ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate clinical findings, ictal semiology, and results of video/electroencephalography (video/EEG), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) in patients with startle epilepsy and normal brain MRI. METHODS: Four patients (mean age 12.5 years) with startle epilepsy were investigated with MRI, video/EEG, and MEG. RESULTS: Epilepsy diagnosis was established in childhood, and all had spontaneous and reflex seizures. Reflex seizures were triggered by sudden, unexpected sounds and tactile stimuli. The neurological examinations and MRIs were normal. MEG recordings showed focal epileptiform activity. An ictal MEG was obtained in one patient. Source modeling yielded dipole sources in right central frontal region. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that the origin of epileptiform activity in startle epilepsy can be localized in brain areas associated with supplementary motor seizures, even in patients with normal brain MRI. MEG adds complementary information to the localization of epileptiform activity and can be useful in planning invasive studies in cases evaluated for epilepsy surgery.
Subject(s)
Epilepsy, Reflex/pathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Magnetoencephalography , Adolescent , Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology , Child , Electroencephalography , Electromagnetic Fields , Epilepsy, Reflex/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Male , Seizures/physiopathology , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The goal of the study described here was to obtain psychometric validation of the Spanish version of the 38-item Side Effects and Life Satisfaction (SEALS) Inventory. METHODS: A cross-cultural adaptation of the inventory was performed. A total of 595 patients with epilepsy were included in a multicenter cross-sectional study. The SEALS Inventory was completed, together with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and SF-12 Health Survey. RESULTS: The mean SEALS score was 60.7. SEALS presented high internal consistency, with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.93, and good test-retest reliability, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.92. The pattern of correlations with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and SF-12 Health Survey indicated good convergent and divergent validity. SEALS scores discriminated patients according to epilepsy-related factors, emotional disturbances, and the generic quality of life. CONCLUSION: The Spanish version of the SEALS Inventory is a valid psychometric instrument. It may be used in routine clinical practice and in clinical trials in patients with epilepsy to capture the cognitive and behavioral aspects of quality of life.
Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Epilepsy/drug therapy , Epilepsy/psychology , Quality of Life , Adolescent , Adult , Affective Symptoms/epidemiology , Affective Symptoms/etiology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Anxiety/epidemiology , Anxiety/psychology , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression/epidemiology , Depression/psychology , Epilepsy/complications , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Comorbidity between epilepsy and cancer is elevated. As a life-time condition, it is not impossible for a patient with epilepsy to have a cancer at some point. Besides, at least 30% of patients with primary brain tumors have epileptic seizures, but also in patients with metastatic infiltrating lesions of the central nervous system and with extracerebral tumors, epilepsy can be related. Seizures may also appear associated with paraneoplastic syndromes, such as limbic encephalitis and metabolic and infectious complications of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. RESULTS: The precise mechanisms by which brain tumors and the other conditions mentioned above produce seizures are not fully understood, but are reviewed in this article, as well as the many different therapeutic options that may be used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Pharmacological treatment poses various controversies, such as the utility of prophylactic treatment, interactions between antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and chemotherapeutic drugs and the complications derived from the adverse effects of AEDs in this population. Finally, other treatments are proposed such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, the rational application of which allows for an improvement in the patients' quality of life. CONCLUSION: In order to arrive at a diagnosis, the different causes that could condition the appearance of epileptic seizures in cancer patients must be known. After this, the most adequate treatment should be chosen, thus ensuring the comprehensive treatment of cancer and epilepsy.