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1.
Bol. malariol. salud ambient ; 62(6): 1266-1271, dic. 2022. tab., ilus.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1427572

ABSTRACT

La esporotricosis es una micosis subcutánea causada por la inoculación traumática en la piel de especies de hongos del género Sporothrix. La enfermedad tiene diferentes manifestaciones clínicas (cutáneas, linfocutáneas y diseminadas), y también puede progresar a una infección sistémica. A pesar de tener una distribución mundial, la esporotricosis es más frecuente en los países tropicales y subtropicales. La esporotricosis es la micosis subcutánea más frecuente en América Latina, donde se considera endémica. Ciertos grupos de personas pueden estar más expuestos al agente causal de la enfermedad, como los agricultores. Así, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de la esporotricosis en 3.133 agricultores, en el cantón de Shushufindi de la provincia de Sucumbíos, Ecuador. En este estudio, se utilizó una prueba de intradermorreacción con el antígeno esporotriquina obtenido del hongo Sporothrix schenckii. Los datos obtenidos mostraron una prevalencia de 35,45%. La distribución de la prevalencia de la esporotricosis con respecto a los grupos de edad no mostró diferencias estadísticas significativas (p=0,2054). Para la variable sexo, si hubo significancia estadística (p=0,01995). 51 de los casos positivos presentaron gomas y/o úlceras en alguno de sus miembros. La esporotricosis ha demostrado ser una de las micosis subcutáneas más frecuente en los trabajadores de la agricultura en la región ecuatoriana evaluada(AU)


Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by traumatic skin inoculation of fungal species of the genus Sporothrix. The disease has different clinical manifestations (cutaneous, lymphocutaneous, and disseminated), and it can also progress to a systemic infection. Despite having a worldwide distribution, sporotrichosis is more common in tropical and subtropical countries. Sporotrichosis is the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America, where it is considered endemic. Certain groups of people may be more exposed to the causative agent of the disease, such as farmers. Thus, this work aimed to determine the prevalence of sporotrichosis in 3133 farmers, in the canton of Shushufindi in the province of Sucumbíos, Ecuador. In this study, an intradermal test was used with the sporotrichin antigen obtained from the fungus Sporothrix schenckii. The data obtained showed a prevalence of 35.45%. The distribution of the prevalence of sporotrichosis with respect to age groups did not show significant statistical differences (p=0.2054). For the sex variable, there was statistical significance (p=0.01995). 51 of the positive cases presented gums and/or ulcers in one of their members. Sporotrichosis has proven to be one of the most frequent subcutaneous mycoses in agricultural workers in the evaluated Ecuadorian region(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Sporotrichosis/epidemiology , Dermatomycoses/epidemiology , Farmers/statistics & numerical data , Occupational Risks , Intradermal Tests , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Ecuador/epidemiology , Age and Sex Distribution
2.
Plant Signal Behav ; 17(1): 2108253, 2022 12 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35959678

ABSTRACT

Abiotic stresses are the foremost limiting factors for crop productivity. Crop plants need to cope with adverse external pressure caused by various environmental conditions with their intrinsic biological mechanisms to keep their growth, development, and productivity. Climate-resilient, high-yielding crops need to be developed to maintain sustainable food supply. Over the last decade, understanding of the genetic complexity of agronomic traits in sugarcane has prompted the integrated application of genetic engineering to address specific biological questions. Genes for adaptation to environmental stress and yield enhancement traits are being determined and introgressed to develop elite sugarcane cultivars with improved characteristics through genetic engineering approaches. Here, we discuss the advancement to provide a reference for future sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) genetic engineering.


Subject(s)
Saccharum , Crops, Agricultural/genetics , Edible Grain/genetics , Genetic Engineering , Saccharum/genetics , Stress, Physiological/genetics
3.
Front Plant Sci ; 12: 768609, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34858464

ABSTRACT

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a tropical and sub-tropical, vegetative-propagated crop that contributes to approximately 80% of the sugar and 40% of the world's biofuel production. Modern sugarcane cultivars are highly polyploid and aneuploid hybrids with extremely large genomes (>10 Gigabases), that have originated from artificial crosses between the two species, Saccharum officinarum and S. spontaneum. The genetic complexity and low fertility of sugarcane under natural growing conditions make traditional breeding improvement extremely laborious, costly and time-consuming. This, together with its vegetative propagation, which allows for stable transfer and multiplication of transgenes, make sugarcane a good candidate for crop improvement through genetic engineering. Genetic transformation has the potential to improve economically important properties in sugarcane as well as diversify sugarcane beyond traditional applications, such as sucrose production. Traits such as herbicide, disease and insect resistance, improved tolerance to cold, salt and drought and accumulation of sugar and biomass have been some of the areas of interest as far as the application of transgenic sugarcane is concerned. Although there have been much interest in developing transgenic sugarcane there are only three officially approved varieties for commercialization, all of them expressing insect-resistance and recently released in Brazil. Since the early 1990's, different genetic transformation systems have been successfully developed in sugarcane, including electroporation, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and biobalistics. However, genetic transformation of sugarcane is a very laborious process, which relies heavily on intensive and sophisticated tissue culture and plant generation procedures that must be optimized for each new genotype to be transformed. Therefore, it remains a great technical challenge to develop an efficient transformation protocol for any sugarcane variety that has not been previously transformed. Additionally, once a transgenic event is obtained, molecular studies required for a commercial release by regulatory authorities, which include transgene insertion site, number of transgenes and gene expression levels, are all hindered by the genomic complexity and the lack of a complete sequenced reference genome for this crop. The objective of this review is to summarize current techniques and state of the art in sugarcane transformation and provide information on existing and future sugarcane improvement by genetic engineering.

4.
Bol. malariol. salud ambient ; 61(3): 373-382, ago. 2021. ilus., tab.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1400079

ABSTRACT

La Malaria es una enfermedad causada por un parásito que se transmite a los humanos a través de la picadura de mosquito hembra Anophele. Reportando la WHO en el 2019, 229 millones de casos y 409.000 muertes por la enfermedad en 87 paises del mundo, Existen seis especies de este párasito: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale wallickeri, Plasmodium ovale curtisi, Plasmodium malariae y Plasmodium knowlesi. Siendo la especie P. falciparum la causante de mayor morbilidad, con tasa entre 10 y 50% de mortalidad por malaria complicada. Alrededor de 108 países han declarado la malaria como enfermedad endémica, pudiendo padecer la enfermedad en cualquier época del año. Sin embargo, en el caso de América Latina hoy en día se vive un estancamiento de la enfermedad, reportándose en países menos de 100 casos autóctonos entre el 2000 y 2019, con algunas excepciones. Esta situación de vulnerabilidad de países como Brasil, Colombia, la frontera Perú-Ecuador, Venezuela, se incrementan ante la presencia activa de la pandemia producto del Covid -19 aunado a restricciones económicas, incremento de la actividad minera, o políticas públicas que ponen en riesgo la sostenibilidad del programa de control de la enfermedad. Para el 2021 la OMS corrobora que existen 87 países con malaria a nivel mundial, de los cuales 24 de ellos habían interrumpido su transmisión autóctona por 3 años. Realidad que consolidad la propuesta tras la experiencia adquirida, que cualquiera que sea la situación epidemiológica de entrada, el trabajo hacia la erradicación de la malaria debe entenderse y atenderse como un proceso continuo donde los propios Estados deben desde su realidad y estrategias propias se articulen con el Plan Estratégico Técnico Mundial Contra la Malaria 2016-2030 propuesto por la OMS(AU)


Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted to humans through the bite of the female Anophele mosquito. Reporting the WHO in 2019, 229 million cases and 409,000 deaths from the disease in 87 countries of the world, There are six species of this parasite: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale wallickeri, Plasmodium ovale curtisi, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi. The species P. falciparum is the cause of greatest morbidity, with a rate between 10 and 50% of mortality from complicated malaria. About 108 countries have declared malaria as an endemic disease, and the disease can occur at any time of the year. However, in the case of Latin America today there is a stagnation of the disease, with fewer than 100 indigenous cases reported in countries between 2000 and 2019, with some exceptions. This situation of vulnerability of countries such as Brazil, Colombia, the Peru-Ecuador border, Venezuela, increases in the face of the active presence of the pandemic product of the Covid -19 coupled with economic restrictions, increased mining activity, or public policies that put at risk the sustainability of the disease control programme. By 2021, WHO confirms that there are 87 countries with malaria worldwide, of which 24 had interrupted their indigenous transmission for 3 years. Reality that consolidates the proposal after the experience acquired, that whatever the epidemiological situation of entry, The work towards the eradication of malaria must be understood and addressed as a continuous process where the States themselves must from their own reality and strategies articulate with the Global Technical Strategic Plan Against Malaria 2016-2030 proposed by the WHO(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Malaria, Vivax , Malaria, Falciparum , Endemic Diseases/prevention & control , Malaria/prevention & control , Malaria/epidemiology , Public Policy , Health Strategies , Vector Borne Diseases
5.
Bol. malariol. salud ambient ; 60(2): 154-161, dic.2020. tab.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1510420

ABSTRACT

Determinar la ocurrencia de la parasitosis intestinal en niños de 3 a 5 años con desnutrición de tipo Kwashiorkor en el Hospital José María Velasco Ibarra en el periodo 2018-2019 ha sido el objetivo de este estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 41 infantes realizándole en la consulta externa su valoración clínica para clasificarlo con la enfermedad desnutrición de tipo Kwashiorkor, lo que incluyó un estudio coproparasitológico verificando la ocurrencia de parásitos intestinales en sus muestras fecales. Los resultados arrojaron que el 65,85% de los pacientes son niñas; el 43,90% corresponden al grupo etario de 5 años; IMC reflejo un 14,32 para los niños y 13,42 para las niñas, reflejándose niveles de desnutrición graves, que se corroboran con los resultados de las pruebas de laboratorio con una albumina sérica que oscila entre 2,05 y 2,63, niños anémicos altamente afectados por poliparásitos intestinales, siendo los más frecuentes: T. trichiura (n=34), A. lumbricoides (n=16) y G. lamblia (n=20). En conclusión, la desnutrición relacionada con la ingesta calórico-proteica, puede ser agravada por la ocurrencia de parásitos intestinales, lo que trae como consecuencia un aumento significativo del riesgo de morbi-mortalidad de niños de 3 a 5 años con desnutrición de tipo Kwashiorkor(AU)


To determine the occurrence of intestinal parasitosis in children aged 3 to 5 years with Kwashiorkor-type malnutrition at the José María Velasco Ibarra Hospital in the period 2018- 2019 has been the objective of this descriptive, crosssectional study. The sample consisted of 41 infants, who performed their clinical assessment in the outpatient clinic to classify it with Kwashiorkor-type malnutrition disease, which included a coproparasitological study verifying the occurrence of intestinal parasites in their fecal samples. The results showed that 65.85% of the patients are girls; 43.90% correspond to the age group of 5 years; BMI reflected 14.32 for boys and 13.42 for girls, reflecting levels of severe malnutrition, which are corroborated with the results of laboratory tests with a serum albumin that ranges between 2.05 and 2.63, boys anemic highly affected by intestinal polyparasites, the most frequent being: T. trichiura (n = 34), A. lumbricoides (n = 16) and G. lamblia (n = 20). In conclusion, malnutrition related to caloric-protein intake can be aggravated by the occurrence of intestinal parasites, which results in a significant increase in the risk of morbidity and mortality in children aged 3 to 5 years with Kwashiorkor-type malnutrition(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child Nutrition Disorders , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic , Kwashiorkor , Public Health , Giardiasis , Sociodemographic Factors
6.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1138862

ABSTRACT

El hecho de ser una enfermedad nueva -que no respondía a los tratamientos antivirales conocidos y que eran efectivos en otras enfermedades virales- y (lo peor) de no contar con una vacuna que protegiera a las poblaciones sanas elevó la alarma internacional, tanto de la población general como de la comunidad científica. Aparecieron innumerables informaciones en la prensa, en los noticieros, en programas especiales de radio y televisión y en las redes sociales. Lo más preocupante es que muchas de esas noticias eran falsas o fake news, que han producido una pandemia paralela de desinformación y de misinformationa, que en muchos casos tienen como objetivo formar estados de opinión para influir en las decisiones políticas. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) utiliza el término infodemiab para referirse a la sobreabundancia de información falsa y a su rápida propagación entre las personas y los medios de comunicación.2,3,4,5 El objetivo de esta carta es llamar la atención sobre la importancia de la información científica adecuada y su revisión, así como señalar algunos sitios donde se puede encontrar la información confiable. Actualmente hay una avalancha de información científica relacionada con la COVID-19: muchos artículos se publican en tiempo real; las revistas más prestigiosas publican artículos casi diariamente, bajo el modelo de publicación continua. También muchos artículos se publican en repositorios de acceso abierto como preprints, o sea, antes de su revisión por pares. Este sistema de publicaciones en preprints se ha intensificado durante la pandemia de COVID-19, por lo que se salta el mecanismo tradicional de la publicación científica de revisión por pares anónima. Este es un proceso complejo y muchas veces demorado, en el cual expertos en el tema hacen recomendaciones para que el artículo sea mejor comprendido por la comunidad de lectores, y aceptan o rechazan planteamientos del autor y el posicionamiento de este ante el tema expuesto, según lo establecido en la comunidad científica internacional, llamada ciencia constituidac. A partir de estas recomendaciones, los editores rechazan el manuscrito o lo aceptan, con la condición de que el autor realice modificaciones, lo que habitualmente conlleva varias rondas de intercambio entre el editor y el autor o autores. Durante la pandemia de COVID-19 mucha de la información que se ofrece es evidencia de lo que está pasando en los diferentes escenarios donde la enfermedad se desarrolla. El primer choque es que no hay ciencia constituida aún. Las revistas médicas, en sus versiones digitales, utilizan más que nunca la publicación continua, con números en progreso, para facilitarle a la comunidad científica, casi en tiempo real, los artículos que relatan los hallazgos que se van obteniendo en diversos lugares del mundo. Generalmente son resultados preliminares de investigaciones emprendidas, dada la urgencia de la enfermedad. Esta información se puede complementar con artículos disponibles en algunos repositorios de preprints, caracterizados por su seriedad para escoger los materiales a publicar, como por ejemplo los incluidos en ese espacio en SciELO (https://preprints.scielo.org/index.php/scielo). A pesar de los problemas que puede traer la disponibilidad de artículos sin revisión por pares,6 estos repositorios son muy accesibles y rápidos en el proceso de subir y presentar la publicación, y tienen gran facilidad para actualizar el texto con nuevos elementos surgidos en la dinámica de la misma investigación o correcciones hechas por lectores especialistas en los temas tratados. Su característica más importante es su disposición como acceso abierto, donde todos pueden contribuir con sugerencias, que incluso pueden modificar las investigaciones. Algunos repositorios hoy pueden ser considerados como pasos previos a la publicación en revistas científicas de gran prestigio.6 La información experta sobre la COVID-19 es muy necesaria para toda la comunidad científica, nacional o internacional. Por eso es necesario hacer un proceso de selección de lo que vamos a leer y dónde lo vamos a buscar. El gran desafío para el equipo médico y para los investigadores en este momento es cómo aprehender el conocimiento científico implícito en tanta información disponible. Esto se logra con el perfeccionamiento y el desarrollo de la capacidad crítica respecto a las fuentes de las informaciones y la lógica de sus contenidos,6) lo que constituye parte de los procesos de alfabetización informacional y del conocimiento sobre sitios especializados y con información confiable. Los profesionales cubanos tenemos, en primer lugar, el sitio de Infomed Temas de salud: infecciones por coronavirus.2,7 Este es un portal con un gran caudal de información útil y validada, el cual tiene desde los partes diarios, las últimas noticias, hasta artículos científicos y enlaces con los principales sitios de instituciones del mundo con información sobre esta enfermedad. En el servicio de Infomed sobre coronavirus se dispone de los llamados tableros, que contienen información actualizada de alto valor añadido. En ellos hay un listado bibliográfico de los artículos más importantes publicados en el día anterior, con su dirección electrónica. También hay resúmenes de artículos importantes, estadísticas y noticias.8 Se suman el Observatorio Métrico de Coronavirus de la Universidad de Pinar del Río, el repositorio de la Sociedad Cubana de Información Científico Técnica (SOCIT) y la información gráfica sobre la enfermedad, y los boletines especiales sobre la COVID-19 que publica el Centro de Estudios Demográficos de la Universidad de La Habana.9,10,11) Además, en el sitio de Cubadata12 se pueden revisar diariamente estadísticas nacionales y mapas de su evolución por municipios, provincias y total, así como cuadros y gráficos. Por otra parte, las revistas médicas más importantes del mundo han diseñado sitios web sobre el coronavirus, que están en acceso abierto y se pueden consultar. Entre los más destacados podemos señalar el de la revista Lancet,13 el de la revista Science14 y el del New England Medical Journal.15 Además, muchas instituciones internacionales y regionales ofrecen información confiable sobre la enfermedad; entre ellas, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS)16 y el Centro Europeo de Control de Enfermedades.17) La realidad del avance de la pandemia hace que se derriben barreras y formalidades y se trate de ganar tiempo en el desarrollo de investigaciones y ensayos clínicos. Llamo la atención sobre la seriedad de estos procesos y la responsabilidad de la comunicación de los resultados que surjan en los nuevos escenarios para el desarrollo de la ciencia. Finalmente, es necesaria la responsabilidad de los autores y de los investigadores, así como de los editores de revistas y de sitio web de información especializada en la COVID-19, sobre la ética a la hora de concebir las investigaciones, apremiados por el tiempo, al comunicar resultados y en la información que utilizamos(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Tract Diseases , World Health Organization , Emergency Identification , Use of Scientific Information for Health Decision Making , COVID-19/etiology , COVID-19/epidemiology
8.
Rev. cuba. salud pública ; 45(1)ene.-mar. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-73449

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La peste bubónica afectó a gran parte del mundo en la primera mitad del siglo xx, causando desde pequeños brotes a grandes epidemias. En Cuba se presentó en dos oportunidades, en 1912 y en 1914, causando alguna morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Rescatar la historia de las epidemias de peste bubónica en Cuba. Metodología: Cualitativa, utilizando como métodos teóricos el histórico-lógico y el análisis documental. Se revisaron estadísticas en el Departamento de Estadísticas y Registros Médicos del Ministerio de Salud Pública, artículos de la época, directrices y planes de enfrentamiento a la epidemia orientados por el Departamento Nacional de Sanidad, de la Secretearía de Sanidad y Beneficencia, e informes redactados por los sanitaristas que trabajaron en su control. Resultados: En 1912 existieron brotes en La Habana, Santiago de Cuba y Pinar del Río, importada de las Islas Canarias. Durante la segunda epidemia en 1914, erradicada al año siguiente, se produjeron 68 casos y 23 fallecidos. Se diseñó una estrategia de lucha que incluyó, desde el ingreso y aislamiento de los sospechosos, vigilancia de los residentes en la zona, recogida de ratas, hasta desinfección, saneamiento y desratización de la zona afectada. Conclusiones: Las medidas tomadas fueron oportunas y eficientes, controlando la epidemia. No se produjeron más casos desde julio de 1915(AU)


Introduction: The bubonic plague affected much of the world in the first half of the twentieth century, causing from small outbreaks to large epidemics. In Cuba, it appeared twice in 1912 and in 1914 causing some morbidity and mortality. Objective: To rescue the history of bubonic plague's epidemics in Cuba. Methodology: Qualitative, using as theoretical methods the historical- logic and the documentary analysis. Statistics were reviewed in the Department of Statistics and Medical Records of the Ministry of Public Health, in articles of the time, in guidelines and plans to confront the epidemic established by the National Department of Health of the Secretariat of Health and Charity, and also reports written by the health workers who participated in the control strategies of this disease. Results: In 1912, there were outbreaks in Havana, Santiago de Cuba and Pinar del Rio imported from the Canary Islands. In the second epidemic in 1914 that was eradicated in 1915, there were 68 cases and 23 deaths. A control strategy was designed, which included the entry and isolation of the suspects, surveillance of the residents in the area, collection of rats, disinfection, sanitation and deratization of the affected area. Conclusions: The measures taken were timely and efficient for controlling the epidemic. No more cases have occurred since July, 1915(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Plague/epidemiology , Plague/history , Cuba
9.
Rev. cuba. salud pública ; 45(1)ene.-mar. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-991126

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La peste bubónica afectó a gran parte del mundo en la primera mitad del siglo xx, causando desde pequeños brotes a grandes epidemias. En Cuba se presentó en dos oportunidades, en 1912 y en 1914, causando alguna morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Rescatar la historia de las epidemias de peste bubónica en Cuba. Metodología: Cualitativa, utilizando como métodos teóricos el histórico-lógico y el análisis documental. Se revisaron estadísticas en el Departamento de Estadísticas y Registros Médicos del Ministerio de Salud Pública, artículos de la época, directrices y planes de enfrentamiento a la epidemia orientados por el Departamento Nacional de Sanidad, de la Secretearía de Sanidad y Beneficencia, e informes redactados por los sanitaristas que trabajaron en su control. Resultados: En 1912 existieron brotes en La Habana, Santiago de Cuba y Pinar del Río, importada de las Islas Canarias. Durante la segunda epidemia en 1914, erradicada al año siguiente, se produjeron 68 casos y 23 fallecidos. Se diseñó una estrategia de lucha que incluyó, desde el ingreso y aislamiento de los sospechosos, vigilancia de los residentes en la zona, recogida de ratas, hasta desinfección, saneamiento y desratización de la zona afectada. Conclusiones: Las medidas tomadas fueron oportunas y eficientes, controlando la epidemia. No se produjeron más casos desde julio de 1915(AU)


Introduction: The bubonic plague affected much of the world in the first half of the twentieth century, causing from small outbreaks to large epidemics. In Cuba, it appeared twice in 1912 and in 1914 causing some morbidity and mortality. Objective: To rescue the history of bubonic plague's epidemics in Cuba. Methodology: Qualitative, using as theoretical methods the historical- logic and the documentary analysis. Statistics were reviewed in the Department of Statistics and Medical Records of the Ministry of Public Health, in articles of the time, in guidelines and plans to confront the epidemic established by the National Department of Health of the Secretariat of Health and Charity, and also reports written by the health workers who participated in the control strategies of this disease. Results: In 1912, there were outbreaks in Havana, Santiago de Cuba and Pinar del Rio imported from the Canary Islands. In the second epidemic in 1914 that was eradicated in 1915, there were 68 cases and 23 deaths. A control strategy was designed, which included the entry and isolation of the suspects, surveillance of the residents in the area, collection of rats, disinfection, sanitation and deratization of the affected area. Conclusions: The measures taken were timely and efficient for controlling the epidemic. No more cases have occurred since July, 1915(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Plague/history , Plague/epidemiology , Communicable Disease Control , Cuba
10.
Rev. cuba. salud pública ; 44(2)abr.-jun. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1042975

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Se describen los principales aspectos de la labor profesional del doctor Guiteras en relación con la sanidad cubana. Objetivo: Presentar la situación higiénico-epidemiológica durante la época de trabajo de Juan Guiteras y las principales actividades de control realizadas bajo su dirección. Método: Se siguió el método histórico lógico, apoyado en la técnica de la revisión documental. Se revisaron estadísticas de las principales epidemias ocurridas en Cuba entre 1900 y 1925 existentes en la Dirección Nacional de Estadísticas del Ministerio de Salud Pública, documentos de la Oficina del Historiador de la Salud Pública, y artículos científicos del período. Resultados: Se refiere la evolución de la salud pública la época. Las principales epidemias ocurridas: viruela, paludismo, fiebre amarilla, poliomielitis, peste bubónica, la gripe de 1918-1919 y la tuberculosis. Estas enfermedades se caracterizaron por una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. La respuesta institucional ante las epidemias fue acertada y oportuna: permitió erradicar la fiebre amarilla (1908), la peste bubónica (1915), la viruela (1923) y disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad de la gripe, la tuberculosis y la fiebre tifoidea, la poliomielitis y el paludismo. Conclusiones: Guiteras tiene una participación decisiva en el control de las epidemias, y en el control de la sanidad de la Isla, desde sus altos cargos en el ramo. La respuesta institucional ante las epidemias es acertada y oportuna a partir de los recursos y avances científicos con los que contaban(AU)


Introduction: The main aspects of the professional work of Dr. Guiteras in relation to Cuban health are described. Objective: To present the hygienic-epidemiological situation during Juan Guiteras' work period and the main control activities carried out under his management. Method: The logical- historical method was followed and this was supported by the technique of documentary revision. Statistical analyzes of the major epidemics occurring in Cuba between 1900 and 1925 (in the National Statistics Office of MINSAP), documents of the Office of the Public Health's Historian, and scientific articles of the time were reviewed. Results: It refers to the evolution of public health in that period. The main epidemics occurred: smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, bubonic plague, 1918-1919 influenza, and tuberculosis. These were characterized by high morbidity and mortality. The institutional response to the epidemics was successful and appropriate: it allowed the eradication of yellow fever (1908), bubonic plague (1915), smallpox (1923), and reduced morbidity and mortality of influenza, tuberculosis and typhoid fever, as well as polio and malaria. Conclusions: Guiteras has a decisive participation in the control of the epidemics, as well as in the control of the health of the Island from his high positions in the field. The institutional response to the epidemics are successful and appropriate taking into account the resources and scientific advances they has(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Public Health , Epidemics/history , Cuba
11.
Plant Mol Biol ; 93(6): 607-621, 2017 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28155188

ABSTRACT

Transgenic expression of the pepper Bs2 gene confers resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) pathogenic strains which contain the avrBs2 avirulence gene in susceptible pepper and tomato varieties. The avrBs2 gene is highly conserved among members of the Xanthomonas genus, and the avrBs2 of Xcv shares 96% homology with the avrBs2 of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), the causal agent of citrus canker disease. A previous study showed that the transient expression of pepper Bs2 in lemon leaves reduced canker formation and induced plant defence mechanisms. In this work, the effect of the stable expression of Bs2 gene on citrus canker resistance was evaluated in transgenic plants of Citrus sinensis cv. Pineapple. Interestingly, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of epicotyls was unsuccessful when a constitutive promoter (2× CaMV 35S) was used in the plasmid construction, but seven transgenic lines were obtained with a genetic construction harbouring Bs2 under the control of a pathogen-inducible promoter, from glutathione S-transferase gene from potato. A reduction of disease symptoms of up to 70% was observed in transgenic lines expressing Bs2 with respect to non-transformed control plants. This reduction was directly dependent on the Xcc avrBs2 gene since no effect was observed when a mutant strain of Xcc with a disruption in avrBs2 gene was used for inoculations. Additionally, a canker symptom reduction was correlated with levels of the Bs2 expression in transgenic plants, as assessed by real-time qPCR, and accompanied by the production of reactive oxygen species. These results indicate that the pepper Bs2 resistance gene is also functional in a family other than the Solanaceae, and could be considered for canker control.


Subject(s)
Capsicum/genetics , Citrus sinensis/genetics , Citrus sinensis/microbiology , Plant Diseases/microbiology , Xanthomonas campestris/pathogenicity , Agrobacterium tumefaciens/genetics , Disease Resistance/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Plant Diseases/genetics , Plant Shoots/genetics , Plants, Genetically Modified , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Transformation, Genetic
12.
Rev Enferm ; 39(6): 50-4, 2016 Jun.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27548992

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To address the immediate consequences produced in the falls suffered by valid institutionalized elderly population' in the last twelve months. METHOD: A cross sectional study, by personal interview. Simple random sampling was performed. The study area corresponded to a private nursing home. The measuring instruments used in the study were the Mini Mental State Examination Lobo (MEC-35, 1979) to initially assess the level of cognitive development elderly study participants, and the WHO questionnaire for the study of falls in the elder 1989. RESULTS: Of the 21 drops produced in the last twelve months was found that 61.9% of falls were female, compared to 38.1% who relapsed in males. 52.4% of falls are not caused any consequences. 28.6% of falls caused superficial injuries and/or bruises, while the proportion of fractures corresponded to 19% for both sexes. Most of the falls did not produce immediate consequences whose percentage was 52.4% of cases. Second are superficial wounds and/or bruises with 28.6% and finally fractures with a ratio of 19%. CONCLUSIONS: The investigators considered the necessity of involvement of health professionals and the implementation ofpreventive strategies that can reduce the prevalence of falls. Thiswill successfully improve the quality of life of the elderly.


Subject(s)
Accidental Falls , Accidental Falls/statistics & numerical data , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Homes for the Aged , Humans , Independent Living , Male , Nursing Homes
13.
Rev. Rol enferm ; 39(6): 442-446, jun. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-153476

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Conocer las consecuencias inmediatas producidas en las caídas que sufre la población anciana válida institucionalizada en los últimos doce meses. Método. Estudio descriptivo trasversal, mediante entrevista personal. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio simple. El ámbito de estudio correspondió a un centro geriátrico privado. Los instrumentos de medida utilizados en el estudio fueron el Mini Examen Cognoscitivo de Lobo (MEC-35, 1979) para valorar inicialmente el nivel cognitivo de los ancianos participantes en el estudio, y el cuestionario de la OMS para el estudio de caídas en el anciano 1989. Resultados. De las 21 caídas producidas en los últimos doce meses se comprobó que el 61.9 % de ellas correspondieron al sexo femenino, frente al 38.1 %, que recayeron en el sexo masculino. En el 52.4 % de los casos, las caídas no ocasionaron ninguna consecuencia. El 28.6 % de las caídas ocasionaron heridas superficiales o contusiones, mientras que la proporción de fracturas correspondió a un 19 % para ambos sexos. La mayoría de las caídas no produjeron consecuencias inmediatas (el 52.4 % de los casos). En segundo lugar, encontramos las heridas superficiales o contusiones, con un 28.6 %, y finalmente las fracturas, con una proporción del 19 %. Conclusiones: Los investigadores del estudio consideran necesario la implicación de los profesionales sanitarios y la implementación de estrategias preventivas que logren disminuir la prevalencia de caídas. Esto permitirá mejorar satisfactoriamente la calidad de vida de nuestros mayores (AU)


Objective. To address the immediate consequences produced in the falls suffered by valid institutionalized elderly population in the last twelve months. Method. A cross sectional study, by personal interview. Simple random sampling was performed. The study area corresponded to a private nursing home. The measuring instruments used in the study were the Mini Mental State Examination Lobo (MEC- 35, 1979) to initially assess the level of cognitive development elderly study participants, and the WHO questionnaire for the study of falls in the elder 1989. Results. Of the 21 drops produced in the last twelve months was found that 61.9 % of falls were female, compared to 38.1 % who relapsed in males. 52.4 % of falls are not caused any consequences. 28.6 % of falls caused superficial injuries and/or bruises, while the proportion of fractures corresponded to 19 % for both sexes. Most of the falls did not produce immediate consequences whose percentage was 52.4 % of cases. Second are superficial wounds and/or bruises with 28.6 % and finally fractures with a ratio of 19 %. Conclusions. The investigators considered the necessity of involvement of health professionals and the implementation of preventive strategies that can reduce the prevalence of falls. This will successfully improve the quality of life of the elderly (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Accidental Falls/prevention & control , Accidental Falls/statistics & numerical data , Health of Institutionalized Elderly , Geriatric Nursing/organization & administration , Nurse's Role , Health Services for the Aged/organization & administration , Health Services for the Aged , Impacts of Polution on Health/prevention & control , Accident Consequences/prevention & control , Accident Consequences/statistics & numerical data , Frail Elderly/statistics & numerical data
14.
AMB Express ; 5: 15, 2015.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25852992

ABSTRACT

As a strategy to find efficient lignocellulose degrading enzymes/microorganisms for sugarcane biomass pretreatment purposes, 118 culturable bacterial strains were isolated from intestines of sugarcane-fed larvae of the moth Diatraea saccharalis. All strains were tested for cellulolytic activity using soluble carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) degrading assays or by growing bacteria on sugarcane biomass as sole carbon sources. Out of the 118 strains isolated thirty eight were found to possess cellulose degrading activity and phylogenetic studies of the 16S rDNA sequence revealed that all cellulolytic strains belonged to the phyla γ-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Within the three phyla, species belonging to five different genera were identified (Klebsiella, Stenotrophomonas, Microbacterium, Bacillus and Enterococcus). Bacterial growth on sugarcane biomass as well as extracellular endo-glucanase activity induced on soluble cellulose was found to be highest in species belonging to genera Bacillus and Klebsiella. Good cellulolytic activity correlated with high extracellular protein concentrations. In addition, scanning microscopy studies revealed attachment of cellulolytic strains to different sugarcane substrates. The results of this study indicate the possibility to find efficient cellulose degrading enzymes and microorganisms from intestines of insect larvae feeding on sugarcane and their possible application in industrial processing of sugarcane biomass such as second generation biofuel production.

15.
Educ. med. super ; 28(2): 216-228, abr.-jun. 2014.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-723715

ABSTRACT

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un recorrido histórico por los estudios de la Historia de la Medicina que se impartieron en la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de La Habana, que fue la única que existió en el país, al menos durante la primera parte en que se desarrollaron. Estos estudios se iniciaron con la reforma y secularización de la universidad en 1842 y se suprimieron con la reforma que introdujo a principios del siglo XX la Primera Intervención Militar Norteamericana. Volvió a impartirse la asignatura por un breve período que comprendió los años de 1959 a 1966. Se hace un detallado análisis del libro de texto que escribió y publicó el doctor López Sánchez, para uso de la cátedra en el último de los períodos que se impartió. Se presenta el módulo de la asignatura que en la actualidad se imparte a los residentes de las especialidades de salud pública. Se siguió el método histórico lógico, apoyado en el análisis documental...


The present research paper was aimed at making a historical tour of the Medical History contents that were taught in the medical school of Havana university, the only one in the country that gave these studies at least during the first phase of their development. These studies began to be given after the reform and secularization of the university in 1842 and were eliminated from the curricula due to the reform implemented by the first US military intervention in Cuba at the beginning of the 20th century. The subject came back to the classrooms for a short period of time (1959-1966). The textbook written and published by Dr Lopez Sanchez, which was used in the last period, was analyzed in detail. Likewise, there was also presented the subject module that is currently taught to the public health specialty residents. The historical-logical method supported on the documentary analysis was followed in this paper...


Subject(s)
Humans , History of Medicine , Teaching , Cuba
16.
Educ. med. super ; 28(2)abr.-jun. 2014.
Article in Spanish | CUMED | ID: cum-62676

ABSTRACT

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un recorrido histórico por los estudios de la Historia de la Medicina que se impartieron en la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de La Habana, que fue la única que existió en el país, al menos durante la primera parte en que se desarrollaron. Estos estudios se iniciaron con la reforma y secularización de la universidad en 1842 y se suprimieron con la reforma que introdujo a principios del siglo XX la Primera Intervención Militar Norteamericana. Volvió a impartirse la asignatura por un breve período que comprendió los años de 1959 a 1966. Se hace un detallado análisis del libro de texto que escribió y publicó el doctor López Sánchez, para uso de la cátedra en el último de los períodos que se impartió. Se presenta el módulo de la asignatura que en la actualidad se imparte a los residentes de las especialidades de salud pública. Se siguió el método histórico lógico, apoyado en el análisis documental(AU)


The present research paper was aimed at making a historical tour of the Medical History contents that were taught in the medical school of Havana university, the only one in the country that gave these studies at least during the first phase of their development. These studies began to be given after the reform and secularization of the university in 1842 and were eliminated from the curricula due to the reform implemented by the first US military intervention in Cuba at the beginning of the 20th century. The subject came back to the classrooms for a short period of time (1959-1966). The textbook written and published by Dr Lopez Sanchez, which was used in the last period, was analyzed in detail. Likewise, there was also presented the subject module that is currently taught to the public health specialty residents. The historical-logical method supported on the documentary analysis was followed in this paper(AU)


Subject(s)
History of Medicine , Teaching/methods , Cuba
17.
Arch Esp Urol ; 65(1): 51-60, 2012.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22318177

ABSTRACT

The recent development in the imaging diagnostic techniques have improved the diagnosis of prostate cancer recurrence, mainly if it is local. Nowadays, the use of MRI based morphologic and functional techniques has a better sensitivity for the diagnosis of local recurrence. Integration of MR imaging data with ultrasound guided transrectal biopsies has improved the accuracy in the diagnosis of local recurrence of the disease. However, there is a need for new or better methods that enable the detection of secondary systemic disease, the conventional methods being (CT and bone scintigraphy) insufficiently sensitive. Nowadays the PET-CT is the most promising technique, for which the use of new radio-pharmaceuticals (on experimental phases) would allow the diagnosis of systemic disease more accurately. The combined and complimentary use of the different imaging techniques available, will permit to diagnose relapsing disease earlier and better, setting the field up for more adequate treatments, reducing morbility and giving the opportunity to offer local, less aggressive treatments.


Subject(s)
Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/blood , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis , Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood , Prostatic Neoplasms/blood , Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Multimodal Imaging , Neoplasm Metastasis/diagnosis , Positron-Emission Tomography , Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Ultrasonography
18.
Plant Biotechnol J ; 9(3): 394-407, 2011 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20809929

ABSTRACT

Citrus is an economically important fruit crop that is severely afflicted by citrus canker, a disease caused by the bacterial phytopathogen, Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc). GenBank houses a large collection of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) enriched with transcripts generated during the defence response against this pathogen; however, there are currently no strategies in citrus to assess the function of candidate genes. This has greatly limited research as defence signalling genes are often involved in multiple pathways. In this study, we demonstrate the efficacy of RNA interference (RNAi) as a functional genomics tool to assess the function of candidate genes involved in the defence response of Citrus limon against the citrus canker pathogen. Double-stranded RNA expression vectors, encoding hairpin RNAs for citrus host genes, were delivered to lemon leaves by transient infiltration with transformed Agrobacterium. As proof of principle, we have established silencing of citrus phytoene desaturase (PDS) and callose synthase (CalS1) genes. Phenotypic and molecular analyses showed that silencing vectors were functional not only in lemon plants but also in other species of the Rutaceae family. Using silencing of CalS1, we have demonstrated that plant cell wall-associated defence is the principal initial barrier against Xanthomonas infection in citrus plants. Additionally, we present here results that suggest that H2O2 accumulation, which is suppressed by xanthan from Xcc during pathogenesis, contributes to inhibition of xanthan-deficient Xcc mutant growth either in wild-type or CalS1-silenced plants. With this work, we have demonstrated that high-throughput reverse genetic analysis is feasible in citrus.


Subject(s)
Citrus/immunology , Citrus/microbiology , Glucosyltransferases/metabolism , RNA Interference , Xanthomonas/immunology , Citrus/enzymology , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism , Mutation/genetics , Phenotype , Plant Leaves/cytology , Plant Leaves/genetics , Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism
19.
Microbiology (Reading) ; 157(Pt 3): 819-829, 2011 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21109564

ABSTRACT

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) is the causative agent of citrus canker. This bacterium develops a characteristic biofilm on both biotic and abiotic surfaces. To evaluate the participation of the single flagellum of Xac in biofilm formation, mutants in the fliC (flagellin) and the flgE (hook) genes were generated. Swimming motility, assessed on 0.25 % agar plates, was markedly reduced in fliC and flgE mutants. However, the fliC and flgE mutants exhibited a flagellar-independent surface translocation on 0.5 % agar plates. Mutation of either the rpfF or the rpfC gene, which both encode proteins involved in cell-cell signalling mediated by diffusible signal factor (DSF), led to a reduction in both flagellar-dependent and flagellar-independent surface translocation, indicating a regulatory role for DSF in both types of motility. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of biofilms produced in static culture demonstrated that the flagellum is also involved in the formation of mushroom-shaped structures and water channels, and in the dispersion of biofilms. The presence of the flagellum was required for mature biofilm development on lemon leaf surfaces. The absence of flagellin produced a slight reduction in Xac pathogenicity and this reduction was more severe when the complete flagellum structure was absent.


Subject(s)
Biofilms/growth & development , Citrus/microbiology , Flagella/metabolism , Plant Diseases/microbiology , Plant Leaves/microbiology , Xanthomonas axonopodis/pathogenicity , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Flagella/physiology , Flagellin/genetics , Flagellin/metabolism , Mutation , Xanthomonas axonopodis/growth & development , Xanthomonas axonopodis/physiology
20.
Mol Plant Microbe Interact ; 20(10): 1222-30, 2007 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17918624

ABSTRACT

The phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri is responsible for the canker disease affecting citrus plants throughout the world. Here, we have evaluated the role of bacterial attachment and biofilm formation in leaf colonization during canker development on lemon leaves. Crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of X. axonopodis pv. citri strains expressing the green fluorescent protein were used to evaluate attachment and biofilm formation on abiotic and biotic (leaf) surfaces. Wild-type X. axonopodis pv. citri attached to and formed a complex, structured biofilm on glass in minimal medium containing glucose. Similar attachment and structured biofilm formation also were seen on lemon leaves. An X. axonopodis pv. citri gumB mutant strain, defective in production of the extracellular polysaccharide xanthan, did not form a structured biofilm on either abiotic or biotic surfaces. In addition, the X. axonopodis pv. citri gumB showed reduced growth and survival on leaf surfaces and reduced disease symptoms. These findings suggest an important role for formation of biofilms in the epiphytic survival of X. axonopodis pv. citri prior to development of canker disease.


Subject(s)
Biofilms , Citrus/microbiology , Plant Diseases/microbiology , Xanthomonas axonopodis/physiology , Xanthomonas axonopodis/pathogenicity , Bacterial Adhesion , Citrus/metabolism , Plant Leaves/microbiology , Polysaccharides, Bacterial/biosynthesis , Virulence , Xanthomonas axonopodis/genetics
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