Factors Influencing Serum Posaconazole Concentrations in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies Receiving Delayed-Release Tablets.

BACKGROUND: Posaconazole (PCZ) plays a crucial role in the prophylaxis and treatment of invasive fungal infections in hematologic malignancies. PCZ concentrations reportedly vary among patients receiving delayed-release tablets (DRT). However, the factors influencing these concentrations remain insufficiently elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the factors influencing PCZ concentrations and their effect on the probability of target attainment (PTA) using a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) approach. We also explored the relationship between PCZ exposure and hepatotoxicity. METHODS: This retrospective study included adult patients with hematologic malignancies who received PCZ DRT. A PPK model was developed based on observational data for 130 concentrations in 28 patients. Simulation analyses were performed to assess the PTA at standard doses of 0.7 and 1.0 mg/L for prophylaxis and treatment, respectively. Estimated concentrations were used to evaluate the correlation between PCZ exposure and hepatotoxicity. RESULTS: Significant factors influencing PCZ concentrations included body weight, serum total protein levels, and diarrhea. Diarrhea correlated with decreased PCZ concentrations resulting in up to 26% lower PTA compared with that without diarrhea. Moreover, PTA declined markedly as the total protein levels decreased from 6.6 g/dL to 4.4 g/dL. The incidence of hepatotoxicity was 17.4% (4/23); no significant relationship could be established between the PCZ concentrations and hepatotoxicity (P = 0.188). CONCLUSIONS: We identified the factors affecting PCZ exposure, which could not be detected by PPK analysis using data from clinical trials. Our results suggest that the generally recommended dose of PCZ causes underexposure in patients with hematologic malignancies characterized by high body weight, hypoproteinemia, or concurrent diarrhea. Therapeutic drug monitoring for DRT may be recommended, especially in patients with these risk factors.

Risk Factors of Cetuximab-Induced Hypomagnesemia and the Effect of Magnesium Prophylaxis in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: A Retrospective Study.

Hypomagnesemia is a characteristic adverse event of cetuximab in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). However, there is limited information about its prevalence, risk factors, and preventive strategies. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of hypomagnesemia and examine the preventive effects of prophylactic magnesium (Mg) administration. We initially investigated HNC patients treated with cetuximab between 2013 and 2019. Our institute started prophylactic Mg treatment (20-mEq Mg sulfate administration before cetuximab) in practice during this period. We retrospectively assess the preventive efficacy by comparing patients before and after its implementation. In total, 109 patients were included. In 60 patients without prophylaxis, all-grade and grade ≥2 hypomagnesemia at 3 months occurred in 61.7 and 15.0% of patients. The incidence of hypomagnesemia was not affected by regimens and concomitant medications. In 49 patients treated with prophylactic Mg treatment, there was no significant decrease in the cumulative incidence of hypomagnesemia. However, the preventive Mg treatment eliminated the need for additional Mg repletion to maintain Mg levels in patients treated with paclitaxel + cetuximab. A risk factor in patients without prophylaxis was a low Mg level at pre-treatment (≤2.0 mg/dL) (odds ratio: 6.03, 95% confidence interval: 1.78-20.4, p = 0.004), whereas that in patients with prophylaxis was the number of cetuximab doses (≥10) (odds ratio: 5.50, 95% confidence interval: 1.52-19.87, p = 0.009). In conclusion, a low pre-treatment Mg level was the only risk factor that could be avoided by prophylactic Mg administration. This preventive intervention is recommended for managing cetuximab-induced hypomagnesemia.

Improvement of Medication Guidance Sheet for Total Body Irradiation/Cyclophosphamide Followed by Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Based on Real Monitoring Data.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Adverse events (AEs) must be managed during cancer therapy. We had previously developed a medication guidance sheet (MGS) to monitor AEs after conditioning therapy with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, it remains unclear whether this sheet can accurately predict the type, onset, and duration of AEs in clinical practice. In this study, we evaluated the clinical utility of the original MGS in patients receiving total body irradiation (TBI) and cyclophosphamide (CY). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-eight patients who underwent TBI/CY were included. The types, onsets, and durations of AEs observed during real monitoring were compared with those listed in the original MGS. RESULTS: A total of 361 subjective AE symptoms were observed, all of which were predictive, as listed in the MGS. However, the durations of several AEs were longer than expected. Thus, the prediction accuracy for all AEs was 67.0%. The accuracy rate was the lowest for anorexia (6.7%), followed by diarrhea (42.6%), and nausea/vomiting (55.6%). Acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) most likely caused the prolongation of AEs. Subsequently, the original MGS was revised to account for the possible occurrence of acute GVHD. CONCLUSION: When monitoring AEs in patients receiving a TBI/CY conditioning regimen for HSCT, the involvement of acute GVHD-associated AEs should be considered. In this respect, the present modified MGS is particularly useful for rapid and accurate monitoring of AEs.

Development of Real-world Data-based Medication Instruction Sheet for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients Receiving High-dose Cytarabine Consolidation Therapy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: For quick and accurate monitoring of potential adverse events (AEs) during concurrent chemotherapy, we had previously developed innovative medication instruction sheets (MIS) for a variety of chemotherapy regimens. However, it is still unclear whether these sheets correctly predict the type and time course of the onset and recovery of AEs. Therefore, we monitored AEs in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) receiving high-dose cytarabine (HD-AraC) using the original MIS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who received HD-AraC following remission induction chemotherapy were included in this study. Data obtained from AE monitoring were evaluated, and the original MIS was modified as appropriate. RESULTS: Among 41 patients, a total of 203 AEs (139 non-hematological and 64 hematological) were observed after chemotherapy. By contrast, all but one patient (97.6%) experienced 102 AEs (43 non-hematological and 59 hematological) before chemotherapy. The AEs that appeared after chemotherapy were all predicted items described in the original MIS; however, their onset and duration were not consistent with the predicted data, in which the prediction accuracy was 69.1% for non-hematological AEs and 1.6% for hematological events. Based on these monitoring data, the original MIS was revised, which led to an increase in the prediction accuracy to 94.2% for nonhematological events and 100% for hematological events. CONCLUSION: Preexisting AEs should be considered when preparing MIS for consolidation therapy with HD-AraC. The modified MIS based on AE monitoring exhibited a sufficiently high prediction accuracy.

Systematic surveillance of immune-related adverse events in clinical practice and impact of subsequent steroid medication on survival outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Recent advances in immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have highlighted the need for effective management of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). This study aimed to conduct a systematic surveillance of real-world development of irAEs for understanding their characteristics and examine the prognostic impact of steroid use for these events. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated cancer patients treated with ICIs between 2014 and 2021 and collected information about irAEs throughout their development, management, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, 458 patients (45.4%) developed 670 irAEs. The prevalence of irAEs varied by cancer type, but it was increased in regimens with longer treatment durations. Severe irAEs were more common in the nivolumab + ipilimumab and pembrolizumab + axitinib regimens. Patients who received steroids for irAEs at a dosage of < 2 mg/kg had comparable prognosis to those who did not receive steroids; however, patients who received methylprednisolone pulse therapy, primarily for severe pneumonitis and hepatitis, had shorter overall survival than those who did not receive steroids (7.8 versus 23.4 months, p = 0.016). Furthermore, methylprednisolone pulse therapy for irAEs was a poor prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio: 2.19, 95% confidence interval: 1.34-2.86, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Steroid treatment for irAE does not affect prognosis and should thus be used promptly to control inflammation. However, pulse therapy for severe cases is a poor prognostic factor, and early detection remains the key to managing such irAEs. The irAE characteristics in each regimen should be clarified to establish and provide more sophisticated irAE management, and the current findings will be beneficial to this goal.

Usefulness of a Medication Instruction Sheet for Patients Receiving Cytarabine and Idarubicin Induction Therapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To monitor adverse events rapidly and accurately during combination chemotherapy, we established an innovative medication instruction sheet (MIS) including cytarabine and idarubicin induction therapy. However, it is unclear whether this MIS allows for the accurate prediction of adverse events and their onset timing in a clinically significant manner. We therefore evaluated the clinical usefulness of our MIS for monitoring adverse events. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who received cytarabine and idarubicin induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at the Department of Hematology, Kyushu University Hospital between January 2013 and February 2022 were included. The real-world clinical data were compared to the MIS to determine the accuracy of the MIS for predicting the onset and duration of adverse events in patients with AML during induction chemotherapy. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients with AML were included in this study. Overall, 294 adverse events were noted, all of which were predicted items in the MIS. Among the 192 non-hematological adverse events, 131 (68.2%) occurred during a similar period as that listed in the MIS, whereas among the 102 hematological adverse events, 98 (96.1%) appeared earlier than expected. For the non-hematological events, the onset and duration of elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels and nausea/vomiting coincided well with those listed in the MIS, whereas the predictive accuracy for rashes was the lowest. CONCLUSION: Hematological toxicity was not predicted because of the bone marrow failure associated with AML. Our MIS was useful for rapidly monitoring non-hematological adverse events in patients with AML receiving cytarabine and idarubicin induction therapy.

Population pharmacokinetic model and dosing optimization of vancomycin in hematologic malignancies with neutropenia and augmented renal clearance.

AIM: Data on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and area under the curve (AUC)-based dosing strategy of vancomycin (VCM) in hematologic malignancies are limited. According to our preliminary narrative review, only a few population PK analyses in hematologic malignancies have been performed. Therefore, we aimed to develop a population PK model, investigate the factors influencing VCM PK, and propose an optimal dosing regimen for hematologic malignancies. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in patients with underlying hematologic malignancies treated with VCM. A total of 148 patients were enrolled for population PK modeling. Simulation analyses were performed to identify dosing regimens achieving a target exposure of AUC0-24 of 400-600 mg h/L at the steady-state. RESULTS: The VCM PK data were best described with a one-compartment model. Significant covariates included creatinine clearance (Ccr), diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and neutropenia on VCM clearance (CL), and body weight (WT) on the volume of distribution (Vd). The typical values of CL and Vd were 3.09 L/h (normalized to Ccr value of 90 mL/min) and 122 L/70 kg, respectively. Concerning the effect on VCM dosing, AML patients required 15% higher doses than non-AML patients, independently of renal function. In contrast, for neutropenic patients, only those with augmented renal clearance (ARC, Ccr value ≥ 130 mL/min) required a 10% dose increase compared to non-neutropenic patients. CONCLUSION: AML patients with neutropenia and ARC represent a critical population with a higher risk of VCM underexposure. Thus, individualized dosing adjustment and therapeutic drug monitoring are strongly recommended.

Development of Versatile and Interactive Model Lessons in Kampo Medicine Education.

OBJECTIVE: To develop versatile and interactive model classes by generating the contents of Kampo classroom sessions that can be taught by instructors who are not familiar with Kampo medicine. METHODS: In 2018, we conducted Kampo classroom sessions among fourth-year medical students at Kyushu University in which we incorporated new content. A videotaped digest edition of the classes was sent to Kampo medicine instructors in medical schools throughout Japan. An online questionnaire was given to the instructors regarding effectiveness of the class content (Q1) and whether they would introduce the content in their classes (Q2). We modified the curriculum according to survey responses and conducted revised classroom sessions again in 2019. A second online survey was given and we finalized the model classes. We compared survey responses between staff and instructors (group A) and non-specialists in Kampo medicine (group B). RESULTS: In 2018, there were significant differences between groups A (44) and B (52) regarding a patient's story and case report (Q1). In 2019, there were significant differences between groups A (42) and B (54) regarding the case report using e-learning(Q1) and an instructor's experience (Q2). CONCLUSIONS: We propose that Kampo medicine classes should incorporate an instructor's experience and interactive case report presentation using e-learning.

Inhibitory Effect of α1 Receptor Antagonists on Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in a Rodent Model and Clinical Database.

The anticancer drug, paclitaxel, is widely used for ovarian, breast, non-small cell lung, and gastric cancers; however, it induces peripheral neuropathy as a side effect. There is insufficient evidence-based prophylaxis, and new prophylaxis and treatment methods are required. We examined the effect of α1-receptor antagonists on paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy using Sprague-Dawley rats and a large adverse event database. The repeated administration of doxazosin or tamsulosin significantly reduced the response threshold to paclitaxel administration in animal models. In the sciatic nerve tissue, axonal degeneration and myelopathy were significantly suppressed. Furthermore, an analysis of the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database suggested that the group using α1 inhibitors showed a lower reporting rate for paclitaxel-related peripheral neuropathy than the group that did not use these inhibitors (odds ratio (95% confidence interval): tamsulosin 0.21 (0.08−0.56), p < 0.01, doxazosin 0.41 (0.10−1.65), p = 0.195; any α1 receptor antagonist 0.54 (0.38−0.76), p < 0.01). Thus, doxazosin and tamsulosin may inhibit the development of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy by suppressing neurodegeneration, particularly axonal degeneration and myelopathy.

Omeprazole Suppresses Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in a Rodent Model and Clinical Database.

(1) Background: Oxaliplatin is used as first-line chemotherapy not only for colorectal cancer but also for gastric and pancreatic cancers. However, it induces peripheral neuropathy with high frequency as an adverse event, and there is no effective preventive or therapeutic method. (2) Methods: The effects of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), on oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) was investigated using an in vivo model and a real-world database. (3) Results: In a rat model, oxaliplatin (4 mg/kg, i.p., twice a week for 4 weeks) caused mechanical hypersensitivity accompanied by sciatic nerve axonal degeneration and myelin sheath disorder. Repeated injection of omeprazole (5−20 mg/kg, i.p., five times per week for 4 weeks) ameliorated these behavioral and pathological abnormalities. Moreover, omeprazole did not affect the tumor growth inhibition of oxaliplatin in tumor bearing mice. Furthermore, clinical database analysis of the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) suggests that the group using omeprazole has a lower reporting rate of peripheral neuropathy of oxaliplatin-treated patients than the group not using (3.06% vs. 6.48%, p < 0.001, reporting odds ratio 0.44, 95% confidence interval 0.32−0.61). (4) Conclusions: These results show the preventing effect of omeprazole on OIPN.

Neuroprotective effects of ibudilast against tacrolimus induced neurotoxicity.

Neurotoxicity is one of the major side effects caused by calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus in clinical practice. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and no potential protective agents have been identified yet. Here, we aimed to investigate tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity and assess the protective effects of ibudilast, a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with neuroprotective effects, against tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity. An in vitro assay of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells showed that ibudilast reduced tacrolimus-induced cell death. Subsequently, using in vivo studies, we assessed the pathological mechanism of neurotoxicity and evaluated the protective effect of ibudilast. Wistar rats were subcutaneously administered tacrolimus (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg/day) for 14 d, and ibudilast (7.5 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally administered once a day beginning 2 d prior to tacrolimus (5 mg/kg/day) administration. We observed that ibudilast significantly reduced the tacrolimus-induced neurotoxic events. From the assessment of excised brains, we found that tacrolimus was penetrated to brain and the brain concentration was correlated with the neurotoxicity-score, although ibudilast had no effect on this pharmacokinetics. Tacrolimus-induced neuronal damage was histopathologically evaluated using Nissl and TUNEL staining, where only the cerebral cortex and CA1 region in hippocampus exhibited neuronal death, but not the CA3 region, dendrite gyrus, and cerebellum. Co-administration of ibudilast significantly attenuated these histopathological changes. In conclusion, these results suggest that tacrolimus translocation into the brain and neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex and CA1 are the underlying mechanisms of tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity and that ibudilast could be a protective agent against this adverse event.

Simplified daptomycin dosing regimen for adult patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections based on population pharmacokinetic analysis.

Daptomycin is used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Current guidelines recommend higher daptomycin doses (8-10 mg/kg) for severe infections; however, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic-based dosing strategies are still limited. Therefore, we designed a new optimal daptomycin dosing regimen for patients with MRSA infections using a population PK modeling approach. A total of 110 plasma concentrations from 47 adult patients who received daptomycin in general wards were enrolled for population PK modeling. The target area under the concentration-time curve/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio, target peak/MIC ratio, and threshold of the trough concentration for safety were set to >666, >60, and 24.3 mg/L, respectively. Renal function was indicated as a significant covariate for daptomycin clearance. The simulated probability of target attainment was more than 90% at MIC values of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L in all patients at the standard dose (6 mg/kg). In contrast, comprehensive simulation assessments recommended 10 mg/kg every 24 h in patients with creatinine clearance >60 mL/min for MIC values of 1.0 mg/L. We propose a new simplified daptomycin dosing regimen stratified by renal function and MIC values based on PK model-based simulation analyses. The proposed regimen is expected to maximize clinical efficacy and minimize adverse events.

Evaluation of Medication Instruction Sheets for Patients Undergoing R-CHOP Therapy in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: High-dose chemotherapy is frequently administered to patients with hematologic malignancies, thereby causing severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs) at a relatively high frequency. To precisely monitor ADRs, we developed a medication instruction sheet (MIS) for patients who received rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (R-CHOP) combination therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Herein, we evaluated the usefulness of the MIS for managing ADRs in patients who received R-CHOP therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included patients aged ≥20 years who received R-CHOP therapy as first-line treatment for NHL at the Department of Hematology, Kyushu University Hospital, between August 2014 and December 2018. Medical professionals evaluated the possible occurrence of ADRs according to the present MIS and ADRs were graded according to the Common Toxicity Criteria, version 4.0 (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA). Finally, the accuracy of the MIS in predicting the occurrence of ADRs of different grades and during definite periods was evaluated. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients with NHL were included in the present study. Overall, 359 ADR events were monitored, which were predicted ADR items listed in the MIS. Among these, 254 (71%) events occurred during the same period as those listed in the MIS. The onset timing of any grade of an infusion reaction and peripheral neuropathy precisely matched those listed in the MIS. However, the accuracy of the MIS was reduced in patients with thrombocytopenia (42%). CONCLUSION: The present MIS could be useful for monitoring ADRs in patients with cancer undergoing R-CHOP therapy.

Usefulness of Medication Guidance Sheets for Patients With Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Receiving ESHAP±R Therapy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The occurrence of chemotherapy-related serious adverse events (AEs) is associated with a poor prognosis of hematopoietic malignancies. We have developed a medication guidance sheet (MGS) for monitoring AEs occurring when combining chemotherapy with etoposide, methylprednisolone, cisplatin, cytarabine, and rituximab (ESHAP±R). In this study, the usefulness of MGS was investigated in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The MGS was used to monitor AEs in 48 adult patients receiving ESHAP±R. The prediction accuracy of the MGS was estimated before and after modification based on practical data. RESULTS: A total of 246 AEs developed, all of which were predicted by the MGS. Among them, 149 events (61%) occurred during the same period as those predicted by the MGS. After modification of MGS for the onset and duration of AEs, the accuracy increased to 84%. CONCLUSION: The accuracy of the original MGS for ESHAP±R was insufficient but greatly improved after the AEs duration modification.

Development and Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method to Quantify Gilteritinib and Its Clinical Application in Patients With FLT3 Mutation-Positive Acute Myelogenous Leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Gilteritinib, a novel oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is used to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) mutations. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of gilteritinib is important for improving clinical outcomes and ensuring safety. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a simplified method for quantifying gilteritinib in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. METHODS: Liquid chromatography was performed by using an Acquity BEH C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) and a gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and acetonitrile (B). Detection was performed by using a Shimadzu tandem mass spectrometer through multiple reaction monitoring in the positive-ion mode. RESULTS: The developed method enabled quantification of gilteritinib in 4 minutes and was validated by evaluating selectivity, calibration curve (10-1000 ng/mL, r 2 > 0.99), a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), accuracy (overall bias -4.2% to 1.9%), precision (intraday CV ≤ 7.9%; interday CV ≤ 13.6%), carryover, recovery, matrix effect, dilution integrity, and stability according to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines. This method was successfully applied to the TDM of gilteritinib trough concentrations in 3 patients with AML. CONCLUSIONS: The developed method fulfilled the FDA guideline criteria and can easily be implemented to facilitate TDM in patients receiving gilteritinib in a clinical setting.

Development and Validation of A Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Simultaneously Measure Tacrolimus and Everolimus Concentrations in Kidney Allograft Biopsies After Kidney Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic drug monitoring is necessary for immunosuppressive therapy with tacrolimus and everolimus after kidney transplantation. Several studies have suggested that the concentrations of immunosuppressive agents in allografts may better reflect clinical outcomes than whole blood concentrations. This study aimed to develop a method for the simultaneous quantification of tacrolimus and everolimus concentrations in clinical biopsy samples and investigate their correlation with histopathological findings in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS: Fourteen biopsy samples were obtained from kidney transplant recipients at 3 months after transplantation. Kidney allograft concentrations (Ctissue) of tacrolimus and everolimus were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the corresponding whole blood trough concentrations (C0) were obtained from clinical records. RESULTS: The developed method was validated over a concentration range of 0.02-2.0 ng/mL for tacrolimus and 0.04-4.0 ng/mL for everolimus in kidney tissue homogenate. The Ctissue of tacrolimus and everolimus in kidney biopsies ranged from 21.0 to 86.7 pg/mg tissue and 33.5-105.0 pg/mg tissue, respectively. Dose-adjusted Ctissue of tacrolimus and everolimus was significantly correlated with the dose-adjusted C0 (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0479, respectively). No significant association was observed between the Ctissue of tacrolimus and everolimus and the histopathologic outcomes at 3 months after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: This method could support further investigation of the clinical relevance of tacrolimus and everolimus allograft concentrations after kidney transplantation.

The mTOR inhibitor everolimus attenuates tacrolimus-induced renal interstitial fibrosis in rats.

AIMS: Tacrolimus-a widely used immunosuppressant to prevent allograft rejection after organ transplantation-is nephrotoxic, increasing the risk of kidney injury accompanied by kidney fibrosis. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, everolimus, is an immunosuppressant used together with tacrolimus. Although mTOR signaling inhibition has been demonstrated to exhibit antifibrotic effects, the efficacy of everolimus against tacrolimus-induced kidney fibrosis has not been explored. Therefore, we evaluated the protective effects of everolimus against tacrolimus-induced kidney fibrosis. MAIN METHODS: To assess antifibrotic effect of everolimus against tacrolimus-induced kidney fibrosis, male Wistar rats were subcutaneously administered vehicle or tacrolimus (5 mg/kg per day) and/or everolimus (0.2 mg/kg per day) for 2 weeks after bilateral renal ischemia for 45 min. The antifibrotic effect of everolimus was also assessed using rat kidney fibroblast cell line (NRK-49F). KEY FINDINGS: Tacrolimus administration increased predominant profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) and fibroblast activation marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and promoted the infiltration of macrophages in the kidney cortex, resulting in renal interstitial fibrosis in rats. Tacrolimus increased serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and kidney injuries, such as tubular dilation, vacuolization, and glomerular atrophy. Everolimus administration attenuated tacrolimus-induced kidney fibrosis and the associated abnormalities. Everolimus strongly suppressed TGF-ß-induced kidney fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix protein expression by the mTOR signaling inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE: We demonstrated that everolimus attenuates tacrolimus-induced renal interstitial fibrosis in rats. Owing to its protective effect against tacrolimus-induced kidney fibrosis, everolimus may be useful when used concomitantly with tacrolimus.

Detection of overdose and underdose prescriptions-An unsupervised machine learning approach.

Overdose prescription errors sometimes cause serious life-threatening adverse drug events, while underdose errors lead to diminished therapeutic effects. Therefore, it is important to detect and prevent these errors. In the present study, we used the one-class support vector machine (OCSVM), one of the most common unsupervised machine learning algorithms for anomaly detection, to identify overdose and underdose prescriptions. We extracted prescription data from electronic health records in Kyushu University Hospital between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2019. We constructed an OCSVM model for each of the 21 candidate drugs using three features: age, weight, and dose. Clinical overdose and underdose prescriptions, which were identified and rectified by pharmacists before administration, were collected. Synthetic overdose and underdose prescriptions were created using the maximum and minimum doses, defined by drug labels or the UpToDate database. We applied these prescription data to the OCSVM model and evaluated its detection performance. We also performed comparative analysis with other unsupervised outlier detection algorithms (local outlier factor, isolation forest, and robust covariance). Twenty-seven out of 31 clinical overdose and underdose prescriptions (87.1%) were detected as abnormal by the model. The constructed OCSVM models showed high performance for detecting synthetic overdose prescriptions (precision 0.986, recall 0.964, and F-measure 0.973) and synthetic underdose prescriptions (precision 0.980, recall 0.794, and F-measure 0.839). In comparative analysis, OCSVM showed the best performance. Our models detected the majority of clinical overdose and underdose prescriptions and demonstrated high performance in synthetic data analysis. OCSVM models, constructed using features such as age, weight, and dose, are useful for detecting overdose and underdose prescriptions.

Effects of Letermovir and/or Methylprednisolone Coadministration on Voriconazole Pharmacokinetics in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Population Pharmacokinetic Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify factors affecting blood concentrations of voriconazole following letermovir coadministration using population pharmacokinetic (PPK) analysis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) recipients. METHODS: The following data were retrospectively collected: voriconazole trough levels, patient characteristics, concomitant drugs, and laboratory information. PPK analysis was performed with NONMEM® version 7.4.3, using the first-order conditional estimation method with interaction. We collected data on plasma voriconazole steady-state trough concentrations at 216 timepoints for 47 patients. A nonlinear pharmacokinetic model with the Michaelis-Menten equation was applied to describe the relationship between steady-state trough concentration and daily maintenance dose of voriconazole. After stepwise covariate modeling, the final model was evaluated using a goodness-of-fit plot, case deletion diagnostics, and bootstrap methods. RESULTS: The maximum elimination rate (Vmax) of voriconazole in patients coadministered letermovir and methylprednisolone was 1.72 and 1.30 times larger than that in patients not coadministered these drugs, respectively, resulting in decreased voriconazole trough concentrations. The developed PPK model adequately described the voriconazole trough concentration profiles in allo-HSCT recipients. Simulations clearly showed that increased daily doses of voriconazole were required to achieve an optimal trough voriconazole concentration (1-5 mg/L) when patients received voriconazole with letermovir and/or methylprednisolone. CONCLUSIONS: The development of individualized dose adjustment is critical to achieve optimal voriconazole concentration, especially among allo-HSCT recipients receiving concomitant letermovir and/or methylprednisolone.

Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Therapeutic Agents for Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy.

Paclitaxel is an essential drug in the chemotherapy of ovarian, non-small cell lung, breast, gastric, endometrial, and pancreatic cancers. However, it frequently causes peripheral neuropathy as a dose-limiting factor. Animal models of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN) have been established. The mechanisms of PIPN development have been elucidated, and many drugs and agents have been proven to have neuroprotective effects in basic studies. In addition, some of these drugs have been validated in clinical studies for their inhibitory PIPN effects. This review summarizes the basic and clinical evidence for therapeutic or prophylactic effects for PIPN. In pre-clinical research, many reports exist of neuropathy inhibitors that target oxidative stress, inflammatory response, ion channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, cannabinoid receptors, and the monoamine nervous system. Alternatively, very few drugs have demonstrated PIPN efficacy in clinical trials. Thus, enhancing translational research to translate pre-clinical research into clinical research is important.