ABSTRACT
Organ development in plants predominantly occurs postembryonically through combinatorial activity of meristems; therefore, meristem and organ fate are intimately connected. Inflorescence morphogenesis in grasses (Poaceae) is complex and relies on a specialized floral meristem, called spikelet meristem, that gives rise to all other floral organs and ultimately the grain. The fate of the spikelet determines reproductive success and contributes toward yield-related traits in cereal crops. Here, we examined the transcriptional landscapes of floral meristems in the temperate crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using RNA-seq of laser capture microdissected tissues from immature, developing floral structures. Our unbiased, high-resolution approach revealed fundamental regulatory networks, previously unknown pathways, and key regulators of barley floral fate and will equally be indispensable for comparative transcriptional studies of grass meristems.
ABSTRACT
Depression is an important and often recurrent illness. An initial antidepressant trial is effective at achieving remission for about 30â% of patients when prescribed as monotherapy, with the majority of patients returning as partial or non-responders. Suboptimal serum and red blood cell folate levels have been associated with a poorer response to antidepressant therapy, a greater severity of symptoms, later onset of clinical improvement, and overall treatment resistance. This article reviews the evidence for L-methylfolate and folic acid as antidepressive agents in depression and discusses their clinical use.
Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Folic Acid/therapeutic use , Adult , Aged , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant/drug therapy , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Folic Acid/metabolism , Folic Acid/physiology , Humans , Male , Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)/genetics , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Sonographic and palpatory lymph node findings were compared with the results of surgery or regular examination in a retrospective study of 167 melanoma patients. Sonography proved highly advantageous for diagnosis: whereas palpation indicated tumors at 83 of 277 lymph node locations, sonography showed 36 of the 83 to be false-positive. Moreover, sonography allowed the correct diagnosis of 6 non-palpable lymph node metastases. Sonographic diagnosis was initially uncertain in only 15 cases. Differential diagnoses and the limitations of lymph node sonography are described, and suggestions made for the application of this method in the postoperative care of melanoma patients.
