Dermoscopy in the Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a protozoan infectious disease. Dermoscopy is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that has been applied to several skin diseases, including infestations. OBJECTIVES: To determine the dermoscopic patterns of CL lesions and to investigate whether a relationship exists between dermoscopic characteristics and the disease duration, localization, and type of CL lesions. METHODS: Seventy-nine patients (48 male, 31 female) from Hatay, Turkey, were enrolled in the study and a dermoscopic evaluation was performed on 139 lesions. Images of CL lesions were taken via polarized light contact dermoscopy. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used for statistical analyses and P values <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Generalized erythema was seen in all CL lesions. Vascular structures (94.2%), yellow tears (75.5%), and a white starburst-like pattern (58.3%) were the other most common dermoscopic features. Hyperkeratosis (P = 0.001) and white starburst-like pattern (P < 0.001) were more prevalent in the extremities than elsewhere. Among vascular structures, linear irregular (45.8%), hairpin (43.5%), and comma-shaped (25.9%) patterns were the most common dermoscopic findings. Linear irregular (P = 0.023) and arborizing vessels (P = 0.001) were observed in the head-neck region. Dotted (P = 0.009), hairpin (P < 0.001), and glomerular-like (P = 0.016) morphological findings were more prevalent in the extremities. Statistical significances in disease duration were detected in microarborizing (P = 0.027) and arborizing (P = 0.004) vessels and were most prevalent with a disease duration of >6 months. Hairpin vessels were prevalent in the plaque and nodulo-ulcerative type of lesions. Dotted vessels were most commonly seen in the plaque type (47.4%) of lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Generalized erythema, yellow tears, and starburst-like patterns, as well as linear irregular, hairpin, comma-shaped, and arborizing vessels, were the most commonly detected dermoscopic features of CL lesions. We suggest that the presence of these features can be helpful when diagnosing CL lesions by dermoscopy.

Systemic comorbidities associated with rosacea: a multicentric retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Once considered a disorder limited to the skin, rosacea is now known to be associated with systemic disorders. The aim of this study was to determine what systemic comorbidities accompany rosacea and to determine the relationship between the type, severity, and duration of rosacea, and the presence of and type of systemic comorbidities. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter study was conducted by the Turkish Society of Dermatology Acne Study Group. Thirteen dermatology clinics throughout Turkey participated in the study. A structured physician-administered questionnaire was used to collect patient demographics, clinical findings, and lifestyle data. The principal rosacea subtype, physician global assessment of severity, and duration of rosacea were recorded. Physicians recorded each participant's medical history, including current and past comorbidities, duration of any such comorbidity, and the use of medications to treat any comorbidities. RESULTS: The study included 1,195 rosacea patients and 621 controls without rosacea aged 18-85 years. As compared to the controls, more of the rosacea patients had respiratory tract, gastrointestinal system, and metabolic and hepatobiliary system disorders in a rosacea's severity- and duration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Clinicians must be aware of the potential for systemic comorbidities in rosacea patients, which becomes more likely as disease duration and severity increase.

The effect of personal, familial, and environmental characteristics on acne vulgaris: a prospective, multicenter, case controlled study.

BACKGROUND: There are only a few studies about epidemiological features of acne vulgaris in the literature. The aim of this study was to analyze demographic, clinical, familial and environmental characteristics of acne, the role of diet and aggravating factors and association of these factors with acne severity. METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of mild-moderate to severe acne were consecutively interviewed at the participating centers during the study period. RESULTS: A total of 3826 patients and 759 control patients were involved in this study. Mild acne was the most common type of acne, and most of the lesions were localized on face followed by the trunk. The severity of acne was worse in patients who had a positive family history of acne. The most common triggering factor was psychological stress. We found a positive correlation with chocolate, bread, green tea, milk, white sugar, ripe banana, ice cream, apple, orange, and red meat consumption. As we compare the acne severity according to geographical features we detected mild- moderate acne was more common in Mediterranean region and severe acne was more common in East Anatolian region. Family history positivity was more common in Aegean region and least common in Central Anatolian region. There was statistically significant relationship as we compare acne severity and dietary factors such as chocolate, dairy products such as milk, sunflower seed consumption within the geographical regions. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents the demographic and clinical characteristics of acne patients in Asian and the European parts of Turkey. We believe that this study will provide a useful overview of acne in Turkey.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism in psoriasis in southern Turkey.

BACKGROUND:: Psoriasis is a multigenic and multifactorial dermatological disease linked to cardiovascular diseases. Increased levels of homocysteine in patients with psoriasis have been demonstrated in many studies. The most frequently investigated genetic defect that plays a role in homocysteine metabolism is single point substitution (C to T) located on the 677th nucleotide of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR). OBJECTIVE:: In this study, we aimed to investigate methylenetetrahydrofolate C677T polymorphism in psoriasis patients in Turkey. METHODS:: The study included 96 patients with psoriasis and 77 controls from southern Turkey. Methylenetetrahydrofolate C677T polymorphism was analysed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism methods. RESULTS:: In the psoriasis group, 34 CC (35.4%), 46 CT (47.9%) and 16 TT (16.7%) genotypes were found, respectively; while in the control group, the figures were 39 (50.6%), 35 (45.5%), 3 (3.9%). Homozygote and heterozygote T alleles of methylenetetrahydrofolate C677T polymorphism were significantly higher in the psoriasis than in the control group (p=0.013). CONCLUSION:: We firstly found a correlation between methylenetetrahydrofolate C677T polymorphism and psoriasis among the southern Turkish population.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism in psoriasis in southern Turkey

Abstract: Background: Psoriasis is a multigenic and multifactorial dermatological disease linked to cardiovascular diseases. Increased levels of homocysteine in patients with psoriasis have been demonstrated in many studies. The most frequently investigated genetic defect that plays a role in homocysteine metabolism is single point substitution (C to T) located on the 677th nucleotide of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR). Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate methylenetetrahydrofolate C677T polymorphism in psoriasis patients in Turkey. Methods: The study included 96 patients with psoriasis and 77 controls from southern Turkey. Methylenetetrahydrofolate C677T polymorphism was analysed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism methods. Results: In the psoriasis group, 34 CC (35.4%), 46 CT (47.9%) and 16 TT (16.7%) genotypes were found, respectively; while in the control group, the figures were 39 (50.6%), 35 (45.5%), 3 (3.9%). Homozygote and heterozygote T alleles of methylenetetrahydrofolate C677T polymorphism were significantly higher in the psoriasis than in the control group (p=0.013). Conclusion: We firstly found a correlation between methylenetetrahydrofolate C677T polymorphism and psoriasis among the southern Turkish population.

The role of serum vitamin D levels in vitiligo.

INTRODUCTION: Vitiligo is a common acquired pigmentary skin disorder. Vitamin D is responsible for skin pigmentation, increases tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis, and exhibits immunoregulatory functions. Low levels of vitamin D are associated with many autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and alopecia areata. Few reports have evaluated serum vitamin D levels in vitiligo patients, and their results are conflicting. AIM: To evaluate serum vitamin D levels of vitiligo patients and compare the results with controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In total, 50 vitiligo patients and 47 controls were enrolled in the study. Vitamin D levels were measured from blood samples. Group comparisons were performed using appropriate statistical methods. RESULTS: The patients had lower serum vitamin D levels than the controls, but this difference was not significant (p = 0.570). CONCLUSIONS: It remains unknown whether vitamin D deficiency causes vitiligo. Larger controlled studies are required to prove whether low circulating vitamin D is a causative factor in vitiligo.

Nail changes in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine. To our knowledge, no studies to date pertain to the profile of nail changes in IBD, except for onychomycosis. We aimed to study the frequency and pattern of nail changes among patients with IBD and evaluate their potential relationships with several parameters in IBD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 73 patients with IBD and 51 healthy control subjects. Nails of both groups were examined for changes with regard to color, striations, texture, curvature of nail plates, dystrophy of nail plates, and pigmentation. Mycological examinations were performed when onychomycosis was suspected. RESULTS: Nail changes were statistically higher in patients with IBD than in the control group (P = 0.001). The presence of onychomycosis was significantly more common in patients with IBD (P = 0.041). Subungual hyperkeratosis and brownish discoloration of the nail were the most common findings in patients with IBD. CONCLUSION: Our study is the first report showing all nail changes in IBD. Further studies with more subjects are needed to reveal more detailed information about nail changes in IBD.

Intralesional Vitamin D Injection May Be an Effective Treatment Option for Warts.

BACKGROUND: Plantar warts are typically resistant to treatment. In recent years, treatments have included administration of intralesional tuberculin; measles, mumps, rubella vaccine; and Candida albicans antigen immunotherapy. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of intralesional vitamin D administration for the treatment of warts. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intralesional vitamin D treatment for plantar warts. METHODS: Twenty patients with single or multiple plantar warts were included in this study. Vitamin D(3) (0.2 mL, 7.5 mg/mL) was injected into the base of the warts after prilocaine (0.1 mL, 20 mg/mL) injection. A maximum of 5 warts were treated in 1 session, with at maximum 2 injections performed at 4-week intervals. RESULTS: In total, 16 of 20 patients (80%) showed complete resolution of warts, and 1 patient showed partial resolution. Three patients failed to show any response. No recurrence or serious adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSION: Intralesional vitamin D(3) may be an effective treatment option for warts.

Assessment of subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in patients with psoriasis by speckle tracking echocardiography: A Speckle Tracking Study.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease and is reportedly associated with adverse cardiovascular risks. Left ventricular (LV) function has not been studied comprehensively in psoriasis. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to study LV mechanics in patients with psoriasis by speckle tracking echocardiography. METHODS: The study population consisted of 40 patients with psoriasis and 35 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Two-dimensional echocardiography images were obtained from LV apical four-chamber (4C), long axis (LAX), and two-chamber (2C) views. Peak longitudinal strain and strain rate were obtained from 4C, LAX, and 2C views. Global strain and strain rate were calculated by averaging data for the three apical views. RESULTS: Patients with psoriasis had significantly lower mean ± standard deviation (SD) 4C (17.1 ± 1.7 vs. 19.2 ± 2.3; P < 0.01), LAX (16.6 ± 1.5 vs. 19.5 ± 2.3; P < 0.01), and 2C (16.5 ± 1.5 vs. 19.4 ± 2.2; P < 0.01) peak longitudinal strain values compared with the control group. Moreover, mean ± SD LV global strain (16.6 ± 1.5 vs. 19.9 ± 2.1; P < 0.01) and strain rate (1.39 ± 0.30 vs. 1.51 ± 0.20; P < 0.01) values were found to be significantly lower in the psoriasis group. In a multiple regression model, global strain was independently associated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (ß = 0.29, P = 0.04), duration of disease (ß = 0.35, P < 0.01), ejection fraction (EF) (ß = 0.38, P =0.01), and the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic annular velocity (E/E' ratio) (ß = 0.34, P =0.02). Also, in a multiple regression model, global strain rate was independently associated with duration of disease (ß = 0.36, P < 0.01), EF (ß = 0.32, P = 0.01), and E/E' ratio (ß = 0.35, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Using 2-D strain imaging, we have demonstrated that patients with psoriasis have lower LV functions.

Leishmaniasis recidiva cutis of the lips mimicking granulomatous cheilitis.

Leishmaniasis recidiva cutis (LRC) is an unusual form of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. Herein, we present a case of LRC of the lips mimicking granulomatous cheilitis. An 8-year-old, Syrian child admitted with a swelling and disfigurement of his lips for 4 years. Abundant intra and extracellular Leishmania amastigotes were determined in the smear prepared from the lesion with Giemsa stain. Histopathology showed foamy histiocytes and leishmania parasites within the cytoplasm of macrophages in the epidermis and a dense dermal mixed type inflammatory cell infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, foamy histiocytes with multinucleated giant cells. On the basis of anamnestic data, the skin smears results, clinical and histopathologic findings, LRC was diagnosed. The patient was treated with meglumine antimoniate intramuscularly and fluconazole orally. Cryotherapy was applied to the residual papular lesions. The lesion improved markedly at the first month of the treatment.

Assessment of thyroid function and lipid profile in patients with postadolescent acne in a Mediterranean population from Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Postadolescent acne is defined as acne that is seen even after the age of 25 years, regardless of the age at onset. The causes of postadolescent acne have not been completely clarified up to now. Androgens are considered to be the major factor involved in pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the status of thyroid functions and lipid levels in patients with postadolescent acne and determine the effects of lifestyle and environmental factors on postadolescent acne in a Turkish population. METHODS: In total, 184 patients and 82 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Thyroid function and lipid profiles of all participants were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 30.4 ± 4.9 years (25-50). The mean age of control group was 30.0 ± 4.4 years (25-40). Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with postadolescent acne (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed between patients with postadolescent acne and control subjects in triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, thyroid hormone profiles, and thyroid ultrasound scans. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly decreased with postadolescent acne (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the thyroid functions and lipid profile in men and women with postadolescent acne. In this study, there was no relationship between thyroid functions and postadolescent acne. However, an association with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and postadolescent acne was detected. Further investigations with more patients in different populations are needed to determine the causes of postadolescent acne.

Insulin resistance in patients with post-adolescent acne.

BACKGROUND: Post-adolescent acne has been defined as acne in a patient aged >25 years. Acne vulgaris first develops at the onset of puberty as a result of hormonal changes. During puberty, there is a transient decline in insulin sensitivity. We hypothesized that insulin resistance might persist after puberty in patients with post-adolescent acne. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between post-adolescent acne and insulin resistance. METHODS: The study population comprised 35 patients with post-adolescent acne and 35 healthy control subjects. The parameters measured were fasting blood glucose, insulin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated for each individual. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between patients with post-adolescent acne and control subjects in fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, AST, ALT, triglyceride and HDL-C levels, and HOMA-IR index. There were also no correlations between these parameters and the severity of acne. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that insulin resistance may not play a major role in the pathogenesis of post-adolescent acne. Hormonal changes, genetic susceptibility, stress, the use of cosmetics, drugs, and environmental factors should be considered in the development of post-adolescent acne.

Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in Behçet's disease as a marker of disease activity.

INTRODUCTION: Behçet's disease (BD) is a rare autoimmune disease. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is used as a marker of inflammation in several diseases nowadays. This study investigated the NLR as an inflammation marker in BD. METHODS: Sixty-five patients diagnosed with BD and 100 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study retrospectively. The white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts were recorded, and the NLR was calculated from these parameters. RESULTS: The NLR and the CRP and WBC levels were higher in patients with BD than controls (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.026, respectively). In addition, the NLR was higher in patients with active BD than in those with inactive BD (p = 0.033). DISCUSSION: The results demonstrate that the NLR is higher in patients with active BD compared to controls and those with inactive BD.

Assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with psoriasis.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is an inflammatory disorder, which has been reported to be associated with cardiovascular (CV) risks. Although increased CV risks in psoriasis are well established, there are no data about changes of contraction synchrony in psoriasis. Therefore, we aimed to study the left ventricular (LV) contraction synchrony in patients with psoriasis with narrow QRS and normal ejection fraction. METHODS: Fifty patients with psoriasis and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects were included in the study. LV dyssynchrony was investigated by color-coded tissue Doppler imaging. RESULTS: In the psoriasis group, the mean high-sensitive C-reactive protein values were significantly higher compared with the controls. Peak A velocity, deceleration time, isovolumetric relaxation time, and E/E' values were higher in the psoriasis group; however, E/A ratio and average Em were higher in the control group. LV systolic dyssynchrony parameters [including standard deviation of Ts of the 12 LV segments (Ts-SD-12), maximal difference in Ts between any two of the 12 LV segments, standard deviation of Ts of the six basal LV segments, and maximal difference in Ts between any two of the six basal LV segments] were found to be higher in the psoriasis group. The patients with ventricular dyssynchrony (a Ts-SD-12 >34.4 ms) were higher in the psoriasis group than the control group (34% vs. 6%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In patients with psoriasis with normal ejection fractions and narrow QRS, LV systolic dyssynchrony is an early manifestation of heart involvement and may coexist with diastolic dysfunction.

Evaluation of serum vitamins A and E and zinc levels according to the severity of acne vulgaris.

BACKGROUND: Although hyperseborrhea, follicular hyperkeratinization, Propionibacterium acnes colonization and inflammation are found to be responsible in the pathogenesis of acne, the exact mechanisms are unknown. Vitamin A and E are basic antioxidants vital for health. Zinc is also an essential element for human. But these parameters of the effects on skin are not fully understood. We aimed to evaluate plasma levels of vitamin A, E and zinc in acne patients in relation to the severity of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD: There were 94 acne patients who were referred to our clinic, all new diagnosed, and 56 age and sex matched healthy volunteers as control group. All patients are assessed according to Global Acne Grading System and grouped as mild, moderate, severe and very severe. Acne patients further grouped as group 1 consist of patients with mild to moderate disease; and group 2 consist of patients with severe to very severe acne. The patients with the controls and group 1 with group 2 was compared. RESULTS: The level of vitamin E, vitamin A and zinc were significantly lower than the control group (Table 1,p < 0.001). When the patient group is compared among each other there was no statistically significant difference for plasma vitamin A levels between group 1 and 2 whereas vitamin E and zinc levels were significantly low in group 2 than group 1. Thus there was a negative correlation between acne severity and vitamin E and zinc levels. CONCLUSION: Our study marks the importance of diet in patients with acne. We offer supportive dietary measures with foods rich in vitamin A and E and zinc in the acne prophylaxis and treatment. Supportive treatment with these vitamins and zinc in severe acne may lead to satisfactory results.

Mean platelet volume in recurrent aphthous stomatitis and Behçet disease.

Behcet disease (BD) and recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) are systemic inflammatory diseases, but the exact pathogenesis of both the diseases is unknown. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is an indicator of platelet activation. The aim of this study was to investigate the MPV levels in patients with BD, RAS, and healthy participants. A total of 61 patients with BD, 60 patients with RAS, and 60 healthy controls were included in this study. The MPV levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with BD and RAS groups were significantly higher than the control groups (P < .001). In the BD group as well as in the RAS group, the disease activity does not affect the levels of MPV. The MPV levels may be used as a cheap and feasible diagnostic marker in patients with BD and RAS. Nevertheless, the MPV does not have a predictive value in differentiating the diagnosis of BD and RAS.

Vitamin D status in patients with rosacea.

BACKGROUND: Rosacea is a common chronic skin condition affecting the face. In recent years, significant evidence shows that vitamin D plays an important role in modulating the immune system. Vitamin D and its analogues via these mechanisms are playing an increasing role in the management of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo, acne and rosacea. OBJECTIVES: In our study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between serum vitamin D levels in patients with rosacea and analyze the association of vitamin D with clinical features. METHODS: Forty-four rosacea patients and 32 healthy control subjects were included into the study. 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), calcium and intact parathyroid hormone were measured. Deficiency of vitamin D is defined as the level of 25(OH)D being less than 20 ng/ml. RESULTS: Thirty-three female and 11 male patients were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 48.6 ± 11.5. The mean levels of vitamin D levels were found as 21.4 ± 9.9 and 17.1 ± 7.9 in patients and controls, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.04). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with rosacea was 38.6% and 28.1% in healthy controls (p = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first study for evaluating serum vitamin D levels of patients with rosacea in the literature. Patients with rosacea have relatively high serum vitamin D levels compared to control groups. The result of our study suggests that increased vitamin D levels may lead to the development of rosacea. To confirm status of vitamin D levels in patients with rosacea, larger epidemiological studies are needed.