Complete sequence of the ATP6 and ND3 mitochondrial genes in breast cancer tissue of postmenopausal women with different body mass indexes.

Due to the fact that mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress have been related with obesity and breast cancer is more aggressive in women with obesity, we investigated if postmenopausal Mexican-Mestizo women with breast cancer presented somatic mutations in the sequence of the ATP6 and/or ND3 genes. Twenty one postmenopausal Mexican-Mestizo women with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy or breast conserving surgery were studied. Height and weight were used to calculate body mass index. DNA from tumor tissue samples and blood leukocytes was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced the ATP6 and ND3 mitochondrial genes. Ages ranged from 46 to 82. According to World Health Organization criteria among the 21 women, 7 had a normal BMI, 7 were overweight and 7 had obesity. In regard to the molecular study, after sequencing the coding region of ATP6 and ND3 genes of the DNA obtained from both leukocytes and tumor tissue, we did not find somatic mutations. All of the changes that we found in both genes were polymorphisms: in ATP6, we identified in ten patients 3 non-synonymous nucleotide changes and in ND3 we observed that six patients presented polymorphisms, three of them were synonymous and two non-synonymous. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first report where the complete sequence of the ATP6 and ND3 genes has been analyzed in postmenopausal Mexican-Mestizo women with breast cancer and diverse BMI. Our results differ with those reported in Caucasian and Asian populations, possibly due to ethnic differences.

Challenges in the development and implementation of the National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program in Mexico.

Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, have become the leading cause of human morbidity and mortality. In Mexico, cancer is the third leading cause of death, with a high incidence among the economically active population, a high proportion of advanced stages at diagnosis and limited care coverage for patients. However, no public policy aimed at managing this important public health problem has been developed and implemented to date. This manuscript describes the first interinstitutional proposal of a National Program for Cancer Control, considering the known risk factors, early detection, treatment, palliative care and patient rehabilitation. This manuscript also outlines a series of thoughts on the difficulties and needs that the Mexican health system faces in achieving the main objectives of the program: to decrease the incidence of cancer, to increase survival and to improve the quality of life for this group of patients.

Challenges in the development and implementation of the National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program in Mexico / Retos del desarrollo e implementación del Programa Nacional de Control Integral del Cáncer en México

Abstract Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, have become the leading cause of human morbidity and mortality. In Mexico, cancer is the third leading cause of death, with a high incidence among the economically active population, a high proportion of advanced stages at diagnosis and limited care coverage for patients. However, no public policy aimed at managing this important public health problem has been developed and implemented to date. This manuscript describes the first interinstitutional proposal of a National Program for Cancer Control, considering the known risk factors, early detection, treatment, palliative care and patient rehabilitation. This manuscript also outlines a series of thoughts on the difficulties and needs that the Mexican health system faces in achieving the main objectives of the program: to decrease the incidence of cancer, to increase survival and to improve the quality of life for this group of patients.

Resumen Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT), incluido el cáncer, se han convertido en la principal causa de morbimortalidad de la humanidad. En México, el cáncer es la tercera causa de muerte, con una frecuencia elevada en población económicamente activa, una alta proporción de etapas avanzadas al momento del diagnóstico y una limitada cobertura de atención a quienes la padecen. No obstante, hasta el momento no se ha desarrollado e implementado una política pública dirigida al control de este importante problema de salud pública. Este manuscrito muestra la primera propuesta interinstitucional de un Programa Nacional para el Control del Cáncer, considerando los factores de riesgo conocidos, la detección temprana, el tratamiento y los cuidados paliativos y la rehabilitación del paciente. Asimismo se hacen una serie de reflexiones sobre las dificultades y necesidades a las que el sistema de salud mexicano se enfrenta para alcanzar los objetivos principales del programa: reducir la incidencia, incrementar la supervivencia y mejorar la calidad de vida de este grupo de pacientes.

[Third National Ovarian Consensus. 2011. Grupo de Investigación en Cáncer de Ovario y Tumores Ginecológicos de México "GICOM"]. / Tercer Consenso Nacional de Cáncer de Ovario 2011. Grupo de Investigación en Cáncer de Ovario y Tumores Ginecológicos de México "GICOM".

INTRODUCTION: Ovarian cancer (OC) is the third most common gynecologic malignancy worldwide. Most of cases it is of epithelial origin. At the present time there is not a standardized screening method, which makes difficult the early diagnosis. The 5-year survival is 90% for early stages, however most cases present at advanced stages, which have a 5-year survival of only 5-20%. GICOM collaborative group, under the auspice of different institutions, have made the following consensus in order to make recommendations for the diagnosis and management regarding to this neoplasia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The following recommendations were made by independent professionals in the field of Gynecologic Oncology, questions and statements were based on a comprehensive and systematic review of literature. It took place in the context of a meeting of two days in which a debate was held. These statements are the conclusions reached by agreement of the participant members. RESULTS: No screening method is recommended at the time for the detection of early lesions of ovarian cancer in general population. Staging is surgical, according to FIGO. In regards to the pre-surgery evaluation of the patient, it is recommended to perform chest radiography and CT scan of abdomen and pelvis with IV contrast. According to the histopathology of the tumor, in order to consider it as borderline, the minimum percentage of proliferative component must be 10% of tumor's surface. The recommended standardized treatment includes primary surgery for diagnosis, staging and cytoreduction, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy Surgery must be performed by an Oncologist Gynecologist or an Oncologist Surgeon because inadequate surgery performed by another specialist has been reported in 75% of cases. In regards to surgery it is recommended to perform total omentectomy since subclinic metastasis have been documented in 10-30% of all cases, and systematic limphadenectomy, necessary to be able to obtain an adequate surgical staging. Fertility-sparing surgery will be performed in certain cases, the procedure should include a detailed inspection of the contralateral ovary and also negative for malignancy omentum and ovary biopsy. Until now, laparoscopy for diagnostic-staging surgery is not well known as a recommended method. The recommended chemotherapy is based on platin and taxanes for 6 cycles, except in Stage IA, IB and grade 1, which have a good prognosis. In advanced stages, primary cytoreduction is recommended as initial treatment. Minimal invasion surgery is not a recommended procedure for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. Radiotherapy can be used to palliate symptoms. Follow up of the patients every 2-4 months for 2 years, every 3-6 months for 3 years and anually after the 5th year is recommended. Evaluation of quality of life of the patient must be done periodically. CONCLUSIONS: In the present, there is not a standardized screening method. Diagnosis in early stages means a better survival. Standardized treatment includes primary surgery with the objective to perform an optimal cytoreduction followed by chemotherapy Treatment must be individualized according to each patient. Radiotherapy can be indicated to palliate symptoms.

Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiological profile from a cohort of federal employees in Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become a frequent type of cancer in Mexico. At the present time it represents the 19th cause of death in the population. OBJECTIVE: To recognize the epidemiological profile and the treatment results in a cohort of federal employees with HCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 47 consecutive cases with HCC diagnosis from January 2004 till December 2007. Twenty four demographic data, tumor staging, clinical, and biochemical variables were analyzed to identify parameters predicting survival by computing Kaplan-Mier and Mantel-Cox survival curves. RESULTS: Patient reference increased 5% each year. The mean age was 60.4 years, 63.8% female sex, and 72.3% had cirrhosis, 44.7% had Hepatitis C infection. Most patients presented with advanced disease: 55.3% were AJCC stage 3 and 21.3% stage 4, 51.1% were BCLC class D. Mean tumor size was 8.09 cm. Median survival time from diagnosis was 122 days. Patients that did not receive treatment had a median survival of 70 days; the longest survival of patients was of those that received transarterial chemoembolization with a median of 707 days, followed by surgery with 683 days. Univariate analysis showed survival was associated to MELD score, AJCC and BCLC staging, creatinine level and ascites. Multivariate analysis showed tumor differentiation, AJCC staging and the choice of treatment to be related to the risk of death. CONCLUSION: An increase in the referral of HCC was demonstrated. Most patients had cirrhosis and HCV infection. Due to advance disease staging, TACE was the treatment that offered longest survival.

Incidence of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in Mexico: healthcare provider predictions versus observed.

OBJECTIVE: An understanding of the incidence of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) may assist healthcare providers (HCP) when making treatment decisions. We investigated the incidence of CINV after highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC or MEC), in comparison with predictions of CINV by HCP. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted at nine oncology centers in Mexico. Eligible patients were >/=18 years old and scheduled to receive a single, initial cycle of chemotherapy. Patients recorded nausea severity, episodes of emesis, and rescue medication use for the first 5 days after chemotherapy. HCP predicted the general incidence of acute (day 1) and delayed (days 2-5) CINV. RESULTS: A total of 82 patients were enrolled, with complete data available for 73. Mean age was 50 years; 67 (92%) were women; and 57 (78%) received HEC, while 16 (22%) received MEC. HCP predictions were comparable to the incidence of acute CINV after HEC and MEC and of delayed CINV after MEC. However, HCP predictions underestimated delayed CINV after HEC. 75.4% of patients (95% CI: 62.2-85.9) reported delayed nausea and HCP predicted 41.7% (95% CI: 30.2-55.0); 63.2% of patients (95% CI: 49.3-75.6) reported delayed emesis and HCP predicted 31.8% (95% CI: 21.0-44.5). Limitations of the study include the small sample size, possible selection bias and lack of a standardized antiemetic regimen. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare providers underestimated the incidence of delayed CINV after HEC. There is a need for a better understanding of the incidence of delayed nausea and emesis, which remain common side-effects of chemotherapy.

Seguridad y eficacia del tratamiento con paclitaxel en México: reporte nacional preliminar / Safety and efficacy of treatment with paclitaxel in Mexico: a preliminary report

Antecedentes: los estudios de laboratorio sugieren que paclitaxel tiene efectos antitumorales en un número importante de tipos de células tumorales, incluyendo las líneas celulares de ovario, mama y pulmón. Objetivo: determinar los efectos antitumorales de paclitaxel en pacientes con cáncer de ovario, mama o pulmón. Material y métodos: de junio de 1997 a febrero de 1998 se trataron 146 pacientes con cáncer de ovario, mama o pulmón. El 54 por ciento había recibido radioterapia o quimioterapia. El 55 por ciento tenía neutropenia reversible grado 3 y un paciente, grado 4; 25 por ciento tenía neuropatía periférica transitoria grado 3; 21 por ciento, mialgia, y 30 por ciento, artralgia. Resultados: en 94 por ciento de los casos de cáncer de pulmón hubo respuesta objetiva en primera línea de tratamiento con duración media de respuesta de siete meses y 66 por ciento de respuesta parcial en segunda línea con duración media de respuesta de 4.6 meses. En 75 por ciento de los casos de cáncer de mama hubo respuesta objetiva en primera línea con duración media de respuesta de ocho meses y 61 por ciento en segunda línea con duración media de respuesta de 5.4 meses. En 61 por ciento de los casos de cáncer de ovario hubo respuesta objetiva en primera línea con duración media de respuesta de nueve meses y 45 por ciento en segunda línea con duración media de respuesta de 6.2 meses. Conclusiones: paclitaxel es un medicamento seguro y bien tolerado. Debido a los porcentajes de respuesta observados, se necesitan estudios controlados, multicéntricos y prospectivos.

Estudio fase II de docetaxel en pacientes con cáncer de mama avanzado sin tratamiento previo con quimioterapia citotóxica / Phase II study of docetaxel in patients with advance breat cancer without previous treatment and cytotoxic chemotherapy

Objetivo: Investigar la respuesta y seguridad de docetaxel como terapia de primera línea en cáncer metastásico de mama. Material y métodos: De marzo a octubre de 1994 se incluyeron 16 pacientes con cáncer mamario metastásico; el promedio de edad fue de 46 años y el estado funcional de 0-1; seis con quimioterapia adyuvante; las metástasis más frecuentes fueron a partes blandas, pulmón y huesos. El tratamiento consistió en docetaxel 100 mg x m² de superficie corporal cada tes semanas con premedicación a base de cetirizina más prednisona. Catorce casos fueron evaluables para respuesta y 16 para toxicidad (75 ciclos). Resultados: Cinco pacientes tuvieron respuestas completas y cuatro parciales para un total de nueve (66 por ciento), con una supervivencia actuarial a un año del 85 por ciento. Toxicidad: Las reacciones más frecuentes neutropenia grado 3-4 en el 18.6 por ciento de los ciclos, neutropenial febril en 2.6 por ciento, rash alérgico en dos casos y anafilaxia en una. También se observó edema con incremento de peso en seis casos y en otros tres el edema fue leve. Hubo neuropatía grado 1 en cuatro casos y grado 2 en dos pacientes. Cinco mujeres presentaron piel seca con descamación y tres enfermas exfoliación. Tres pacientes presentaron onicólisis. Se requirió ajuste de dosis en siete ciclos. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren la gran respuesta a docetaxel como terapia de primera línea en cáncer mamario metastásico; la toxicidad más frecuente y limitante en la neutropenia y la retención de líquidos

Simposio. Avances recientes con ifosfamida/mesna en el tratamiento de tumores sólidos malignos: etopósido, platino, ifosfamida y dexametasona como tratamiento de rescate en los linfomas no Hodgkin / Symposium on recent advances with ifosfamide/Mesna in the treatment of malignant solid tumors

Existen grandes avances en el manejo de los linfomas; desafortunadamente un porcentaje variable de casos recaerán a regímenes de primera línea. Se informan los resultados preliminares de 17 pacientes con diagnóstico de linfoma de Hodgkin refractarios a manejo de primera línea o refractarios. El esquema utilizado fue cada 3-4 semanas: combinación de etopósido 100 mg/m² por tres días, platino 100 mg/m² e ifosfamida 5g/m² fraccionados en tres días, mesna al 20 por ciento de la dosis diaria de ifosfamida por tres dosis; y dexametasona de 20 a 40 mg cada 24 horas por tres días. Trece de los 17 pacientes fueron evaluables para eficacia (dos aún en tratamiento; los otros dos abandonaron la terapia) y 16 fueron evaluables para toxicidad en 74 ciclos administrados. Se obtuvieron 11 respuestas totales (84 por ciento): seis respuestas (46 por ciento) Äcon supervivencia libre de enfermedad mínima de dos meses y máxima de 11 mesesÄ y cinco respuestas parciales (38 por ciento). La toxicidad más frecuente y grave fue neutropenia grado 4 (20 por ciento) con dos muertos por septicemia y plaquetopenia grado 4 (7 por ciento). El resto de los efectos tóxicos fueron leves y reversibles. No se observó toxicidad vasical. Concluimos que el esquema utilizado es efectivo, pero conlleva toxicidad grave en una cuarta parte de los ciclos. Consideramos que es conveniente incluir factores estimulantes de colonias en este tratamiento

Cancer del recto: experiencia del Hospital 20 de Noviembre / Cancer of the rectum: experience of the Hospital 20 de Noviembre

Se informa el resultado de la terapéutica empleada en 75 pacientes con cáncer del recto atendidos, en el Centro Hospitalario 20 de noviembre de la ciudad de México, en el lapso de 1966 a 1980. Se utilizaron tres métodos de tratamiento: cirugía en el 84.05 por ciento de casos, quimioterapia en el 69.95 y radioterapia postoperatoria en el 63.76 por ciento. Del estudio practicado se obtuvo una sobrevida global del 45.33 por ciento de pacientes a tres años promedio de control