The Effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs on Union Rates Following Joint Arthrodesis: A Meta-Analysis.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used and prescribed medications because of their important role in reducing inflammation and pain, in addition to their non-addictive properties and safety profiles. However, some studies have documented an association between NSAIDs and delayed union or nonunion of joint arthrodesis procedures due to a potential inhibition of the bone's inflammatory healing response. As a result, some orthopedic surgeons hesitate to prescribe NSAIDs after an arthrodesis procedure. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to review all relevant literature regarding the effect of NSAIDs on union rates after arthrodesis and determine if NSAID therapy increases the risk of non-union in the setting of arthrodesis procedures. The study hypothesis was that NSAIDs would not have a significant effect on the risk of nonunion after arthrodesis. A thorough systematic review of Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Web of Science identified 3,050 articles to be screened. The variables of interest encompassed demographic factors, procedural details, type and administration of NSAIDs, the number of patients exposed to NSAIDs with and without successful union (case group), as well as the number of patients who did not receive NSAIDs with and without successful union (control group). All the data were analyzed using a maximum likelihood random-effects model. The number of non-union events versus routine healing from each study was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of successful healing after arthrodesis procedures with versus without NSAID therapy. Thirteen articles met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. NSAID exposure showed an increased risk of nonunion, delayed union, or both following arthrodesis procedures; however, this did not meet statistical significance (OR, 1.48; confidence interval [CI], 0.96 to 2.30). A sub-analysis of pediatric and adult studies showed a significant increase in non-union risk in adults (OR, 1.717; CI, 1.012 to 2.914) when removing the pediatric cohort (p = 0.045). This meta-analysis provides evidence that NSAIDs can increase the risk of nonunion, delayed union, or both following arthrodesis procedures in adults. However, the study did not identify a risk of nonunion, delayed union, or both following arthrodesis procedures in the pediatric population.

Evidencing general acceptability of open-label placebo use for tackling overtreatment in primary care: a mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Overtreatment poses a challenge to healthcare systems due to harmful consequences of avoidable side-effects and costs. This study presents the first account for examining the feasibility of placebo use for reducing overtreatment in primary care, including whether public attitudes support the use of different placebo types in place of inappropriate prescriptions of antibiotics, antidepressants, or analgesics. METHODS: We used a multi-study, mixed-methods design, including patient and public (PPI) consultations, focus groups (Study 1) and two pre-registered online experiments (Studies 2 and 3). RESULTS: Study 1 (N = 16) explored everyday conceptions and practicalities of potential placebo use in the context of respiratory infections. Findings highlighted the importance of trusting doctor-patient relationships and safety-netting. Study 2 employed a randomised experiment with a representative UK sample (N = 980), investigating attitudes towards 5 different treatment options for respiratory infections: (1) blinded + pure placebo, (2) open-label + pure placebo, (3) open-label + impure placebo, (4) antibiotic treatment, and (5) no treatment. Study 2 also examined how attitudes varied based on wording and individual differences. Findings indicated general support (ηp2 = .149, large effect size) for replacing inappropriate antibiotics with open-label + impure placebos, although personal placebo acceptability was lower. Also, older people, individuals suffering from chronic illness or those showing higher levels of health anxiety appeared less amenable to placebo use. Study 3 (N = 1177) compared attitudes towards treatment options across three clinical scenarios: respiratory infection, depression and pain. Findings suggested significant differences in the acceptability of placebo options based on the clinical context. In the infection scenario, options for open-label + pure placebos, open-label + impure placebos and no treatment were rated significantly more acceptable (ηp2 = .116, medium effect size) compared to the depression and pain scenarios. Again, general support for placebos was higher than placebo acceptability for personal use. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from PPI and three studies indicate general support for combatting overprescribing in primary care through clinical placebo use. This is an indicator for wider UK public support for a novel, behavioural strategy to target a long-standing healthcare challenge. General acceptability appears to be highest for the use of open-label + impure placebos in the context of antibiotic overprescribing.

An Unusual Cause of Digit Pain: Acrometastasis From Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Acrometastasis accounts for 0.1% of all cases of metastatic cancer, with the most common primary tumor being lung cancer. Since acrometastasis is extremely rare and it generally has a nonspecific clinical presentation, it provides a diagnostic dilemma. We present a case of a 70-year-old female with a painful swollen right index finger which was found to be a metastatic lesion from adenocarcinoma of the lung. The patient expired within one month of diagnosis due to complications from her rapidly progressive metastatic cancer.

A Once-Thought Lipoma Turned Malignant Chondroid Syringoma.

Chondroid syringoma is a relatively rare benign skin appendageal tumor with an incidence of <0.098%. Malignant chondroid syringoma (MCS) arises from cutaneous sweat glands and occurs on the extremities or trunk more commonly in women with only 51 reported cases. Due to the rarity of the disease and lack of published cases of MCS, the diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols are not clear. Based on available recommendations and histological criteria, MCS was diagnosed in a previously classified elbow lipoma following increased size and pain, and skin color changes in a 65-year-old woman.

The Nasal Innate Immune Proteome After Saline Irrigation: A Pilot Study in Healthy Individuals.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown diminished nasal immune function following nasal saline irrigation (NSI), returning to baseline at 6 hours. The aim of this study was to examine the immune nasal proteome before and after 14 days of nasal irrigation. METHODS: Seventeen healthy volunteers received either isotonic (IsoSal) or low salt (LowNa) NSI. Nasal secretions were collected before and 30 min after NSI at baseline and again after 14 days. Specimens were analyzed using mass spectrometry to detect proteins of relevance to nasal immune function. RESULTS: One thousand eight hundred and sixty-five proteins were identified with significant changes in 71 proteins, of which 23 were identified as part of the innate immune system. Baseline analysis demonstrated an increase of 9 innate proteins after NSI, most after IsoSal. After 14 days, a greater increase in innate peptides was present, with most now in the LowNa group. When NSI solutions were compared, a significant increase in 4 innate proteins, including a 211% in lysozyme, was detected in the LowNa group. CONCLUSION: LowNa NSI demonstrates evidence of improving the innate immune secretions, especially lysozyme, in healthy volunteers.

Mefloquine synergism with anti-tuberculosis drugs and correlation to membrane effects: Biologic, spectroscopic and molecular dynamics simulations studies.

Studies displaying the combination of mefloquine (MFL) with anti-tuberculosis (TB) substances are limited in the literature. In this work, the effect of MFL-association with two first-line anti-TB drugs and six fluoroquinolones was evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistant strains. MFL showed synergistic interaction with isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and several fluoroquinolones, reaching fractional inhibitory concentration indexes (FICIs) ranging from 0.03 to 0.5. In order to better understand the observed results, two approaches have been explored: (i) spectroscopic responses attributed to the effect of MFL on physicochemical properties related to a liposomal membrane model composed by soybean asolectin; (ii) molecular dynamics (MD) simulation data regarding MFL interaction with a membrane model based on PIM2, a lipid constituent of the mycobacterial cell wall. FTIR and NMR data showed that MFL affects expressively the region between the phosphate and the first methylene groups of soybean asolectin membranes, disordering these regions. MD simulations results detected high MFL density in the glycolipid interface and showed that the drug increases the membrane lateral diffusion, enhancing its permeability. The obtained results suggest that synergistic activities related to MFL are attributed to its effect of lipid disorder and membrane permeability enhancement.

Knee radiosynovectomy with 153Sm-hydroxyapatite compared to 90Y-hydroxyapatite: initial results of a prospective trial.

INTRODUCTION: Radiosynovectomy (RS) with 90Y-hydroxyapatite (90Y-HyA) aims to control knee hemarthrosis in hemophiliac patients to prevent secondary arthropathy. However, knee RS using 153Sm-hydroxyapatite (153Sm-HyA) is considered less suitable due to the lower average soft tissue range and energy of 153Sm for large joints, such as the knees. PURPOSE: The objective of this investigation was to assess the efficacy and safety of knee RS with 153Sm-HyA, compared to 90Y-HyA. METHODS: Forty patients were prospectively assigned to undergo knee RS with 153Sm-HyA (n = 19) or with 90Y-HyA (n = 21). The frequency of hemarthrosis episodes before and after treatment were compared. RESULTS: After six months of knee RS, 153Sm-HyA and 90Y-HyA promoted a similar reduction of hemarthrosis episodes (50% and 66.7%, respectively). However, after 12 months of knee RS, the reduction of hemarthrosis episodes was significantly (p = 0.037) higher using 153Sm-HyA (87.5%) compared to 90Y-HyA (50.0%). This discrepancy was more pronounced (p = 0.002) for 153Sm-HyA compared to 90Y-HyA in adults/adolescents. CONCLUSION: Knee radiosynovectomy with 153Sm-HyA is safe, reduces hemarthrosis episodes after 12 months of treatments, especially in adults/adolescents and even with grades III/IV arthropathy, similar to 90Y-HyA. 90Y-HyA seems to promote better hemarthrosis control in small children.

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Mefloquine-Based Analogs Against Sensitive and Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains.

Background and Introduction: Mefloquine, a drug used to prevent and treat malaria is described possessing activity against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as well as against multidrugresistant tuberculosis (MDR) and other types of bacteria. Despite their importance, few compounds based on the Mefloquine nucleus have been synthesized and evaluated against TB. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the synthesis of all the compounds based on the Mefloquine nucleus we used a synthetic route which utilized the key derivative 4-methoxy-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinoline 2 as starting material. The compounds 3 (a-c), 4 (a-b) were synthesized after one step by reaction of 2 with appropriate amines substituted. The chloro derivatives 5 and 6 were obtained from compounds 4b and 4a by treatment with SOCl2 in CH2Cl2 at reflux in 75 and 80% yield, respectively. The analogue 6 was converted to 7 after treatment with ethanolamine under heating at 90oC in 64% yield and to the azido derivative 8 in 56% after reaction with sodium azide in MeOH at reflux for 2 h. The analogue 9 was obtained after reaction of 5 with ethanolamine at 90oC for 1 h in 90% yield. All the new compounds were identified by detailed spectral data, including 1H NMR, 13C NMR and high resolution mass spectra. All the compound were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 27294, using the microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA). The more active compounds 3c, 7, and 9 were also evaluated against resistant strain SR 2571/0215 (resistant to Rifampicin and Isoniazid) by above method. All compounds were tested against three cancer cell lines: SF-295 (glioblastoma), HCT-116 (colon) and PC-3 (prostate) using the MTT assay. RESULTS: All the planned ten compounds were synthetically obtained in good global yield, displaying activity against sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro, with exception of one, with MIC values between 37.2 and 154.8 µM. The compounds 3c (37.2 µM), 7 (68.1 µM) and 9 (65.6 µM) showed the highest activity in this series with MIC values similar when compare to the standard Mefloquine (30 - 60 µM), being 3c the most potent. The more active compounds 3c, 7, and 9 were also evaluated against resistant strain, displaying MIC of 37.2, 136.2 and 65.6 µM, respectively. All compounds were tested against three cancer cell lines and showed low cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION: All synthesized compounds, with the exception of 5, exhibited activity against the Mtb. Compound 3c was the most potent against resistant and sensitive Mtb in this series, with MIC value of 37.2 µM. All compounds showed low cytotoxicity. These findings could be considered a good model to develop possible lead compounds in the fight against TB based on Mefloquine nucleus.

Transport-based model for turbulence-corrupted imagery.

A new model for turbulence-corrupted imagery is proposed based on the theory of optimal mass transport. By describing the relationship between photon density and the phase of the traveling wave, and combining it with a least action principle, the model suggests a new class of methods for approximately recovering the solution of the photon density flow created by a turbulent atmosphere. Both coherent and incoherent imagery are used to validate and compare the model to other methods typically used to describe this type of data. Given its superior performance in describing experimental data, the new model suggests new algorithms for a variety of atmospheric imaging and wave propagation applications.

Purification and characterization of a thermostable alkaline cellulase produced by Bacillus licheniformis 380 isolated from compost.

During composting processes, the degradation of organic waste is accomplished and driven by a succession of microbial populations exhibiting a broad range of functional competencies. A total of 183 bacteria, isolated from a composting process, were evaluated for cellulase activity at different temperatures (37, 50, 60, and 70°C) and pH values. Out of the 22 isolates that showed activity, isolate 380 showed the highest cellulase activity. Its ability to produce cellulase was evaluated in culture medium supplemented with carboxymethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, wheat straw, and rice husk. The culture medium supplemented with carboxymethyl cellulose induced higher enzyme activity after 6 hours of incubation (0.12 UEA mL-1 min-1). For wheat straw and rice husk, the results were 0.08 UEA mL-1 min-1 for both, while for microcrystalline cellulose, 0.04 UEA mL-1 min-1 were observed. The highest carboxymethyl cellulase activity was observed at 60°C (0.14 UEA mL-1 min-1) for both crude and partially purified enzyme after 30 and 120 min of incubation, respectively. Alkalinization of the medium was observed during cultivation in all substrates. The cellulase had a molecular mass of 20 kDa determined by SDS-Page. Isolate 380 was identified as Bacillus licheniformis. This work provides a basis for further studies on composting optimization.

2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinoline analogs show improved anti-Zika virus activity, compared to mefloquine.

Zika virus (ZIKV), an arthropod-born Flavivirus, has been associated with a wide range of neurological diseases in adults, foetuses and neonates. Since no vaccine is available, repurposing of antiviral drugs currently in medical use is necessary. Mefloquine has confirmed anti-ZIKV activity. We used medicinal chemistry-driven approaches to synthesize and evaluate the ability of a series of new 2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinoline derivatives to inhibit ZIKV replication in vitro, in order to improve the potency of mefloquine. We found that quinoline derivatives 3a and 4 were the most potent compounds within this series, both with mean EC50 values of 0.8 µM, which represents a potency 5 times that of mefloquine. These results indicate that new 2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinoline chemical structures may be promising for the development of novel anti-ZIKV drugs.

Purification and characterization of a thermostable alkaline cellulase produced by Bacillus licheniformis 380 isolated from compost

ABSTRACT During composting processes, the degradation of organic waste is accomplished and driven by a succession of microbial populations exhibiting a broad range of functional competencies. A total of 183 bacteria, isolated from a composting process, were evaluated for cellulase activity at different temperatures (37, 50, 60, and 70°C) and pH values. Out of the 22 isolates that showed activity, isolate 380 showed the highest cellulase activity. Its ability to produce cellulase was evaluated in culture medium supplemented with carboxymethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, wheat straw, and rice husk. The culture medium supplemented with carboxymethyl cellulose induced higher enzyme activity after 6 hours of incubation (0.12 UEA mL-1 min-1). For wheat straw and rice husk, the results were 0.08 UEA mL-1 min-1 for both, while for microcrystalline cellulose, 0.04 UEA mL-1 min-1 were observed. The highest carboxymethyl cellulase activity was observed at 60°C (0.14 UEA mL-1 min-1) for both crude and partially purified enzyme after 30 and 120 min of incubation, respectively. Alkalinization of the medium was observed during cultivation in all substrates. The cellulase had a molecular mass of 20 kDa determined by SDS-Page. Isolate 380 was identified as Bacillus licheniformis. This work provides a basis for further studies on composting optimization.

Synthesis and Biological Activities of Camphor Hydrazone and Imine Derivatives.

Both sonochemical and classical methodologies have been employed to convert camphor, 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, C9H16C=O, into a number of derivatives including hydrazones, C9H16C=N-NHAr 3, imines, C9H16C=N-R 7, and the key intermediate nitroimine, C9H16C=N-NO2 6. Reactions of nitroamine 6 with nucleophiles by classical methods provided the desired compounds in a range of yields. In evaluations of activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, compound 7j exhibited the best activity (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 3.12 µg/mL), comparable to that of the antitubercular drug ethambutol. The other derivatives displayed modest antimycobacterial activities at 25-50 µg/mL. In in vitro tests against cancer cell lines, none of the synthesized camphor compounds exhibited cytotoxic activities.

Perfil epidemiológico dos portadores de hemofilia do hemocentro da Paraíba / Epidemiological profile of patients with hemophilia in a blood center of Paraíba

Esse trabalho teve como objetivo traçar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes hemofílicos cadastrados no Hemocentro de João Pessoa-PB, com idade superior a 12 anos de idade. Para tanto, foi realizado uma pesquisa documental, transversal, nos prontuários desses pacientes. A amostra correspondeu a 172 e 147 prontuários médicos e odontológicos respectivamente. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente através do programa SPSS para Windows versão 19.0. A partir dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que o perfil clínico e sociodemográfico dos pacientes que foram atendidos, se caracterizaram pela maior prevalência de Hemofilia do tipo A, com ênfase no tipo moderado, acometendo predominantemente jovens, pardos, do sexo masculino, moradores de regiões não litorâneas. Foram observados distúrbios articulares variados,e a necessidade de reposição de fator em vários níveis e procedimentos. Na clínica odontológica, constatou-se a prevalência de procedimentos como: profilaxia e ATF, e restauração definitiva; seguidos de restauração provisória, exodontia, raspagem supragengival, capeamento e raspagem subgengival. Nos prontuários desses pacientes atendidos no setor odontológico (n = 146), 84 necessitaram repor fator por algum motivo, estando as exodontias nessa liderança. Quanto ao tempo decorrido desde último atendimento, ficou claro que a maioria dos pacientes não foram ao dentista nos últimos dois anos. Conclui-se então que a necessidade de conscientizar os pacientes portadores de hemofilia sobrea importância de revisões periódicas, para evitar procedimentos mais invasivos, tornando-se imprescindíveis iniciativas no campo da prevenção e orientação em saúde bucal, enfatizando comportamentos voltados para auto-exame, controle de lesões cariosas e gengivo periodontais, assim como manutenção de próteses.

This paper aims to outline the epidemiological profile of hemophiliacs treated at the Blood Center of João Pessoa-PB. The work was conducted documentary research, transversal, individuals hemophiliacs documented on site. The sample corresponded to 172 and 147 patients registered in the medical and dental, respectively, all over the age of 12 years. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 19.0. From this, it was observed that the socio-demographic and clinical profile of subjects studied were characterized by a higher prevalence of hemophilia A, with an emphasis on moderate type, predominantly affecting young individuals, brown, male, non-residents of coastal regions. The sample show complication articular involvement varied, and require factor replacement at various levels and procedures. In the dental clinic, found the prevalence of procedures such as prophylactic and ATF, and final restoration, followed by provisional restoration, extraction, scraping supragingival, subgingival scaling and capping. Among those patients treated at the dental sector (n = 146), 84 requiring reset factor for some reason, with this leadership extractions. As the time elapsed since the last visit, it was clear that most patients do not attend the dentist in the past two years. It was concluded that the need to educate patients about the importance of hemophilia periodic review to avoid more invasive procedures, making it essential initiatives in prevention and guidance on oral health behaviors aimed at emphasizing self-examination, control carious lesions and gengivoperiodontais, as well as maintenance of prostheses.

Morphology of sympathetic chain in Saguinus niger.

Saguinus niger popularly known as Sauim, is a Brazilian North primate. Sympathetic chain investigation would support traumatic and/or cancer diagnosis which are little described in wild animals. The aim of this study was to describe the morphology and distribution of sympathetic chain in order to supply knowledge for neurocomparative research. Three female young animals that came death by natural causes were investigated. Animals were fixed in formaldehyde 10% and dissected along the sympathetic chain in neck, thorax and abdomen. Cranial cervical ganglion was located at the level of carotid bifurcation, related to carotid internal artery. In neck basis the vagosympathetic trunk divides into the sympathetic trunk and the parasympathetic vagal nerve. Sympathetic trunk ran in dorsal position and originated the stellate ganglia, formed by the fusion of caudal cervical and first thoracic ganglia. Vagal trunk laid ventrally to heart and formed the cardiac plexus. In abdomen, on the right side, were found the celiac ganglion and cranial mesenteric ganglion; in the left side these ganglia were fusioned into the celiac-mesenteric ganglion displaced closely to the celiac artery. In both sides, the caudal mesenteric ganglion was located near to the caudal mesenteric artery.

Anatomy and morphometric aspects of the trachea of Saimiri sciureus Linnaeus, 1758: knowledge for emergency procedures.

The aim of this work is to study the morphological characteristics of the trachea of Saimiri sciureus through quantification and measurement of the cartilaginous rings, providing information to facilitate the election of more appropriate endotracheal tube, laryngeal mask or tracheostomy tube for anesthetic and emergency procedures, as it is a species of Neotropical primates most commonly used as biological models, and little is known about their morphology. Nine animals were investigated, being 4 adults and 5 young acquired from the Centro Nacional de Primatas (National Primate Center - CENP) - Ananindeua - PA, which died from natural causes and then fixed in aqueous buffered formalin 10%. Saimiri sciureus trachea comprises an average of 32.8 incomplete rings and an average length of 3.74 cm in young animals, while in adults it demonstrated an average of 30.25 rings and average length of 3.67 cm. The shape of the light and its proportion varied along the trachea. Endotracheal tube with a diameter the 2.0 - 2.5 mm, laryngeal mask number 1.0 or tracheostomy tube neonatal Shiley number 3.0, can be placed in animals weighing 600 g - 1.2 Kg. Given the great importance of the species studied, which is widely used as a biological model, the detailing on the morphology and morphometry of tracheal animal studies provides new approaches needed in respiratory emergency, as well as, facilitates the development of future anesthetic protocols.

Saimiri sciureus' hard palate morphology / Morfologia do palato duro de Saimiri sciureus

Primate order includes around 180 species. Morphological aspects of New World non-human primates (NHP) have been extensively investigated since last century. General commonsense describes oral cavity adaptations according to diet and feeding, dentition, tongue projection and head shape. Morphological appearance and dimension of the hard palate have been outstanding as interest in many species including man. Six young Saimiri sciureus hard palate were investigated. We measured the hard palate distance (HL), intercanine distance (ICD), intermolar distance (IMD), and interpremolar distance (IPD). Complete and incomplete palatine crests were quantified. We believe that better understanding of the mouth roof morphology will contribute to improve the management of captive animal's diet in order to re-introduce the animals in its habitat.

A ordem dos primatas inclui ao redor de 180 espécies, os aspectos morfológicos dos primatas não humanos do Novo Mundo tem sido investigados extensivamente desde o último século. O senso comum descreve adaptações na cavidade oral de acordo com a dieta e alimentação, dentição, projeção da língua e formato da cabeça. A aparência morfológica e a dimensão do palato duro demonstram interesses para muitas espécies incluindo o homem. Foram investigados seis palatos de Saimiri sciureus jovens os quais foram mensurados: o comprimento do palato duro (HL); a distância intercaninos (ICD); a distância intermolares (IMD) e, a distância interpremolar (IPD). As cristas palatinas completas e incompletas foram quantificadas. Nós acreditamos que para o melhor entendimento da morfologia da boca pode contribuir para melhorar a dieta dos animais mantidos em cativeiro a fim de introduzir estes animais em seu habitat.

Caring about medullary anesthesia in Saimiri sciureus: the conus medullaris topography.

Saimiri sciureus is a New World non-human primate (NHP) that inhabits Brazilian rain forests. Surgical interventions in wild NHPs can be considered common both for experimental studies procedures and corrective procedures for endangered species. Among various anesthetic procedures, the epidural anesthesia or blockades, depending on the surgical procedure, might be considered elective for wild monkeys, mostly based on its safeness, efficiency and non-time consuming characteristics. However its safeness would be limiting because of the spinal cord arrangement. Notwithstanding the available former studies on New World NHP anatomy, the description of the medullar cone of Saimiri sciureus is still scarce. Therefore, we believe that the better understanding the medullar cone of Saimiri sciureus would contribute to improve the applicability of epidural procedures in the species. Vertebrae architecture of Saimiri sciureus was composed by 9 lumbar, 3 sacral and 18 coccygeal vertebrae, and the medullar cone measured about 3.3 cm. We can conclude that the conus medullaris in Saimiri sciureus is situated more caudally in comparison to other species.

Macroscopic aspects of Saimiri sciureus dura mater / Aspectos macroscópicos da dura mater de Saimiri sciureus

Saimiri sciureus is a small New World primate (NHP) commonly called macaco-de-cheiro that inhabits the tropical forests of the Amazon basin. Anatomical features are not well studied in most primates, and the encephalic morphology and related structures are still quite unknown. Comparative anatomy of the meninges in South American primates is still scarce. Dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater are a group of stratified layers that surrounds and promotes protection to the medulla spinalis. This study aimed to shed light on the anatomy of dura mater in Samiri sciureus in order to contribute to the neuroscience in primates. We investigated three young females and two males of S. sciureus. Specimens were fixed through perfusion with a 10 percent formaldehyde aqueous solution. In S. sciureus encephalus few gyrus and circunvolutions, and a very delicate system consisting of eight sinus venosus was found between the dura mater layers. Based on our findings, we can conclude that the Saimiri sciureus dura mater is quite similar to other mammals, however we detected a new sinus venosus formation at the level of parietal bone, named sinus parietalis, what appears to be its first description.

Saimiri sciureus, com nome comum de macaco-de-cheiro, é um pequeno primata do Novo Mundo (PNM) que habita as florestas tropicais da Bacia Amazônica. Os detalhes anatômicos de primatas são pouco conhecidos e a anatomia comparada de animais selvagens da América do Sul é escassa, mais especificamente, sobre as meninges de PNM. Meninges pertencem a um sistema de membrana responsável por envolver e proteger o Sistema Nervoso Central; consiste em três membranas: dura mater, aracnoide e pia mater. Este estudo objetivou a elucidação do comportamento anatômico da dura mater de S. sciureus com o intuito de contribuir para a área de neurociências em primatas. Foram investigados três fêmeas e dois machos jovnes de S. sciureus. Os espécimes de meninges foram fixados por perfusão usando solução aquosa 10 por cento de formaldeído. O encéfalo de S. sciureus demonstrou um número baixo de giros e circunvoluções, e um sistema delicado de oito seios venosos foi verificado entre as camadas da dura mater. Baseados em nossos achados podemos concluir que a dura mater de S. sciureus é similar aos de outros mamíferos, no entanto, apresenta a formação de um novo seio venoso em nível ao osso parietal, sendo denominado de seio parietal. Isto parece ser a primeira descrição deste seio.