Mitral Annular Disjunction in the Context of Mitral Valve Prolapse: Identifying the At-Risk Patient.

Mitral annular disjunction (MAD), a separation between the left atrium/mitral valve annulus and the left ventricular myocardium, is frequently seen in patients with arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse. Although an association exists between MAD and ventricular arrhythmias, little is known regarding the identification of individuals at high risk. Multimodality imaging including echocardiography, computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography can play an important role in both the diagnosis and risk stratification of MAD. Due to a paucity of data, clinical decision making in a patient with MAD is challenging and remains largely empirical. Although MAD itself can be corrected surgically, the prevention and treatment of associated arrhythmias may require medical therapy, catheter ablation, and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Prospective data are required to define the role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, targeted catheter ablation, and surgical correction in selected, at-risk patients.

Risk profiles for ventricular arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy through clustering analysis including left ventricular strain.

AIMS: The prediction of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remains challenging. We sought to characterize the VA risk profile in HCM patients through clustering analysis combining clinical and conventional imaging parameters with information derived from left ventricular longitudinal strain analysis (LV-LS). METHODS: A total of 434 HCM patients (65% men, mean age 56 years) were included from two referral centers and followed longitudinally (mean duration 6 years). Mechanical and temporal parameters were automatically extracted from the LV-LS segmental curves of each patient in addition to conventional clinical and imaging data. A total of 287 features were analyzed using a clustering approach (k-means). The principal endpoint was VA. RESULTS: 4 clusters were identified with a higher rhythmic risk for clusters 1 and 4 (VA rates of 26%(28/108), 13%(13/97), 12%(14/120), and 31%(34/109) for cluster 1,2,3 and 4 respectively). These 4 clusters differed mainly by LV-mechanics with a severe and homogeneous decrease of myocardial deformation for cluster 4, a small decrease for clusters 2 and 3 and a marked deformation delay and temporal dispersion for cluster 1 associated with a moderate decrease of the GLS (p < 0.0001 for GLS comparison between clusters). Patients from cluster 4 had the most severe phenotype (mean LV mass index 123 vs. 112 g/m2; p = 0.0003) with LV and left atrium (LA) remodeling (LA-volume index (LAVI) 46.6 vs. 41.5 ml/m2, p = 0.04 and LVEF 59.7 vs. 66.3%, p < 0.001) and impaired exercise capacity (% predicted peak VO2 58.6 vs. 69.5%; p = 0.025). CONCLUSION: Processing LV-LS parameters in HCM patients 4 clusters with specific LV-strain patterns and different rhythmic risk levels are identified. Automatic extraction and analysis of LV strain parameters improves the risk stratification for VA in HCM patients.

Long-term cardiac effects of modern treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is a hematological malignancy that affects both children and young adults. Traditional treatment is associated with a life-time prevalence of cardiac disease exceeding 50%. In the late 1990s protocols were modified to reduce cancer therapy-related adverse cardiac effects. This study aimed to assess the long-term impact of advances in treatment protocols on the cardiac health of HL survivors (HLS). METHODS: HLS (n = 246) treated between 1997 and 2007 with anthracycline-based chemotherapy in three centers in Norway were included. Of these, 132 (53%) had also received mediastinal radiotherapy. HLS were compared to controls (n = 58) recruited from the general population and matched for sex, age, smoking status, and heredity for coronary artery disease. All subjects underwent echocardiography, clinical assessment, and blood sampling. RESULTS: The HLS were 46 ± 9 years old and had been treated 17 ± 3 years before inclusion in the study. There was no significant difference between HLS and controls in ejection fraction (EF) (58%±5 vs. 59%±4, p = 0.08) or prevalence of heart failure. HLS treated with both anthracyclines and mediastinal radiotherapy (AC + MRT) had slightly worse left ventricular global longitudinal strain than controls (-19.3 ± 2.5% vs. -20.8 ± 2.0%, p < 0.001), but those treated with only anthracyclines did not. HLS treated with AC + MRT had a higher prevalence of valve disease than those treated only with anthracyclines (12% vs. 4%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HLS treated with anthracyclines after the late 1990s have similar cardiac function and morphology as age-matched controls, apart from higher rates of valvular disease in those who also underwent mediastinal radiotherapy.

Enhancing Cardiac Pacing Strategies: A Review of Conduction System Pacing Compared to Right and Biventricular Pacing and their influence on myocardial function.

Traditional right ventricular pacing has been linked to the deterioration of both left ventricular diastolic and systolic function. This worsening often culminates in elevated rates of hospitalization due to heart failure, an increased risk of atrial fibrillation, and increased morbidity. While biventricular pacing has demonstrated clinical and echocardiographic improvements in patients afflicted with heart failure and left bundle branch block, it has also encountered significant challenges, such as a notable portion of non-responders and procedural failures attributed to anatomical complexities. In recent time, the interest has shifted towards conduction system pacing, initially His bundle pacing and more recently left bundle branch area pacing, as promising alternatives to the established methods. In contrast to other approaches, conduction system pacing offers the advantage of fostering more physiological and harmonized ventricular activation by directly stimulating the His-Purkinje network. This direct pacing results in a more synchronized systolic and diastolic function of left ventricle compared to right ventricular pacing and biventricular pacing. Of particular note is conduction system pacing's capacity to yield shorter QRS, conserve left ventricular ejection fraction, and reduced rates of mitral and tricuspid regurgitation when compared to right ventricular pacing. The efficacy of conduction system pacing has also been found to have better clinical and echocardiographic improvement than biventricular pacing in patients requiring cardiac resynchronization. This review will delve into myocardial function in conduction system pacing compared to right ventricular pacing and biventricular pacing.

Elevated interleukin 8 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 levels are associated with myocardial pathology in users of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids.

AIM: In the current paper, we aim to explore the effect of both current and former long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use on regulation of systemic inflammatory markers and mediators of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and their association with hormones and echocardiographic myocardial pathology in weightlifters. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 93 weightlifting AAS-users, of which 62 were current and 31 were past users, with at least one-year cumulative AAS-use (mean 11±7 accumulated years of AAS-use), were compared to 54 non-using weightlifting controls (WLC) using clinical interview, blood pressure measurements, and echocardiography. RESULTS: Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon (IFN)γ, growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), sex hormones and lipids were analyzed. Serum levels of IL-8, GDF-15 and MMP-9 were significantly increased in current AAS users compared to former users and WLC. MMP-9, but not IL-8, correlated consistently with sex-hormone levels, and sex-hormone levels correlated consistently with mean wall thickness, in current users. Moreover, HDL cholesterol was significantly lower in current versus former AAS users, in significantly inversely correlated with MMP-9 in current users. Further, in current users, MMP-9 and IL-8 correlated with markers of myocardial strain, and MMP9 also with indices of cardiac mass, which was not seen in former users. Mediation analyses suggested that MMP-9 could partly explain hormone-induced alterations in markers of myocardial damage in current users. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, long-term AAS is associated with increased levels of markers of inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling, which seems to have a hormone-dependent (MMP-9) and hormone-independent (IL-8) association with markers of myocardial dysfunction.

Long-term use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) can increase inflammation and mediators of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling which potentially could be involved in myocardial pathology seen in these individuals. AAS use increased levels of inflammatory marker IL-8 and marker of ECM remodeling MMP-9.IL-8 and MMP-9 were both associated with myocardial pathology in current, but not former users, suggesting that these markers are association with risk of myocardial damage during AAS use.

Embolic strokes of undetermined source: a clinical consensus statement of the ESC Council on Stroke, the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the European Heart Rhythm Association of the ESC.

One in six ischaemic stroke patients has an embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS), defined as a stroke with unclear aetiology despite recommended diagnostic evaluation. The overall cardiovascular risk of ESUS is high and it is important to optimize strategies to prevent recurrent stroke and other cardiovascular events. The aim of clinicians when confronted with a patient not only with ESUS but also with any other medical condition of unclear aetiology is to identify the actual cause amongst a list of potential differential diagnoses, in order to optimize secondary prevention. However, specifically in ESUS, this may be challenging as multiple potential thromboembolic sources frequently coexist. Also, it can be delusively reassuring because despite the implementation of specific treatments for the individual pathology presumed to be the actual thromboembolic source, patients can still be vulnerable to stroke and other cardiovascular events caused by other pathologies already identified during the index diagnostic evaluation but whose thromboembolic potential was underestimated. Therefore, rather than trying to presume which particular mechanism is the actual embolic source in an ESUS patient, it is important to assess the overall thromboembolic risk of the patient through synthesis of the individual risks linked to all pathologies present, regardless if presumed causally associated or not. In this paper, a multi-disciplinary panel of clinicians/researchers from various backgrounds of expertise and specialties (cardiology, internal medicine, neurology, radiology and vascular surgery) proposes a comprehensive multi-dimensional assessment of the overall thromboembolic risk in ESUS patients through the composition of individual risks associated with all prevalent pathologies.

No adverse association between exercise exposure and diffuse myocardial fibrosis in male endurance athletes.

The potential association between endurance exercise and myocardial fibrosis is controversial. Data on exercise exposure and diffuse myocardial fibrosis in endurance athletes are scarce and conflicting. We aimed to investigate the association between exercise exposure and markers of diffuse myocardial fibrosis by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in endurance athletes. We examined 27 healthy adult male competitive endurance athletes aged 41 ± 9 years and 16 healthy controls in a cross sectional study using 3 Tesla CMR including late gadolinium enhancement and T1 mapping. Athletes reported detailed exercise history from 12 years of age. Left ventricular total mass, cellular mass and extracellular mass were higher in athletes than controls (86 vs. 58 g/m2, 67 vs. 44 g/m2 and 19 vs. 13 g/m2, all p < 0.01). Extracellular volume (ECV) was lower (21.5% vs. 23.8%, p = 0.03) and native T1 time was shorter (1214 ms vs. 1268 ms, p < 0.01) in the athletes. Increasing exercise dose was independently associated with shorter native T1 time (regression coefficient - 24.1, p < 0.05), but expressed no association with ECV. Our results indicate that diffuse myocardial fibrosis has a low prevalence in healthy male endurance athletes and do not indicate an adverse dose-response relationship between exercise and diffuse myocardial fibrosis in healthy athletes.

Differentiation of Myocardial Properties in Physiological Athletic Cardiac Remodeling and Mild Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Clinical differentiation between athletes' hearts and those with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can be challenging. We aimed to explore the role of speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in the differentiation between athletes' hearts and those with mild HCM. We compared 30 competitive endurance elite athletes (7% female, age 41 ± 9 years) and 20 mild phenotypic mutation-positive HCM carriers (15% female, age 51 ± 12 years) with left ventricular wall thickness 13 ± 1 mm. Mechanical dispersion (MD) was assessed by means of STE. Native T1-time and extracellular volume (ECV) were assessed by means of CMR. MD was higher in HCM mutation carriers than in athletes (54 ± 16 ms vs. 40 ± 11 ms, p = 0.001). Athletes had a lower native T1-time (1204 (IQR 1191, 1234) ms vs. 1265 (IQR 1255, 1312) ms, p < 0.001) and lower ECV (22.7 ± 3.2% vs. 25.6 ± 4.1%, p = 0.01). MD > 44 ms optimally discriminated between athletes and HCM mutation carriers (AUC 0.78, 95% CI 0.65-0.91). Among the CMR parameters, the native T1-time had the best discriminatory ability, identifying all HCM mutation carriers (100% sensitivity) with a specificity of 75% (AUC 0.83, 95% CI 0.71-0.96) using a native T1-time > 1230 ms as the cutoff. STE and CMR tissue characterization may be tools that can differentiate athletes' hearts from those with mild HCM.

Cardiovascular multimodality imaging in women: a scientific statement of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging of the European Society of Cardiology.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent an important cause of mortality and morbidity in women. It is now recognized that there are sex differences regarding the prevalence and the clinical significance of the traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors as well as the pathology underlying a range of CVDs. Unfortunately, women have been under-represented in most CVD imaging studies and trials regarding diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. There is therefore a clear need for further investigation of how CVD affects women along their life span. Multimodality CV imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis of CVD in women as well as in prognosis, decision-making, and monitoring of therapeutics and interventions. However, multimodality imaging in women requires specific consideration given the differences in CVD between the sexes. These differences relate to physiological changes that only women experience (e.g. pregnancy and menopause) as well as variation in the underlying pathophysiology of CVD and also differences in the prevalence of certain conditions such as connective tissue disorders, Takotsubo, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection, which are all more common in women. This scientific statement on CV multimodality in women, an initiative of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging of the European Society of Cardiology, reviews the role of multimodality CV imaging in the diagnosis, management, and risk stratification of CVD, as well as highlights important gaps in our knowledge that require further investigation.

Treatment-seeking behavior and cardiovascular morbidity among men with anabolic-androgenic steroid use: A cross-sectional study.

AIMS: To determine associations between anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use-related morbidity including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and engagement to health services. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 90 males with at least 12 months cumulative current or former use of AAS were included. The participants were divided into a treatment-seeking group (TSG) and a non-treatment seeking group (non-TSG) based on their responses to a self-report web questionnaire. All participants were screened for symptoms that could be indicative of CVD through a clinical interview, and examined with blood samples, blood pressure measurements and transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS: In the total sample (n = 90), mean age was 39 ± 11 years with cumulative AAS use of 12 ± 9 years. Among men in the TSG with current use there were higher prevalence of dyspnoea (50% vs 7%) and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in conjunction with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (36 vs. 9%) and/or high blood pressure (55% vs. 19%) compared to men in the non-TSG. Among men with current AAS use and established LVEF <50% (n = 25) or LVH (n = 21), 44% (11) and 43% (9) respectively, had never engaged health services due to AAS-related adverse effects. Deviant liver- and kidney parameters were frequently observed in the total sample but without between-group differences. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment-seeking behavior among current AAS users may be associated with increased levels of dyspnoea and established CVD. Despite objective signs of severe CVD among a substantial amount of study participants, it is of great concern that the majority had never sought treatment for AAS-related concerns.

Left ventricular mechanical dispersion as a predictor of the need for pacemaker implantation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: MeDiPace TAVI study.

AIMS: Permanent pacemaker (PM) implantation is common after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Left ventricular mechanical dispersion (MeDi) by speckle tracking echocardiography is a marker of fibrosis that causes alterations in the conduction system. We hypothesized that MeDi can be a predictor of the need for PM implantation after TAVI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutively, 200 TAVI patients were enrolled. Transthoracic echocardiography and electrocardiography examinations were recorded before TAVI to evaluate global longitudinal strain (GLS), MeDi, and conduction disturbances. PM implantation information was obtained 3 months after TAVI. Patients were stratified into PM or no PM group. Mean age was 80 + 7 years (44% women). Twenty-nine patients (16%) received PM. MeDi, QRS duration, existence of right bundle branch abnormality (RBBB), and first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block were significantly different between groups. MeDi was 57 ± 15 ms and 48 ± 12 ms in PM and no PM groups, respectively (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, MeDi predicted the need for PM after TAVI independently of GLS, QRS duration, RBBB, and first-degree AV block [odds ratio (OR): 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22-2.45] with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.68 in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Moreover, RBBB was an independent predictor of PM need after TAVI (OR: 8.98, 95% CI: 1.78-45.03). When added to RBBB, MeDi had an incremental predictive value with an AUC of 0.73 in ROC curves (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: MeDi may be used as an echocardiographic functional predictor of the need for PM after TAVI.

Distinguishing left ventricular hypertrophy from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in adolescents: a longitudinal observation study.

AIMS: Echocardiographic characteristics to distinguish physiological left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy from pathology are warranted in early adolescent athletes. This study aimed to explore the phenotype, progression, and potential grey zone of LV hypertrophy during adolescence in athletes and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) genotype-positive patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this longitudinal observation study, we compared seventy-six 12-year-old athletes with 55 age-matched and sex-matched HCM genotype-positive patients. Echocardiographic parameters were evaluated by using paediatric reference values (Z-scores). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genotype-positive patients were included if they had no or mild LV hypertrophy [maximum wall thickness <13 mm, Z-score <6 for interventricular septum diameter (ZIVSd), or posterior wall thickness]. We collected clinical data, including data on cardiac events. The mean follow-up-time was 3.2 ± 0.8 years. At baseline, LV hypertrophy was found in 28% of athletes and 21% of HCM genotype-positive patients (P = 0.42). Septum thickness values were similar (ZIVSd 1.4 ± 0.9 vs. 1.0 ± 1.3, P = 0.08) and increased only in HCM genotype-positive patients {ZIVSd progression rate -0.17 [standard error (SE) 0.05], P = 0.002 vs. 0.30 [SE 0.10], P = 0.001}. Left ventricular volume Z-scores (ZLVEDV) were greater in athletes [ZLVEDV 1.0 ± 0.6 vs. -0.1 ± 0.8, P < 0.001; ZLVEDV progression rate -0.05 (SE 0.04), P = 0.21 vs. -0.06 (SE 0.04), P = 0.12]. Cardiac arrest occurred in two HCM genotype-positive patients (ages 13 and 14), with ZIVSd 8.2-11.5. CONCLUSION: Left ventricular hypertrophy was found in a similar proportion in early adolescence but progressed only in HCM genotype-positive patients. A potential grey zone of LV hypertrophy ranged from a septum thickness Z-score of 2.0 to 3.3. Left ventricular volumes remained larger in athletes. Evaluating the progression of wall thickness and volume may help clinicians distinguish physiological LV hypertrophy from early HCM.

It is important to distinguish exercise-induced cardiac left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), because athletes with HCM may have an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Limited data are available on this distinction in adolescent athletes. Therefore, we performed a longitudinal observation study comparing the development of LV hypertrophy during adolescence in athletes and HCM genotype­positive patients. In early adolescence, LV hypertrophy was found in a similar proportion of athletes and HCM genotype­positive patients, with a potential grey zone ranging from a septum thickness Z-score of 2.0 to 3.3. After 3 years of follow-up, LV hypertrophy had progressed only in HCM genotype­positive patients, while athletes had larger LV volumes throughout the study period.Evaluation of LV volume and septum thickness progression may assist clinicians in distinguishing exercise-induced LV hypertrophy from early HCM disease in adolescents.

Severe biventricular cardiomyopathy in both current and former long-term users of anabolic-androgenic steroids.

AIMS: This study aims to explore the cardiovascular effects of long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use in both current and former weightlifting AAS users and estimate the occurrence of severe reduced myocardial function and the impact of duration and amount of AAS. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this cross-sectional study, 101 weightlifting AAS users with at least 1 year cumulative AAS use (mean 11 ± 7 accumulated years of AAS use) were compared with 71 non-using weightlifting controls (WLC) using clinical data and echocardiography. Sixty-nine were current, 30 former (>1 year since quitted), and 2 AAS users were not available for this classification. Anabolic-androgenic users had higher left ventricular mass index (LVMI) (106 ± 26 vs. 80 ± 15 g/m2, P < 0.001), worse left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (49 ±7 vs. 59 ± 5%, P < 0.001) and right ventricular global longitudinal strain (-17.3 ± 3.5 vs. -22.8 ± 2.0%, P < 0.001), and higher systolic blood pressure (141 ± 17 vs. 133 ± 11 mmHg, P < 0.001) compared with WLC. In current users, accumulated duration of AAS use was 12 ± 7 years and in former 9 ± 6 years (quitted 6 ± 6 years earlier). Compared with WLC, LVMI and LVEF were pathological in current and former users (P < 0.05) with equal distribution of severely reduced myocardial function (LVEF ≤40%) (11 vs. 10%, not significant (NS)). In current users, estimated lifetime AAS dose correlated with reduced LVEF and LVGLS, P < 0.05, but not with LVMI, P = 0.12. Regression analyses of the total population showed that the strongest determinant of reduced LVEF was not coexisting strength training or hypertension but history of AAS use (ß -0.53, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Long-term AAS users showed severely biventricular cardiomyopathy. The reduced systolic function was also found upon discontinued use.

In this, to date, largest cardiovascular study comparing 101 weightlifting long-term anabolic­androgenic steroid (AAS) users (11 ± 7 accumulated years of AAS use), with 71 weightlifting controls, we conclude that non-medical use of AAS is associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including enlarged heart muscle, seriously reduced heart function, and increased blood pressure. Both current and former users with accumulated years of AAS use of respectively 12 ± 7 years and 9 ± 6 years (former quitted 6 ± 6 years earlier) had biventricular cardiomyopathy with severely affected left and right myocardium. Of note, 11% of AAS users (10% of current and 11% of former) had severely reduced left ventricular systolic function with ejection fraction < 40%, consistent with heart failure.Regression analyses of the total population showed that the strongest determinant of reduced left ventricle ejection fraction was not coexisting strength training or hypertension but history of AAS use (ß −0.53, P < 0.001).

Deep learning for automated left ventricular outflow tract diameter measurements in 2D echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: Measurement of the left ventricular outflow tract diameter (LVOTd) in echocardiography is a common source of error when used to calculate the stroke volume. The aim of this study is to assess whether a deep learning (DL) model, trained on a clinical echocardiographic dataset, can perform automatic LVOTd measurements on par with expert cardiologists. METHODS: Data consisted of 649 consecutive transthoracic echocardiographic examinations of patients with coronary artery disease admitted to a university hospital. 1304 LVOTd measurements in the parasternal long axis (PLAX) and zoomed parasternal long axis views (ZPLAX) were collected, with each patient having 1-6 measurements per examination. Data quality control was performed by an expert cardiologist, and spatial geometry data was preserved for each LVOTd measurement to convert DL predictions into metric units. A convolutional neural network based on the U-Net was used as the DL model. RESULTS: The mean absolute LVOTd error was 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90-1.19) mm for DL predictions on the test set. The mean relative LVOTd errors across all data subgroups ranged from 3.8 to 5.1% for the test set. Generally, the DL model had superior performance on the ZPLAX view compared to the PLAX view. DL model precision for patients with repeated LVOTd measurements had a mean coefficient of variation of 2.2 (95% CI 1.6-2.7) %, which was comparable to the clinicians for the test set. CONCLUSION: DL for automatic LVOTd measurements in PLAX and ZPLAX views is feasible when trained on a limited clinical dataset. While the DL predicted LVOTd measurements were within the expected range of clinical inter-observer variability, the robustness of the DL model requires validation on independent datasets. Future experiments using temporal information and anatomical constraints could improve valvular identification and reduce outliers, which are challenges that must be addressed before clinical utilization.

Mortality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome-A Prospective 5-Year Follow-Up Study.

Our objective was to compare long-term outcomes in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) between two time periods in Southern Norway. There are limited contemporary data comparing long-term follow-up after revascularization in the last decades. This prospective follow-up study consecutively included both NSTEMI and STEMI patients during two time periods, 2014-2015 and 2004-2009. Patients were followed up for a period of 5 years. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality after 1 and 5 years. A total of 539 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 316 with NSTEMI (234 included in 2014 and 82 included in 2007) and 223 with STEMI (160 included in 2014 and 63 included in 2004). Mortality after NSTEMI was high and remained unchanged during the two time periods (mortality rate at 1 year: 3.5% versus 4.9%, p = 0.50; and 5 years: 11.4% versus 14.6%, p = 0.40). Among STEMI patients, all-cause mortality at 1 year was reduced in 2014 compared to 2004 (1.3% versus 11.1%, p < 0.001; and 5 years: 7.0% versus 22.2%, p = 0.004, respectively). Time to coronary angiography in NSTEMI patients remained unchanged between 2014 and 2007 (28.2 h [IQR 18.1-46.3] versus 30.3 h [IQR 18.0-48.3], p = 0.20), while time to coronary angiography in STEMI patients was improved in 2014 compared with 2004 (2.8 h [IQR 2.0-4.8] versus 21.7 h [IQR 5.4-27.1], p < 0.001), respectively. During one decade of AMI treatment, mortality in patients with NSTEMI remained unchanged while mortality in STEMI patients decreased, both at 1 and 5 years.

Current clinical use of speckle-tracking strain imaging: insights from a worldwide survey from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI).

AIMS: Speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) strain imaging has been a major advancement in myocardial function quantification. We aimed to explore current worldwide clinical application of STE. METHODS AND RESULTS: Access, feasibility, access, and clinical implementation of STE were investigated with a worldwide open-access online survey of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Participants (429 respondents and 77 countries) from tertiary centres (46%), private clinics, or public hospitals (54%) using different vendors for data acquisition and analysis were represented. Despite almost universal access (98%) to STE, only 39% of the participants performed and reported STE results frequently (>50%). Incomplete training and time constraints were the main reasons for not using STE more regularly. STE was mainly used to assess the LV (99%) and less frequently the right ventricular (57%) and the left atrial (46%) function. Cardiotoxicity (88%) and cardiac amyloidosis (87%) were the most frequent reasons for the clinical use of LV STE. Left atrial STE was used most frequently for the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction and right ventricular STE for the assessment of right ventricle (RV) function in pulmonary hypertension (51%). Frequency of STE use, adherence to optimal techniques, and clinical appropriateness of STE differed according to training experience and across vendors. Key suggestions outlined by respondents to increase the clinical use of STE included improved reproducibility (48%) and standardization of strain values across vendors (42%). CONCLUSION: Although STE is now readily available, it is underutilized in the majority of centres. Structured training, improved reproducibility, and inter-vendor standardization may increase its uptake.

Inter-center reproducibility of standard and advanced echocardiographic parameters in the EACVI-AFib echo registry.

AIM: we sought to test the inter-center reproducibility of 16 echo laboratories involved in the EACVI-Afib Echo Europe. METHODS: This was done on a dedicated setting of 10 patients with sinus rhythm (SR) and 10 with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF), collected by the Principal Investigator. Images and loops of echo-exams were stored and made available for labs. The tested measurements included main echo-Doppler parameters, global longitudinal strain (GLS) and peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS). RESULTS: Single measures interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of left ventricular mass and ejection fraction were suboptimal in both patients with SR and AF. Among diastolic parameters, ICCs of deceleration time were poor, in particular in AF (=.50). ICCs of left atrial size and function, besides optimal in AF, showed an acceptable despite moderate concordance in SR. ICC of GLS was .81 and .78 in SR and AF respectively. ICCs of PALS were suitable but lower in 4-chamber than in 2-chamber view. By depicting the boxplot of the 16 laboratories, GLS distribution was completely homogeneous in SR, whereas GLS of AF and PALS of both SR and AF presented a limited number of outliers. GLS mean ± SE of the 16 labs was 19.7 ± .36 (95% CI: 18.8-20.4) in SR and 16.5 ± .29 (95% CI: 15.9-17.1) in AF, whereas PALS mean ± SE was 43.8 ± .70 (95% CI: 42.3-45.3) and 10.2 ± .32 (95% CI: 9.5-10.9) respectively. CONCLUSION: While the utilization of some standard-echo variables should be discouraged in registries, the application of GLS and PALS could be largely promoted because their superior reproducibility, even in AF.

Three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography: how to use and when to use-a clinical consensus statement from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging of the European Society of Cardiology.

Three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography (3D TOE) has been rapidly developed in the last 15 years. Currently, 3D TOE is particularly useful as an additional imaging modality for the cardiac echocardiographers in the echo-lab, for cardiac interventionalists as a tool to guide complex catheter-based procedures cardiac, for surgeons to plan surgical strategies, and for cardiac anaesthesiologists and/or cardiologists, to assess intra-operative results. The authors of this document believe that acquiring 3D data set should become a 'standard part' of the TOE examination. This document provides (i) a basic understanding of the physic of 3D TOE technology which enables the echocardiographer to obtain new skills necessary to acquire, manipulate, and interpret 3D data sets, (ii) a description of valvular pathologies, and (iii) a description of non-valvular pathologies in which 3D TOE has shown to be a diagnostic tool particularly valuable. This document has a new format: instead of figures randomly positioned through the text, it has been organized in tables which include figures. We believe that this arrangement makes easier the lecture by clinical cardiologists and practising echocardiographers.