95%, 6.6-10.6) in females. The bivariate analysis showed that the eGFR-MDRD correlates inversely with age, SBP, DBP WC, BMI, serum glucose, serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum uric acid and, in males, with C-reactive-protein. There was no correlation with either insulinemia or HOMA.The mean eGFR value, its association with cardiovascular risk factors and the prevalence of eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² found in a rural population of Argentina are similar to those found in other parts of the world.
El objetivo fue evaluar en una muestra poblacional aleatoria el filtrado glomerular estimado (FGe), sus cambios con la edad y su asociación con presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD), indicadores de obesidad, dislipemia, resistencia a la insulina e inflamación. En cada domicilio fueron medidos presión arterial, peso y talla y perímetro de la cintura (PC). Se analizaron muestras de sangre en ayunas y fue calculado el FGe usando las fórmulas de MDRD (FGe-MDRD) y Cockroft-Gault (FGe-CG) ajustado a 1.73 m², y la inversa de la creatinina sérica (100/CrS). Completaron el protocolo de laboratorio 1016 sujetos, 722 mujeres (41.97 ± 0.66 años) y 294 varones (42.06 ± 0.99 años). La media de 100/Crs fue 115.13 ± 0.60 (dl/mg), la del FGe-CG 98.48 ± 0.82 ml/min/1.73 m² y la del FGe-MDRD 85.15 ± 0.58 ml/min/1.73 m² (CI 95% 84.00-86.29). El FGe-MDRD disminuyó con la edad y con el número de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en ambos sexos. La prevalecencia ajustada de FGe-MDRD < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² fue 6.2 por 100 habitantes (CI 95%, 4.7-7.7); 3.6 (CI 95%, 1.5-5.7) en varones y 8.6 (CI 95%, 6.6- 10.6) en mujeres. El análisis bivariado mostró correlación inversa del FGe-MDRD con edad, PAS, PAD, PC, IMC, glucemia, colesterolemia total, colesterol-LDL, trigliceridemia, uricemia y, en varones, con la proteina-C-reactiva. No hubo correlación con insulinemia u HOMA. La media del FGe, su asociación con factores de riesgo cardiovascular y la prevalecencia de FGe < 60 ml/min/1.73 m² fueron similares a los hallados en otras partes del mundo.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Glomerular Filtration Rate/physiology , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Age Factors , Biomarkers/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Dyslipidemias/complications , Hypertension/complications , Inflammation/complications , Obesity/complications , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
In a cross section study performed in Rauch in 1997 we found a high prevalence of hypertension and low levels of treatment and control. To evaluate the impact of the community-based intervention activities on blood pressure (BP), we made a cohort study in 1526 inhabitants aged between 15 and 75 years in 2003. The initial study, the advice to consult the family doctor when alterations were found, the free provision of antihypertensive drugs, the press diffusion of the study results and a healthy lifestyle were included among the intervention activities. BP was measured in the subjects' residence by especially trained nurses, considering systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) as the average of three measurements in one occasion. A total of 1307 subjects (85.65%) were re-interviewed. SBP decreased from 137.98 +/- 0.57 to 132.49 +/- 0.53 mm Hg (p < 0.01) and DBP from 88.73 +/- 0.38 to 81.87 +/- 0.33 mm Hg (p < 0.01). Pressure decrease was observed in all the age groups, in both sexes and in the subgroup without receiving antihypertensive drugs. The percentage with antihypertensive drugs increased from 12.2 to 20.4 (p < 0.01). A significant relationship was observed between the percentiles of the BP changes and weight changes in subjects with and without antihypertensive drugs. Community-based intervention strategies were effective to BP control and, probably, to decrease the cardiovascular risk in a community with high prevalence of hypertension.
Subject(s)
Blood Pressure/physiology , Community Health Services , Hypertension/prevention & control , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Alcohol Drinking/prevention & control , Analysis of Variance , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Blood Pressure Determination , Cohort Studies , Community Health Services/organization & administration , Female , Humans , Hypertension/drug therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Sex Distribution , Smoking PreventionABSTRACT
In a cross section study performed in Rauch in 1997 we found a high prevalence of hypertension and low levels of treatment and control. To evaluate the impact of the community-based intervention activities on blood pressure (BP), we made a cohort study in 1526 inhabitants aged between 15 and 75 years in 2003. The initial study, the advice to consult the family doctor when alterations were found, the free provision of antihypertensive drugs, the press diffusion of the study results and a healthy lifestyle were included among the intervention activities. BP was measured in the subjects residence by especially trained nurses, considering systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) as the average of three measurements in one occasion. A total of 1307 subjects (85.65
) were re-interviewed. SBP decreased from 137.98 +/- 0.57 to 132.49 +/- 0.53 mm Hg (p < 0.01) and DBP from 88.73 +/- 0.38 to 81.87 +/- 0.33 mm Hg (p < 0.01). Pressure decrease was observed in all the age groups, in both sexes and in the subgroup without receiving antihypertensive drugs. The percentage with antihypertensive drugs increased from 12.2 to 20.4 (p < 0.01). A significant relationship was observed between the percentiles of the BP changes and weight changes in subjects with and without antihypertensive drugs. Community-based intervention strategies were effective to BP control and, probably, to decrease the cardiovascular risk in a community with high prevalence of hypertension.
ABSTRACT
We conducted a study in a random sample of 1523 inhabitants (15-75 years old) of Rauch city to determine risk factors prevalence to development hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. We measured blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference, cholesterol and glucose levels, sodium excretion, and alcohol and tobacco consumption. We found a high prevalence of hypertension (43.20 per cent in men and 28.50 per cent in women), and obesity-overweight (54.81 per cent in men and 44.65 per cent in women), both of them augmented with aging. Only 4 per cent of hypertensive subjects were being controlled and only 32 per cent of them were aware of their condition. Men showed a marked increment of prevalence of hypertension and obesity-overweight between groups of 15-24 years and 25-34 years. Women had delayed and more gradual increments. In male and female respectively, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 26.86 and 13.81, the prevalence of diabetes was 3.42 and 1.53, and the prevalence of tobacco consumption was 34.61 and 20.83. Higher BMI and waist circumference identified subjects with higher blood pressure up to 54 and 65 years, in men and women, respectively. Age and waist circumference in the whole group, and alcohol consumption in men, were independently correlated with blood pressure; sodium excretion had no correlation. High prevalence of hypertension and obesity-overweight and their association suggest that the most important primary prevention measure in this community should be to prevent obesity. Low levels of awareness indicate the need of ongoing detection programs, and low grade to control of hypertension could be modified with education programs for health providers. (Au)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Hypertension/epidemiology , Hypertension/prevention & control , Obesity/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Hypercholesterolemia/epidemiology , Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Risk Factors , Sex Distribution , Age Distribution , Linear Models , Blood Pressure/physiology , Prevalence , Argentina/epidemiologyABSTRACT
We conducted a study in a random sample of 1523 inhabitants (15-75 years old) of Rauch city to determine risk factors prevalence to development hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. We measured blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference, cholesterol and glucose levels, sodium excretion, and alcohol and tobacco consumption. We found a high prevalence of hypertension (43.20 per cent in men and 28.50 per cent in women), and obesity-overweight (54.81 per cent in men and 44.65 per cent in women), both of them augmented with aging. Only 4 per cent of hypertensive subjects were being controlled and only 32 per cent of them were aware of their condition. Men showed a marked increment of prevalence of hypertension and obesity-overweight between groups of 15-24 years and 25-34 years. Women had delayed and more gradual increments. In male and female respectively, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 26.86 and 13.81, the prevalence of diabetes was 3.42 and 1.53, and the prevalence of tobacco consumption was 34.61 and 20.83. Higher BMI and waist circumference identified subjects with higher blood pressure up to 54 and 65 years, in men and women, respectively. Age and waist circumference in the whole group, and alcohol consumption in men, were independently correlated with blood pressure; sodium excretion had no correlation. High prevalence of hypertension and obesity-overweight and their association suggest that the most important primary prevention measure in this community should be to prevent obesity. Low levels of awareness indicate the need of ongoing detection programs, and low grade to control of hypertension could be modified with education programs for health providers.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Hypertension , Age Distribution , Argentina , Blood Pressure , Cardiovascular Diseases , Diabetes Mellitus , Hypercholesterolemia , Hypertension , Linear Models , Obesity , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Sex Distribution , SmokingABSTRACT
En un grupo homogéneo de 450 estudiantes (20,8 + 0,11 años) se examinaron los niveles de presión arterial (PA) y se correlacionaron con diferentes parámetros. La prevalencia de hipertensión arterial fue, según el criterio del JNC-V, 13 por ciento en varones y 3 por ciento en mujeres. Las correlaciones entre índice de masa corporal (IMC) y niveles de PA fueron estadísticamente significativas en varones y mujeres. La presión arterial media (PAM) aumentó a razón de 1.17 mmHg por cada unidad de incremento en el IMC en los varones y 0.97 mmHg en las mujeres. En base a los niveles de PA propuestos por el JNC-V se seleccionaron tres grupos: varones con PA óptima (PAO); PA normal alta (PANA) e hipertensos estadío I (Hipert.) cuyos IMC fueron: 22,74 + 0,2; 24,4 + 0,48 y 25,06 + 0,66 Kg/m2 respectivamente (P<0,05 de Hipert. y PANA respecto a PAO; los grupos PANA e Hipert. no difirieron significativamente entre sí). Se seleccionaron muestras de estos grupos para el estudio comparativo de: índice cardíaco (IC); resistencia periférica total (RP), glucemia, insulinemia e índice glucosa/insulina y pH intracelular plaquetario. No encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tres grupos examinados en lo que respecta a glucemia, insulinemia e índice glucosa/insulina. Los diferentes niveles de PA de los grupos pueden atribuirse a distintos IC: PAO 3,25 + 0,13; PANA 3,76 + 0,2; Hipert. 4,76 + 0,36 ml/min/m2 (P<0,05). Las RP fueron numéricamente "normales": PAO:2139 + 106; PANA 2170+ 114; Hipert.: 1858 + 146 dinas seg. cm-5 m2 (NS). El pH intracelular plaquetario fue de 7,15 + 0,07 en los PAO, 7,21 + 0,05 en los PANA y 7,33 + 0,04 en los Hipert. (P<0,05 de Hipert. respecto a PAO). El aumento de pH, en el grupo Hipert., sugiere un intercambiador Na+/H+ hiperactivo. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Comparative Study , Adult , Blood Pressure/physiology , Body Mass Index , Hemodynamics , Blood Platelets/metabolism , Blood Glucose/analysis , Insulin/analysis , Vascular Resistance/physiology , Sex CharacteristicsABSTRACT
En un grupo homogéneo de 450 estudiantes (20,8 + 0,11 años) se examinaron los niveles de presión arterial (PA) y se correlacionaron con diferentes parámetros. La prevalencia de hipertensión arterial fue, según el criterio del JNC-V, 13 por ciento en varones y 3 por ciento en mujeres. Las correlaciones entre índice de masa corporal (IMC) y niveles de PA fueron estadísticamente significativas en varones y mujeres. La presión arterial media (PAM) aumentó a razón de 1.17 mmHg por cada unidad de incremento en el IMC en los varones y 0.97 mmHg en las mujeres. En base a los niveles de PA propuestos por el JNC-V se seleccionaron tres grupos: varones con PA óptima (PAO); PA normal alta (PANA) e hipertensos estadío I (Hipert.) cuyos IMC fueron: 22,74 + 0,2; 24,4 + 0,48 y 25,06 + 0,66 Kg/m2 respectivamente (P<0,05 de Hipert. y PANA respecto a PAO; los grupos PANA e Hipert. no difirieron significativamente entre sí). Se seleccionaron muestras de estos grupos para el estudio comparativo de: índice cardíaco (IC); resistencia periférica total (RP), glucemia, insulinemia e índice glucosa/insulina y pH intracelular plaquetario. No encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tres grupos examinados en lo que respecta a glucemia, insulinemia e índice glucosa/insulina. Los diferentes niveles de PA de los grupos pueden atribuirse a distintos IC: PAO 3,25 + 0,13; PANA 3,76 + 0,2; Hipert. 4,76 + 0,36 ml/min/m2 (P<0,05). Las RP fueron numéricamente "normales": PAO:2139 + 106; PANA 2170+ 114; Hipert.: 1858 + 146 dinas seg. cm-5 m2 (NS). El pH intracelular plaquetario fue de 7,15 + 0,07 en los PAO, 7,21 + 0,05 en los PANA y 7,33 + 0,04 en los Hipert. (P<0,05 de Hipert. respecto a PAO). El aumento de pH, en el grupo Hipert., sugiere un intercambiador Na+/H+ hiperactivo.