[Ordalie, sensation-seeking and impulsivity. Critical analysis of definitions]. / Ordalie, recherche de sensations et impulsivité. Analyse critique des définitions.

BACKGROUND: In the fields of psychology and psychiatry, the use of the terms impulsivity, sensation-seeking and ordalie to refer to risk-taking behaviors can sometimes be confusing. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to establish a clinical definition of the concepts of ordalie, sensation-seeking and impulsivity, in order to analyze the similarities and differences between these concepts. METHODS: We prioritized literature review articles with or without meta-analysis from the Medline database and supplemented with the Google-Scholar database. The articles were included in this review if their objectives were in line with ours. The research was conducted in November 2018. RESULTS: Twenty-seven articles were selected. There are similarities in the clinical definitions of these concepts with measurable heterogeneous constructions, and an exacerbation in adolescence for engagement in harmful behaviors, but there are also nuances that highlight their differences. CONCLUSION: We were able to describe areas of divergence and convergence between these three concepts but not to establish a quantitative diagram of the areas of divergence and convergence. It would seem that the coexistence of sensation-seeking and impulsivity in the same individual could explain that individual's involvement in ordalique behaviors. Further studies approaching this hypothesis would seem useful in terms of preventing risk-taking behaviors such as addictive behaviors.

[Anorectal manifestations in systemic diseases]. / Manifestations ano-rectales des maladies systémiques.

Numerous systemic diseases (vasculitis, connective tissue disease or sarcoidosis) can display an involvement of the perianal skin, the rectum and/or the anus. Such knowledge is important in order to treat these complications specifically when possible. Lesions of the anorectum arising from systemic diseases can sometimes cause perforations in the peritoneal cavity (if concerning the higher portion of the rectum) and/or fistulization to the anal margin. Differential diagnosis, mostly infectious or inflammatory (Crohn's disease) must be ruled out in every case. Other systemic diseases can display specific manifestations as this is the case in scleroderma which can lead to anal incontinence. Despite the relative rarity of these manifestations, their ignorance would forbid global management of these complex diseases. It should thus be detected in each consultation and a regular follow-up must be provided with a proctologist and/or a gastroenterologist when needed.

[Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in adults]. / Pseudo-obstruction intestinale chronique de l'adulte.

Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a rare disease stemming from numerous causes characterized by disturbances in gastrointestinal motility. Symptomatology is often misleading and topography is variable, thus putting the clinician in serious difficulty. Diagnosis is based on a body of arguments, ranging from the clinical examination to surgical biopsies in expert centers. Treatment is non-consensual and mostly symptomatic. It is based on the use of prokinetics and optimal nutritional support. In the most serious cases, surgery can be required. The etiological treatment should be that of the causal disease when it exists and when the etiology is identified. Results of such treatment are variable. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a disease which remains poorly understood. Progress had been made in terms of diagnosis and treatment but it seems obvious that a better comprehension of physiopathological mechanisms is necessary in order to improve our practice.

Dietary Fat Intake and Nutritional Status Indicators of Primary School Children in a Low-Income Informal Settlement in the Vaal Region

Background: The objective of this study was to examine growth indicators; serum cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglyceride levels; as well as dietary fat intakes usually associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in healthy primary school children.Method: The respondents in this study included a convenience sample of 97 primary school children aged 6-13 years from a selected school.Anthropometric measurements (weight and height) and three 24-hour recall questionnaires were completed for each child. Registered nurses drew blood from the vena cephalica of seated children after an eight-hour fast. Results: The results of this study indicated that stunting; underweight and thinness were prevalent in this group of children. The prevalence rate for stunting (12.5) was lower than the national prevalence rate of 20; whereas the prevalence rate for underweight (15.1) was higher than the national prevalence rate of 10. Overweight was prevalent in only 1of the sample; and more so in boys (2.3) than girls (0). None of the children in this study were obese. Serum cholesterol; HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were within the normal range. However; the mean serum LDL cholesterol levels were very high. The total dietary fat intakes showed significant relationships with total dietary cholesterol (r = 0.324; p-value = 0.001); linolenic acid (r = 0.605; p-value 0.0001) and linoleic acid (r