Diagnostic criteria for retained products of conception-A scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Numerous studies have been performed assessing optimal treatment regimens for evacuating (retained) products of conception from the uterus, but standardized criteria for diagnosing retained products of conception (RPOC) are still lacking. We aim to provide an overview of diagnostic criteria in current literature, used to diagnose RPOC after induced first-trimester abortion or early pregnancy loss. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pubmed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library were searched systematically up until March 2020 for English articles reporting on induced abortion or early pregnancy loss. Articles not specifying diagnostic criteria used to assess completeness of treatment were excluded, as were conference abstracts, expert opinions, reviews, and case reports. Four elements of diagnostic criteria were described: diagnostic tools, parameters used within these tools, applied cut-off values, and timing of follow up. Additionally, a meta-analysis was performed assessing diagnostic qualities of the most often applied diagnostic tool and parameter. RESULTS: The search strategy yielded 1233 unique articles, of which 248 were included, with a total of 339 517 participants. In the 79 included randomized controlled trials, six diagnostic tools to assess RPOC were identified, combined in 14 ways, with 55 different cut-off values. In 169 observational studies, seven diagnostic tools were identified, used in 28 combinations, applying 89 different cut-off values. Transvaginal ultrasonographic measurement of endometrial thickness with a cut-off value of at least 15 mm indicating RPOC, was used most frequently. In the timing of follow-up there was great variation, with 55 and 107 different combinations in randomized controlled trials and observational studies, respectively. Assessment of treatment success was scheduled most often around 2 weeks after treatment. Diagnostic qualities of endometrial thickness of 15 mm or more was not adequately assessed. CONCLUSIONS: There is wide variation in the way RPOC are assessed, and the criteria used to define RPOC following induced abortion and early pregnancy loss; ultrasonographic measurement of endometrial thickness, with a cut-off of 15 mm or more 2 weeks after primary treatment is the most widely used diagnostic approach. A meta-analysis on diagnostic accuracy of endometrial thickness of 15 mm or more did not lead to solid results. These findings can be a first step to develop a workable standard of establishing RPOC after induced abortion or early pregnancy loss.

Prevalence of intrauterine adhesions after the application of hyaluronic acid gel after dilatation and curettage in women with at least one previous curettage: short-term outcomes of a multicenter, prospective randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether intrauterine application of auto-crosslinked hyaluronic acid (ACP) gel, after dilatation and curettage (D&C), reduces the incidence of intrauterine adhesions (IUAs). DESIGN: Multicenter; women and assessors blinded prospective randomized trial. SETTING: University and university-affiliated teaching hospitals. PATIENT(S): A total of 152 women with a miscarriage of <14 weeks with at least one previous D&C for miscarriage or termination of pregnancy. INTERVENTION(S): Women were randomly assigned to either D&C plus ACP gel (intervention group) or D&C alone (control group). A follow-up diagnostic hysteroscopy was scheduled 8-12 weeks after the D&C procedure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The primary outcome was the number of women with IUAs and the secondary outcome was the severity of IUAs. RESULT(S): Outcomes were available for 149 women: 77 in the intervention group and 72 in the control group. The IUAs were observed in 10 (13.0%) and 22 women (30.6%), respectively (relative risk, 0.43; 95% confidence interval 0.22-0.83). Mean adhesion score and the amount of moderate-to-severe IUAs were significantly lower in the intervention group according to the American Fertility Society (AFS) and European Society of Gynecological Endoscopy classifications systems of adhesions. CONCLUSION(S): Intrauterine application of ACP gel after D&C for miscarriage in women with at least one previous D&C seems to reduce the incidence and severity of IUAs but does not eliminate the process of adhesion formation completely. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings and to evaluate the effect of ACP gel on fertility and reproductive outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NTR 3120.

Septum resection for women of reproductive age with a septate uterus.

BACKGROUND: Women with a septate uterus are at increased risk for subfertility, recurrent miscarriage, and preterm birth. Restoration of the anatomy of the uterus by hysteroscopic septum resection is an established intervention. This treatment has been assessed mainly in retrospective cohort studies, which suggested a positive effect on pregnancy outcomes. The major flaw in these studies is the before/after design, which will always favour the tested intervention. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether hysteroscopic septum resection in women of reproductive age with a septate uterus improves live birth rates and to assess the safety of this procedure. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group Specialised Register (inception to May 2016), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL CRSO) (inception to May 2016), MEDLINE (1946 to May 2016), Embase (1974 to May 2016), PsycINFO (1806 to May 2016), and CINAHL database (1982 to May 2016). We also searched trial registers for ongoing and registered trials, reference lists, the Cochrane Library, unpublished dissertations and theses, conference abstracts, OpenGrey, LILACS, PubMed, and Google. SELECTION CRITERIA: We planned to include randomised controlled trials that assessed the effect on reproductive outcomes and the safety of hysteroscopic septum resection in women of reproductive age with a septate uterus. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: If there had been studies to include, two review authors would have independently selected studies, assessed trial risk of bias, and extracted data. They would also have contacted study authors for additional information. MAIN RESULTS: As in the 2011 version of this review, we identified no randomised controlled trials for inclusion in this update. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Hysteroscopic septum resection in women of reproductive age with a septate uterus is performed worldwide to improve reproductive outcomes. At present, there is no evidence to support the surgical procedure in these women. Randomised controlled trials are urgently needed. Two trials are currently underway.

The impact of diagnostic criteria on the reproducibility of the hysteroscopic diagnosis of the septate uterus: a randomized controlled trial.

STUDY QUESTION: Does the use of diagnostic criteria in the hysteroscopic diagnosis of a septate uterus improve inter-observer agreement? SUMMARY ANSWER: Pre-set diagnostic criteria slightly improve the inter-observer reproducibility of hysteroscopy in diagnosing a uterine septum, although agreement remains moderate. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: The inter-observer agreement on the hysteroscopic diagnosis of the septate uterus has been reported to be poor. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: From April 2013 until May 2014, a randomized controlled comparative inter-observer study was performed. A total of 191 gynecologists from 43 countries took part. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTINGS, METHODS: Each gynecologist was asked to assess 10 video recordings of hysteroscopy procedures with a specific focus on the internal uterine shape. The hysteroscopies had been performed in subfertile women and women with recurrent miscarriage. The recordings contained images of uterine cavities primarily diagnosed as septate, arcuate or normal. Participating gynecologists were randomized into two groups: one group received diagnostic criteria for a septate uterus before assessment of the videos (DC group), whereas the other group assessed the recordings without instruction (no DC group). The inter-observer agreement, expressed as the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), was compared between groups. Main outcomes were the inter-observer agreement on the uterine shape and the necessity of surgical correction. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Eighty-six observers were randomized to the DC group and 105 to the no DC group. The ICCs in the diagnosis of a septum were 0.59 versus 0.52, in the DC group and the non-DC group, respectively (P-value: 0.002). The overall agreement on the need for surgical correction was found to be moderate (DC ICC 0.43 versus no DC 0.39, P-value: 0.70). Most importantly, once a septate uterus had been diagnosed, the agreement on the need for surgery was poor in both groups (DC ICC 0.05 versus no DC ICC 0.02, P-value: 0.78). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: We used video recordings rather than studying real-time hysteroscopic procedures, which may have influenced the accuracy of the assessments. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The reproducibility of hysteroscopy for the diagnosis of a septate uterus is moderate, even with the use of standardized criteria. The fact that the agreement among physicians on both the diagnosis of a uterine septum, as well as the decision to resect such septum after hysteroscopy is moderate, may imply that hysteroscopy is insufficient as single tool to diagnose and decide on treatment of a septate uterus. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: No study funding was received and no competing interests are present.

The cost effectiveness of a tailored, web-based care program to enhance postoperative recovery in gynecologic patients in comparison with usual care: protocol of a stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The length of recovery after benign gynecological surgery and return to work frequently exceeds the period that is recommended or expected by specialists. A prolonged recovery is associated with a poorer quality of life. In addition, costs due to prolonged sick leave following gynecological surgery cause a significant financial burden on society. OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to present the protocol of a stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the cost effectiveness of a new care program for patients undergoing hysterectomy and/or adnexal surgery for benign disease, compared to the usual care. METHODS: The care program under study, designed to improve convalescence and to prevent delayed return to work, targets two levels. At the hospital level, guidelines will be distributed among clinical staff in order to stimulate evidence-based patient education. At the patient level, additional perioperative guidance is provided by means of an eHealth intervention, equipping patients with tailored convalescence advice, and an occupational intervention is available for those patients at risk of prolonged sick leave. Due to the stepped wedge design of the trial, the care program will be sequentially rolled out among the 9 participating hospitals, from which the patients are recruited. Eligible for this study are employed women, 18-65 years of age, who are scheduled for hysterectomy and/or laparoscopic adnexal surgery. The primary outcome is full sustainable return to work. The secondary outcomes include general recovery, quality of life, self-efficacy, coping, and pain. The data will be collected by means of self-reported electronic questionnaires before surgery and at 2, 6, 12, 26, and 52 weeks after surgery. Sick leave and cost data are measured by monthly sick leave calendars, and cost diaries during the 12 month follow-up period. The economic evaluation will be performed from the societal perspective. All statistical analyses will be conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle. RESULTS: The enrollment of the patients started October 2011. The follow-up period will be completed in August 2014. Data cleaning or analysis has not begun as of this article's submission. CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesize the care program to be effective by means of improving convalescence and reducing costs associated with productivity losses following gynecological surgery. The results of this study will enable health care policy makers to decide about future implementation of this care program on a broad scale. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Netherlands Trial Register: NTR2933; http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=2933 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6Q7exPG84).

Effectiveness of a multidisciplinary care program on recovery and return to work of patients after gynaecological surgery; design of a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Return to work after gynaecological surgery takes much longer than expected, irrespective of the level of invasiveness. In order to empower patients in recovery and return to work, a multidisciplinary care program consisting of an e-health intervention and integrated care management including participatory workplace intervention was developed. METHODS/DESIGN: We designed a randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of the multidisciplinary care program on full sustainable return to work in patients after gynaecological surgery, compared to usual clinical care. Two hundred twelve women (18-65 years old) undergoing hysterectomy and/or laparoscopic adnexal surgery on benign indication in one of the 7 participating (university) hospitals in the Netherlands are expected to take part in this study at baseline. The primary outcome measure is sick leave duration until full sustainable return to work and is measured by a monthly calendar of sickness absence during 26 weeks after surgery. Secondary outcome measures are the effect of the care program on general recovery, quality of life, pain intensity and complications, and are assessed using questionnaires at baseline, 2, 6, 12 and 26 weeks after surgery. DISCUSSION: The discrepancy between expected physical recovery and actual return to work after gynaecological surgery contributes to the relevance of this study. There is strong evidence that long periods of sick leave can result in work disability, poorer general health and increased risk of mental health problems. We expect that this multidisciplinary care program will improve peri-operative care, contribute to a faster return to work of patients after gynaecological surgery and, as a consequence, will reduce societal costs considerably. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Netherlands Trial Register (NTR): NTR2087.

Predicting short-term urinary retention after vaginal prolapse surgery.

AIMS: Identification of risk factors for urinary retention after vaginal prolapse surgery. METHODS: The medical records of 345 women undergoing surgical correction for symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse were analyzed. Independent risk factors for the development of post-operative urinary retention were identified by performing univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Variables included in the analysis were age, parity, body mass index, previous prolapse surgery, previous hysterectomy, menopausal status, degree of prolapse, type of anesthesia, type and technique of surgery, operation time, intra-operative blood loss, preoperative urinary stress-incontinence, and other co-morbidities. Main outcome measure was the occurrence of urinary retention defined as a residual volume after voiding higher than 200 ml as measured by bladder scan. RESULTS: High grade cystocele (OR 2.5, CI 1.3-4.7), performing levator plication (OR 4.3, CI 2.0-9.3), performing Kelly plication (OR 5.1, CI 1.7-15.5) and amount of intra-operative blood loss (OR 1.4 per 100 ml, CI 1.1-1.8) were identified as independent risk factors for the occurrence of urinary retention after vaginal prolapse surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary retention after vaginal prolapse surgery occurs more frequently in women with larger cystoceles, severe intra-operative blood loss and the application of levator plication and Kelly plication.