Lung cancer biomarker testing: perspective from Europe.

A questionnaire on biomarker testing previously used in central European countries was extended and distributed in Western and Central European countries to the pathologists participating at the Pulmonary Pathology Society meeting 26-28 June 2019 in Dubrovnik, Croatia. Each country was represented by one responder. For recent biomarkers the availability and reimbursement of diagnoses of molecular alterations in non-small cell lung carcinoma varies widely between different, also western European, countries. Reimbursement of such assessments varies widely between unavailability and payments by the health care system or even pharmaceutical companies. The support for testing from alternative sources, such as the pharmaceutical industry, is no doubt partly compensating for the lack of public health system support, but it is not a viable or long-term solution. Ideally, a structured access to testing and reimbursement should be the aim in order to provide patients with appropriate therapeutic options. As biomarker enabled therapies deliver a 50% better probability of outcome success, improved and unbiased reimbursement remains a major challenge for the future.

AROME-ESO Oncology Consensus Conference: access to cancer care innovations in countries with limited resources. Association of Radiotherapy and Oncology of the Mediterranean Area (AROME-Paris) and European School of Oncology (ESO - Milan).

PURPOSE: Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Its incidence is still increasing, particularly in developing countries. Recent progresses further strengthen the differences between low/middle and high-income countries. This situation calls for joint action to reduce inequities in cancer outcomes among the patients. The Association of Radiotherapy and Oncology of the Mediterranean Area (AROME) and the European School of Oncology (ESO), have initiated joint conferences devoted to access to innovations in oncology in the Mediterranean area. The heterogeneity of the economic, political and cultural situations of the different participating countries, offers the opportunity to develop consensus conference. METHODS: Cancer prevention and treatment strategies were discussed according to existing international guidelines. The Scientific committee prepared 111 questions with an objective to prioritize the access to treatments and innovations in low/middle-income Mediterranean countries. The results from the votes of 65 oncology experts, coming from 16 countries and 33 institutions have been analysed and access priorities classified accordingly. RESULTS: Ninety six percent of the proposed general recommendations concerning national health care strategies, oncology education, and treatment organization were considered to be high priorities. Regarding access to systemic treatments, 41% of the drugs without validated predictive markers and 53% of those with validated predictive markers were considered to be 1st level priority. Only 4 biological tests were considered to be 1st level priority to access to innovation. CONCLUSIONS: AROME-ESO consensus offers to cancer specialists from developing countries a basis for discussion with health authorities and payers on the prioritization of access to innovations in cancer care.

Internodal HER2 heterogeneity of axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer patients.

Determination of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status is important for adequate treatment of breast cancer (BC) patients. The novel HER2 gene protein assay (GPA) is particularly convenient, as it allows the simultaneous assessment of HER2 protein expression and gene amplification at individual cell level. Here we investigated the frequency of internodal HER2 heterogeneity in axillary lymph node macrometastases of BC patients and compared HER2 status between primary breast tumor and its metastases. We included a total of 41 female patients operated between 2014 and 2015 for primary BC with axillary lymph node macrometastases. Representative paraffin blocks of metastatic lymph nodes were sectioned and the slides were stained using the GPA in 38 BC cases. GPA results were assessed according to the ASCO/CAP 2013 criteria. We analyzed 12586 individual tumor cells, 120 cells per section of each metastatic lymph node. HER2 status differed between the primary tumor and its metastases in 5/38 cases (13.2%). In patients with at least two metastatic nodes, the HER2 status of lymph node metastases was only slightly different in 4/23 cases (17.4%). Our results indicate rare but substantial differences in HER2 status between primary breast tumor and its axillary lymph node metastases that may direct the choice and outcomes of targeted therapy in BC patients. The impact of the rare and subtle internodal HER2 heterogeneity evidenced in this study remains uncertain. Determining the HER2 status of lymph node metastases in BC seems to be rational, but assessing a limited number of metastatic nodes may be sufficient.

Lymphatic invasion and the Shields index in predicting melanoma metastases.

INTRODUCTION: Findings of the prognostic significance of lymphatic invasion are contradictory. To determine an as efficient cutaneous melanoma metastasis predictor as possible, Shields et al. created a new prognostic index. This study aimed to examine whether the lymphatic invasion analysis and the Shields index calculation can be used in predicting lymph node status in patients with cutaneous melanoma. METHODS: Lymphatic invasion of 100 melanoma specimens was detected by dual immunohistochemistry staining for the lymphatic endothelial marker D2-40 and melanoma cell S-100 protein. The Shields index was calculated as a logarithm by multiplying the melanoma thickness, square of peritumoural lymphatic vessel density and the number "2" for the present lymphatic invasion. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was observed between lymph node metastatic and nonmetastatic melanomas regarding the lymphatic invasion. Metastatic melanomas showed a significantly higher Shields index value than nonmetastatic melanomas (p = 0.00). Area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) proved that the Shields index (AUC = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79-0.93, p = 0.00) was the most accurate predictor of lymph node status, followed by the melanoma thickness (AUC = 0.76, 95% CI 0.67-0.86, p = 0.00) and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging (AUC = 0.75, 95% CI 0.66-0.85, p = 0.00), while lymphatic invasion was not successful in predicting (AUC = 0.56, 95% CI 0.45-0.67, p = 0.31). The Shields index achieved 81.3% sensitivity and 75% specificity (cut-off mean value). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that D2-40/S-100 immunohistochemical analysis of lymphatic invasion cannot be used for predicting the lymph node status, while the Shields index calculation predicts disease outcome more accurately than the melanoma thickness and AJCC staging.

Lymphatic vessel density and VEGF-C expression as independent predictors of melanoma metastases.

INTRODUCTION: In many patients, the clinical behaviour of cutaneous melanoma is very difficult to predict by traditional histologic and clinical parameters. This study aimed to examine the role of quantitative parameters of tumour lymphangiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C in predicting metastatic risk in patients with cutaneous melanoma. METHODS: One hundred melanoma specimens were stained with lymphatic-specific antibody D2-40 and with anti-VEGF-C antibody. Quantitative parameters of lymphangiogenesis-lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and lymphatic vessel area (LVA)-were determined by computer-assisted morphometric analysis. Moderate or strong staining was assessed as a positive expression of VEGF-C in tumour cells. RESULTS: Univariate analysis revealed that intratumoural LVD, peritumoural LVD, VEGF-C expression in tumour cells, melanoma thickness, Clark level, ulceration, gender and histologic type were significant predictors of lymph node metastasis (p = 0.000, p = 0.000, p = 0.000, p = 0.000, p = 0.005, p = 0.005, p = 0.011 and p = 0.027, respectively). No significant association of intratumoural and peritumoural LVA with metastases was found. In multivariate analysis, independent predictors of metastatic risks were melanoma thickness [odds ratio OR = 1.655, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.102-2.484, p = 0.015], intratumoural LVD (OR = 1.086, 95% CI 1.027-1.148, p = 0.004), peritumoural LVD (OR = 1.050, 95% CI 1.008-1.094, p = 0.020) and a positive VEGF-C expression in tumour cells (OR = 20.337, 95% CI 2.579-160.350, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: This study identified intratumoural and peritumoural LVD and the VEGF-C expression in tumour cells as more significant predictors of metastatic risk than melanoma thickness, ulceration and other clinical-pathological parameters.

Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumours of the Respiratory Tract: A Series of Three Cases with Varying Clinical Presentations and Treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor in the respiratory system is a rare and controversial disease. It is macroscopically well-circumscribed, non-encapsulated, firm and usually a yellowish-white mass. Histologically it is composed of the following spindled and inflammatory cells: lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes, including Touton type multinucleated giant cells. CASE OUTLINE: The series included a 49-year-old man with a tracheal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor who complained of hoarseness; a 42-year-old man who was coughing and had a blood-stained sputum, and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor was in the right main and intermediate bronchus; and a 32-year-old man with chest pain and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor as a solitary peripheral nodule in the left lower lobe. In all the cases, the tumor was resected bronchoscopically and surgically. CONCLUSION: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the lung and the trachea is rare. Complete resection, when possible, should be the choice of treatment. After the complete removal, prognosis is generally excellent and recurrences are rare.

Diagnostic approach to localised organising pneumonia--A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Localised organising pneumonia, radiologically presented with oval or round shadows mimicing lung cancer or metastases, is a major issue in differential diagnosis. CASE REPORT: A female patient was hospitalized to clarified the etiology of multiple nodular lung lesions. The chest X-ray and the chest computed tomography (CT) revealed bilateral patchy and nodular shadows, and round lung lesions, respectively. Neither sputum analyses, nor histology of bronchoscopy samples clarified the etiology of these lung lesions. As secondary deposits in the lungs were suspected, video-assisted thoracoscopy and anterolateral right minithoracotomy with atypical upper and lower lobe resection were performed. The frozen-section analysis suggested the benign nature of the lesion, and the definite histopathological finding of localised organising pneumonia was established. Due to bilateral lung lesions, corticosteroids were applied. Seven weeks later, the chest CT finding revealed a total regression of the lesions. CONCLUSION: A surgical resection was necessary to diagnose the localised organising pneumonia which mimiced secondary malignant lesions, thus establishing the definite etiology of lung lesions. Bronchoscopic cryobiopsy, recently introduced in order to obtain peripheral lung biopsy samples, has provided new possibilities in the diagnosis and treatment of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lung diseases.

Significance of microvessel density in prostate cancer core biopsy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: In prostate tumors, angiogenesis, measured as microvessel density, is associated with tumor stage and Gleason score. The aim of this study was determine neovascularization of prostatic adenocarcinomas in core biopsies and corresponding prostatectomies. METHODS: The study population included 61 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) for localized prostate carcinoma patients and did not receive chemohormonal, or radiation therapy before surgery. Tumor blocks were immunostained using the endothelial-specific antibody CD31 and subsequently evaluated at x 400 magnification in both biopsies and corresponding prostatectomies. RESULTS: When comparing microvessel density in core biopsies and corresponding prostatectomies, no statistically significant difference was found (p > 0.1). A statistically significant positive correlation was found when determining correlation between microvessel density (as linear and categorical variable, i.e., with the cut-off value of 48) that was associated with the Gleason score (p < 0.05) and tumor stage (p < 0.0001). There was no correlation between microvessel density and preoperative values of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (p > 0.1). CONCLUSION: Microvessel density can be reliably applied to needle prostate biopsy specimens. Quantification of the microvascular density in biopsies is an accurate pre-operative predictor of tumor stage, discriminating between organ-confined and organ-extending neoplasms.

Significance of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D in the Progression of Cutaneous Melanoma.

INTRODUCTION: Induction of tumor lymphangiogenesis by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D promotes metastasis in many human cancers. AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the role of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in patients with cutaneous melanoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four melanoma specimens (18 with lymph node metastasis, 36 nonmetastatic) were investigated by immunostaining for VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and for lymphatic endothelial marker D2-40. VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression was assessed as a percentage and intensity of stained tumor cells, tumor-associated macrophages and fibroblasts. The quantification of lymphangiogenesis was conducted by computer-assisted morphometric analysis. RESULTS: The expressions of both VEGF-C and VEGF-D in tumor cells were significantly higher in lymph node metastatic melanomas compared with nonmetastatic melanomas (P = .015 VEGF-C; P = .005 VEGF-D). There was no statistically significant difference between metastatic and nonmetastatic melanomas regarding the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in macrophages and fibroblasts. Metastatic melanomas showed a significantly higher intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic vessel density (LVD) compared with nonmetastatic melanomas (P = .000 intratumoral, P = .000 peritumoral). Melanomas with VEGF-C positive tumor cells showed a significantly higher intratumoral and peritumoral LVD compared with VEGF-C negative tumor cells group of melanomas (P = .006 intratumoral, P = .010 peritumoral). VEGF-C expression in macrophages, fibroblasts, as well as VEGF-D expression in tumor cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts, showed no correlation with the intratumoral and peritumoral LVD. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show the significance of VEGF-C in tumor cells in the induction of intratumoral and peritumoral lymphangiogenesis. This study suggests that both VEGF-C and VEGF-D in tumor cells promote lymph node metastasis, and that the immunohistochemical analysis of expression can be a useful tool for predicting clinical behavior of cutaneous melanoma.

Reliability of fine needle aspiration and ex tempore biopsy in the diagnosis of salivary glands lesions.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Interpretation of cytological material obtained by fine needle aspiration (FNA) of salivary glands is one of the most challenging areas in cytopathology. FNA is performed easily, it is minimally invasive, inexpensive, fast, reliable and provides valuable information to clinicians about the nature of the lesion and therapeutic modalities. Ex tempore diagnosis, frozen section (FS) is a diagnostic tool that is essential in determining the modalities of surgical treatment of lesions of the salivary glands. Today this method is used in determining the status of resection margins and infiltration of adjacent anatomical structures. The aim of this study was to present our experiences in the application of FNA and FS in the diagnosis of salivary gland lesions and to determine the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and diagnostic reliability of these methods. METHODS: The study included 36 patients. In all the patients, cytological analysis was done before surgery and histological analysis of the surgical material. In 23 of the patients the FS diagnostics was done. Then we compared FNA and FS findings with histopathological findings. RESULTS: Correlation of cytological and histological diagnosis showed sensitivity of 83.3%, specificity 96.67%, positive predictive value 83.3%, negative predictive value of 96.77% and diagnostic accuracy of 97.2%. Based on the relationship between FS diagnosis and histopathological diagnosis, the sensitivity was 100%, specificity 96.67%, while positive predictive value and diagnostic accuracy were 100% each. CONCLUSION: The study confirmed that FNA is a sensitive, reliable diagnostic method for differentiation of lesions of the salivary glands. In cases with no posibility to definite differentiation in FNA samples, and with the need to assess the resection margins and invasion of anatomical structures, it is recommended to use FS diagnostics.

Desquamative interstitial pneumonia: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Desquamative interstitial pneumonia is one of the rarest idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and the rarest form of smoking-related interstitial lung diseases. It was first described by Liebow in 1965. Histologically, it is characterized by the presence of eosinophilic macrophages uniformly filling airspaces which often contain a finely granular light-brown pigment that does not stain for hemosiderin. The alveolar walls are usually mildly thickened by fibrous tissue and infiltrated by a moderate number of lymphocytes. CASE OUTLINE: Our patient was a 56-year-old male, heavy smoker, with bilateral lung infiltrations of unknown etiology and several months of discomfort in the form of dry cough and shortness of breath. Lung function tests showed a moderate restrictive ventilation disorder and a severe reduction of diffusing capacity. Since bronchoscopic specimens did not reveal lung lesion etiology, an open lung biopsy of the lower left pulmonary lobe was performed, and based on the obtained surgical material the pathohistologically diagnosis of desquamative interstitial pneumonia was established. The patient was started on corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapy, and he ceased smoking. At the last control examination, two years after the onset of symptoms, the patient was feeling well, and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan of the thorax showed regression of pathological changes. CONCLUSION: Although, as in our case, the majority of DIP patients improve on treatment, some patients still develop progressive irreversible fibrosis despite therapy.

Successful treatment of pseudomembranous necrotizing aspergillus tracheobronchitis in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia.

INTRODUCTION: Pseudomembranous necrotizing Aspergillus tracheobronchitis is a rare form of pulmonary aspergillosis which occurs in immunocompromised patients. CASE OUTLINE: A female patient aged 71, suffering from acute myeloid leukemia, developed the symptoms of progressive shortness of breath and inspiratory stridor. The diagnosis in our case was made on the histological findings from tissues obtained by bronchoscopy. A chest CT scan suggested the state of the compromised trachea and left principal bronchus lumen. The long-term regimen with itraconazole in the dose of 400 mg/24 hours proved efficient in our patient. CONCLUSION: Progressive shortness of breath and inspiratory stridor in immunocompromised patients along with radiological and CT changes should be also considered as pulmonary aspergillosis in differential diagnosis.

Detection of premalignant bronchial lesions can be significantly improved by combination of advanced bronchoscopic imaging techniques.

BACKGROUND: The search for the most efficient bronchoscopic imaging tool in detection of early lung cancer is still active. The major aim of this study was to determine sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of each bronchoscopic technique and their combination in detection of premalignant bronchial lesions. METHODS: This was a prospective trial that enrolled 96 patients with indication for bronchoscopy. Lesions were classified as visually positive if pathological fluorescence was observed under autofluorescence imaging (AFI) videobronchoscopy or dotted, tortuous, and abrupt-ending blood vessels were identified under narrow band imaging (NBI) videobronchoscopy. Squamous metaplasia, mild, moderate, or severe dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ (CIS) were regarded as histologically positive lesions. RESULTS: Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of white light videobronchoscopy (WLB) in detection of premalignant lesions were 26.5%, 63.9%, 34.4%, and 54.9%, respectively; the corresponding values for AFI were 52%, 79.6%, 64.6%, and 69.9% respectively, for NBI were 66%, 84.6%, 75.4%, 77.7%, respectively, while the values for combination of NBI and AFI were 86.1%, 86.6%, 84.6%, and 88%, respectively. Combination of NBI and AFI significantly improves sensitivity when compared to each individual technique (P < 0.001). When specificity is of concern, combination of techniques improves specificity of WLB (P < 0.001) and specificity of AFI (P = 0.03), but it does not have significant influence on specificity of NBI (P = 0.53). CONCLUSION: Combination of NBI and AFI in detection of premalignant bronchial lesions increases both sensitivity and specificity of each technique. However, it seems that NBI is most sufficient and effective in detection of these lesions.

Relation between vascular patterns visualized by Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) videobronchoscopy and histological type of lung cancer.

Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) videobronchoscopy is a new technique for visualization of microvascular changes in bronchial mucosa. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate relation between vascular patterns visualized by NBI and histology of lung cancer. We prospectively evaluated 65 patients with suspected lung cancer scheduled for bronchoscopy. NBI followed conventional WL videobronchoscopy. After identification of endoscopically visible tumor, NBI was used to determine predominant type of pathological vascular pattern (dotted, tortuous, abrupt-ending blood vessels-Shibuya descriptors). All the lesions were biopsied and histologically confirmed. There were 81.5 % male and 18.5 % female patients evaluated in the study. Lung cancer was confirmed in all patients; 63.1 % were diagnosed with squamous cell lung cancer (SCC), 24.6 % had adenocarcinoma, 9.2 % had small-cell (SCLC) and 3.1 % large-cell lung cancer (LC). Dotted blood vessels were significantly (p < 0.000) associated with adenocarcinoma, identified in 68.4 % adenocarcinoma and 31.6 % SCC. Tortuous blood vessels were identified in 72 % SCC, 8 % adenocarcinoma, 12 % SCLC and 8 % of LC. Tortuous blood vessels were significantly (p < 0.000) associated with SCC. Abrupt-ending vessels were identified in 81 % SCC, 14.3 % SCLC and 4.8 % adenocarcinoma and were significantly associated (p < 0.000) with SCC. Dotted visual pattern of blood vessels identified during NBI videobronchoscopy is highly suggesting adenocarcinoma histology of lung cancer. Tortuous and abrupt-ending blood vessels visualized under NBI videobronchoscopy significantly suggest squamous cell histology of lung cancer. Large-scale studies should be designed in order to determine true relation between visual appearance and histology in lung cancer.

Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis coexisting with metastasizing adenocarcinoma of the lung: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an uncommon disease of unknown etiology characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and infiltration of various organs by Langerhans cells. CASE REPORT: We presented a 54-year-old man, heavy smoker, with dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, headache and ataxia, who died shortly after admission to our hospital. On the autopsy, tumor was found in the posterior segment of the right upper pulmonary lobe as well as a right-sided occipitoparietal lesion which penetrated into the right ventricle resulting in internal and external hematocephalus. Histologically and immunohistohemically, the diagnosis of primary lung adenocarcinoma with brain metastasis was made (tumor cells showed positivity for CK7 and TTF-1 which confirmed the diagnosis). In the lung parenchyma around the tumor, as well as in brain tissue around the metastatic adenocarcinoma histiocytic lesions were found. Light microscopic examination of the other organs also showed histiocytic lesions involving the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, spleen and mediastinal lymph nodes. Immunohistochemical studies revealed CD68, S-100 and CD1a immunoreactivity within the histiocytes upon which the diagnosis of Langerhans' cells histiocytosis was made. CONCLUSION: The multisystem form of LCH with extensive organ involvement was an incidental finding, while metastatic lung adenocarcinoma to the brain that led to hematocephalus was the cause of death.

The role of immunohistochemical evaluation in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura.

UNLABELLED: BACKROUND/AIM: The final diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma is made exclusively by histopathological examination of biopsy materials that are routinely complemented by the use of immunohistochemical analysis. The aim of this paper was to determine the significance of immunohistochemical analysis and application of certain antibodies in the diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included clinical data of 32 patients with the histopathological diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma made in the period 2004-2009 at the Institute for Pulmonary Diseases in Sremska Kamenica. The material was processed and analyzed at the Center for Pathology. RESULTS: CK5/6 was positive, in 63% of the cases calretinin, in 94% and HBME-1 in 80% of the cases. CK7 was positive in 78%, and EMA in 83% of the cases. All the cases (100%) were negative for TTFF-1, CEA, CD20, desmin and MOC31. CONCLUSION: Immunohistochemistry has become an essential diagnostic procedure for the diagnosis and determination of the type of malignant pleural mesothelioma, and due to the lack of individual antibodies a combination of antibody with different sensitivity and specificity is in use today.

[Diagnostic relevance of fine needle aspiration cytology in nodular thyroid lesions].

BACKGROUND/AIM: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the thyroid gland has been used as an initial investigative procedure of thyroid nodule(s) in the Department of Pathology at the Institute of Oncology of Vojvodina for more than 20 years. This procedure is rapid, inexpensive and technologically simple, yet it has found only limited, albeit increasing acceptance in medical practice in Serbia. The aim of the study was to evaluate our FNAC findings by correlating cytological results with histological diagnosis and to define the sensitivity, diagnostic accuracy and positive predictive value of FNAC. METHODS: A total of 266 patients with thyroid swellings were aspirated in one year investigated period at our Institute out of whom 69 underwent surgery between May 2008 and May 2009. The cytological results correlated with clinical features, ultrasound investigations (US) and subsequent histopathological examination of the resected tissue. RESULTS: By the use of cytology we found out thyroid carcinoma in 10 patients, and by histopathological examination in 12. We obtained 83% sensitivity, 100% specificity and 97% of diagnostic accuracy of FNAC. CONCLUSION: The obtained results confirm the importance of FNAC in preoperative assesment of thyroid nodule.

The role of autofluorescence bronchoscopy in monitoring a tumorous lesion in the bronchial mucosa: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Autofluorescence bronchoscopy (AFB) is a diagnostic procedure that is included in all diagnostic algorithms discovering precancerous lesions in the large airways. CASE REPORT: We presented a 71-year-old patient submitted to exploration due to prolonged cough. Both noninvasive and invasive pulmonary diagnostic management was carried out. On bronchoscopy, an endobronchial mass was detected in the apical bronchus. A positive endoscopy finding indicated AFB which disclosed a fluorescence alteration of the tumor mucosa and the former bronchoscopy site. Histopathological analysis of the catheter biopsy obtained samples from the right upper lobe confirmed fibrinous purulent pneumonia in organization. The applied treatment resulted in regression of both symptoms and the lesion in the right upper lobe. Due to a positive AFB finding, the patient was regularly observed over the following three years, having had three control AFB to monitor the initial finding. CONCLUSION: AFB may be utilized in the routine of everyday practice to assess the spread of the disease, as well as in the postsurgical and long-term follow-up of operated patients. The procedure may also be applied to enable an easier and more reliable observation of patients with suspicious endobronchial lesions, smokers with altered fluorescence of the bronchial mucosa, and chronic patients.

Colorectal carcinoma under microscopy: patohistology or much more?

Today the role of pathologists is increasingly focused on finding more accurate prognostic and predictive parameters that will be necessary for targeted treatment of patients. Improving understanding of colorectal carcinogenesis allow us to consider incorporation of these new knowledges in molecular classification of colorectal cancer. There are different ways of molecular classification, but most of them are based on: 1. type of genetic instability; 2. methylator phenotype and 3. single molecular events such are KRAS and BRAF mutations. This review considers a new molecular classification of colorectal carcinoma proposed by J. Jass in 2007 which is based on the correlation of molecular and morphological features. We would also like to point out to the new role of pathologists in the era of personalized medicine in diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal carcinomas as well as in selection of patients for some modalities of targeted therapy.