ABSTRACT
The inter-mountainous region of central Honduras has been experiencing abrupt urban drinking water shortages during the last decade. Land use fragmentation and rainfall deficits have rapidly reduced surface water quality and quantity in this region. Here we present a 3-yr (2018-2020) tracer study within the headwaters of the Choluteca River basin (2949 km2). We sampled rainfall (weekly N = 156; daily N = 270), drilled wells (N = 166; up to ~300 m depth), boreholes (N = 70; ~4-12 m depth), and springs (N = 128) to assess the spatiotemporal connectivity between rainfall and mean groundwater recharge elevations (MREs). Clear W-shaped incursions characterized rainfall isotopic seasonality from the dry to the wet season. Air mass back trajectory analysis revealed three primary moisture sources: 73 % (east, Caribbean Sea), 17 % (southwest, Pacific Ocean), and 10 % (north; Gulf of Mexico). Groundwater sources exhibited a strong meteoric origin with evidence of secondary evaporation evolution, characterized by low d-excess values. MREs for the drilled wells ranged from 821 to 2018 m asl with a mean value of 1570 ± 150 m asl. Seasonal isotopic variability during dry-wet transitions and the influence of rapid infiltration limited the performance of the MRE method in springs and boreholes. MREs coincided primarily with coniferous forests, pasture, and crop areas, within regions of moderate to high transmissivity. These results are intended to guide the mapping and delineation of critical recharge areas in central Honduras to enhance municipal water regulations, effective environmental protection, and long-term conservation practices.
Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring , Groundwater , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Honduras , Isotopes/analysis , Oxygen Isotopes/analysis , RiversABSTRACT
Milk and feed consumption were monitored in fifteen Holstein cows divided in 3 groups: T1 (control), T2 (sodium monensin - 300 mg/head) T3 (sodium monensin - 225 mg/head). After an experimental period of 112 days, there were 13.5% and 10% (T2) increase in milk production as compared to the control and T3 respectively, and also a feed intake reduction 4.5% (T2) and 3% (T3) as compared to the control.
Utilizaram-se quinze vacas da raça Holandesa, submetidas a três tratamentos: T1-controle, T2-monensina sódica 300 mg/animal/dia, T3-monensina sódica 225 mg/animal/dia. A produção de leite, consumo de ração e o peso dos animais foram mensurados, juntamente com a avaliação da condição corporal Após o período experimental de 112 dias, evidenciou-se aumento na produção de leite de 13,5% e 10% (T2) em relação a TI e T3 respectivamente. Houve redução de consumo de ração de 4,5% (T2) e 3% (T3) em relação ao controle.
ABSTRACT
Milk and feed consumption were monitored in fifteen Holstein cows divided in 3 groups: T1 (control), T2 (sodium monensin - 300 mg/head) T3 (sodium monensin - 225 mg/head). After an experimental period of 112 days, there were 13.5% and 10% (T2) increase in milk production as compared to the control and T3 respectively, and also a feed intake reduction 4.5% (T2) and 3% (T3) as compared to the control.
Utilizaram-se quinze vacas da raça Holandesa, submetidas a três tratamentos: T1-controle, T2-monensina sódica 300 mg/animal/dia, T3-monensina sódica 225 mg/animal/dia. A produção de leite, consumo de ração e o peso dos animais foram mensurados, juntamente com a avaliação da condição corporal Após o período experimental de 112 dias, evidenciou-se aumento na produção de leite de 13,5% e 10% (T2) em relação a TI e T3 respectivamente. Houve redução de consumo de ração de 4,5% (T2) e 3% (T3) em relação ao controle.
ABSTRACT
Utilizaram-se 30 vacas da raça Holandeza, submetidas a três tratamentos: T1 - controle, T2 - BST 320 mg a cada 14 dias e T3 - BST 640 mg a cada 28 dias. A produçäo de leite e gordura e consumo de raçäo foram mensurados. Após um período experimental de 84 dias, evidenciou-se aumento na produçäo de leite de 13,5 por cento (T2) e 17,0 por cento (T3) em relaçäo ao controle (T1). Houve aumento do consumo de raçäo de 4,8 por cento (T2) e 5,8 por cento (T3) em relaçäo ao controle. Os lotes tratados apresentaram aumento na eficiência de utilizaçäo da dieta de 9 por cento (T2) e 11 por cento (T3)