Real-World Treatment Patterns and Clinical Outcomes Among Patients with Metastatic or Unresectable EGFR-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Previously Treated with Osimertinib and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy.

INTRODUCTION: For patients with epidermal growth factor receptor-mutated (EGFRm) locally advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) whose disease has progressed on or after osimertinib and platinum-based chemotherapy (PBC), no uniformly accepted standard of care exists. Moreover, limited efficacy of standard treatments indicates an unmet medical need, which is being addressed by ongoing clinical investigations, including the HERTHENA-Lung01 (NCT04619004) study of patritumab deruxtecan (HER3­DXd). However, because limited information is available on real-world clinical outcomes in such patients, early-phase trials of investigational therapies lack sufficient context for comparison. This study describes the real-world clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes for patients with EGFRm mNSCLC who initiated a new line of therapy following previous osimertinib and PBC, including a subset matched to the HERTHENA-Lung01 population. METHODS: This retrospective analysis used a US database derived from deidentified electronic health records. The reference cohort included patients with EGFRm mNSCLC who had initiated a new line of therapy between November 13, 2015 and June 30, 2021, following prior osimertinib and PBC. A subset of patients resembling the HERTHENA-Lung01 population was then extracted from the reference cohort; this matched subset was optimized using propensity score (PS) weighting. Endpoints were real-world overall survival (rwOS) and real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS). Confirmed real-world objective response rate (rwORR; partial/complete response confirmed ≥ 28 days later) was calculated for the response-evaluable subgroups of patients (with ≥ 2 response assessments spaced ≥ 28 days apart). RESULTS: In the reference cohort (N = 273), multiple treatment regimens were used, and none was predominant. Median rwPFS and rwOS were 3.3 and 8.6 months, respectively; confirmed rwORR (response evaluable, n = 123) was 13.0%. In the matched subset (n = 126), after PS weighting, median rwPFS and rwOS were 4.2 and 9.1 months, respectively; confirmed rwORR (response evaluable, n = 57) was 14.1%. CONCLUSION: The treatment landscape for this heavily pretreated population of patients with EGFRm mNSCLC is fragmented, with no uniformly accepted standard of care. A high unmet need exists for therapeutic options that provide meaningful improvements in clinical benefit.

Patritumab deruxtecan in HER2-negative breast cancer: part B results of the window-of-opportunity SOLTI-1805 TOT-HER3 trial and biological determinants of early response.

Patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd) exhibits promising efficacy in breast cancer, with its activity not directly correlated to baseline ERBB3/HER3 levels. This research investigates the genetic factors affecting HER3-DXd's response in women with early-stage hormone receptor-positive and HER2-negative (HR+/HER2-) breast cancer. In the SOLTI-1805 TOT-HER3 trial, a single HER3-DXd dose was administered to 98 patients across two parts: 78 patients received 6.4 mg/kg (Part A), and 44 received a lower 5.6 mg/kg dose (Part B). The CelTIL score, measuring tumor cellularity and infiltrating lymphocytes from baseline to day 21, was used to assess drug activity. Part A demonstrated increased CelTIL score after one dose of HER3-DXd. Here we report CelTIL score and safety for Part B. In addition, the exploratory analyses of part A involve a comprehensive study of gene expression, somatic mutations, copy-number segments, and DNA-based subtypes, while Part B focuses on validating gene expression. RNA analyses show significant correlations between CelTIL responses, high proliferation genes (e.g., CCNE1, MKI67), and low expression of luminal genes (e.g., NAT1, SLC39A6). DNA findings indicate that CelTIL response is significantly associated with TP53 mutations, proliferation, non-luminal signatures, and a distinct DNA-based subtype (DNADX cluster-3). Critically, low HER2DX ERBB2 mRNA, correlates with increased HER3-DXd activity, which is validated through in vivo patient-derived xenograft  models. This study proposes chemosensitivity determinants, DNA-based subtype classification, and low ERBB2 expression as potential markers for HER3-DXd activity in HER2-negative breast cancer.

Clinical Management of Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Brain Metastases, and Actionable Genomic Alterations: A Systematic Literature Review.

INTRODUCTION: Nearly 60% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) present with metastatic disease, and approximately 20% have brain metastases (BrMs) at diagnosis. During the disease course, 25-50% of patients will develop BrMs. Despite available treatments, survival rates for patients with NSCLC and BrMs remain low, and their overall prognosis is poor. Even with newer agents for NSCLC, options for treating BrMs can be limited by their ineffective transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the unique brain tumor microenvironment. The presence of actionable genomic alterations (AGAs) is a key determinant of optimal treatment selection, which aims to maximize responses and minimize toxicities. The objective of this systematic literature review (SLR) was to understand the current landscape of the clinical management of patients with NSCLC and BrMs, particularly those with AGAs. METHOD: A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)-compliant SLR was conducted to identify studies in patients with BrMs in NSCLC. Searches used the EMBASE and MEDLINE® databases, and articles published between January 1, 2017 and September 26, 2022 were reviewed. RESULTS: Overall, 179 studies were included in the SLR. This subset review focused on 80 studies that included patients with NSCLC, BrMs, and AGAs (19 randomized controlled trials [RCTs], two single-arm studies, and 59 observational studies). Sixty-four of the 80 studies reported on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, 14 on anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) alterations, and two on both alterations. Ninety-five percent of studies evaluated targeted therapy. All RCTs allowed patients with previously treated, asymptomatic, or neurologically stable BrMs; the percentage of asymptomatic BrMs varied across observational studies. CONCLUSIONS: Although targeted therapies demonstrate systemic benefits for patients with NSCLC, BrMs, and AGAs, there remains a continued need for effective therapies to treat and prevent BrMs in this population. Increased BBB permeability of emerging therapies may improve outcomes for this population.

HERTHENA-Lung02: phase III study of patritumab deruxtecan in advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC after a third-generation EGFR TKI.

After disease progression on EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC who are then treated with platinum-based chemotherapy (PBC) obtain only limited clinical benefit with transient responses. Therapies with greater efficacy and tolerable safety profiles are needed in this setting. The receptor tyrosine kinase HER3 is widely expressed in NSCLC, and increased expression is associated with poor treatment outcomes. In the U31402-A-U102 phase I trial, HER3-DXd showed promising antitumor activity with manageable safety in heavily pre-treated patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC across a range of tumor HER3 expression levels and EGFR TKI resistance mechanisms. HERTHENA-Lung02 is the first phase III trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of HER3-DXd versus PBC in patients with progression on a third-generation EGFR TKI. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05338970 (clinicaltrials.gov); 2021-005879-40 (EudraCT Number).

In some patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, changes (or mutations) in the DNA sequence can alter a protein called EGFR and allow tumors to grow and survive. Drugs called EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs for short) are used to treat these tumors by interfering with the abnormal EGFR protein. Treatment with these drugs can work well at first, but some tumors never respond, and for tumors that do respond, the cancer eventually becomes resistant to the EGFR TKI and the drug stops working. Platinum-based chemotherapy is often prescribed after an EGFR TKI stops working; however, platinum-based chemotherapy can provide only temporary control of the tumor growth. Most patients with non-small-cell lung cancer have a protein called HER3 on the surface of their tumor cells. A new drug candidate called patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd) finds tumor cells and attaches to the HER3 protein on their surface. HER3-DXd then moves inside the cancer cells, where a novel antitumor payload is released and kills the tumor cells. This article describes the phase III clinical trial HERTHENA-Lung02 (NCT05338970) that compares the benefit of HER3-DXd to platinum-based chemotherapy for patients who have non-small-cell lung cancer with the abnormal EGFR protein and whose disease stopped responding or never responded to EGFR TKI therapy.

SOLTI-1805 TOT-HER3 Study Concept: A Window-of-Opportunity Trial of Patritumab Deruxtecan, a HER3 Directed Antibody Drug Conjugate, in Patients With Early Breast Cancer.

Background: Preclinical data support a key role for the human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) pathway in hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer. Recently, new HER3 directed antibody drug conjugates have shown activity in breast cancer. Given the need to better understand the molecular biology, tumor microenvironment, and mechanisms of drug resistance in breast cancer, we designed this window-of-opportunity study with the HER3 directed antibody drug conjugate patritumab deruxtecan (HER3-DXd; U3-1402). Trial Design: Based on these data, a prospective, multicenter, single-arm, window-of-opportunity study was designed to evaluate the biological effect of patritumab deruxtecan in the treatment of naïve patients with HR-positive/HER2-negative early breast cancer whose primary tumors are ≥1 cm by ultrasound evaluation. Patients will be enrolled in four cohorts according to the mRNA-based ERBB3 expression by central assessment. The primary endpoint is a CelTIL score after one single dose. A translational research plan is also included to provide biological information and to evaluate secondary and exploratory objectives of the study. Trial Registration Number: EudraCT 2019-004964-23; NCT number: NCT04610528.

Health Care Costs in a Cohort of HIV-Infected U.S. Veterans Receiving Regimens Containing Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine.

BACKGROUND: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), a key component in many human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment regimens, is associated with increased renal and bone toxicities. The contributions of such toxicities to treatment costs, as well as the relative differences in treatment costs for various TDF/emtricitabine (FTC) regimens, remains unexplored. OBJECTIVE: To estimate and compare mean overall and renal- and bone-specific costs, including total, inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy costs in patients treated with TDF/FTC+efavirenz (EFV) compared with several non-EFV-containing TDF/FTC regimens. METHODS: We conducted a national cohort study of treatment-naive HIV-infected U.S. veterans who initiated treatment from 2003 to 2015 with TDF/FTC in combination with EFV, elvitegravir/cobicistat, rilpivirine, or ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (atazanavir, darunavir, or lopinavir). Outcomes of interest were quarterly total, inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy costs using data from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) electronic medical record and Managerial Cost Accounting System (an activity-based accounting system that allocates VHA expenditures to patient encounters). We controlled for measured confounders using inverse probability of treatment (IPT) weights and assessed differences using standardized mean differences (SMDs). For comparisons where SMDs exceeded 0.1 after IPT weighting, we used the more conservative matching weights in sensitivity analyses. For hypothesis testing, we compared IPT-adjusted differences in quarterly costs between treatment groups using Mann-Whitney U-tests and generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression models. RESULTS: Of 33,048 HIV-positive veterans, 7,222 met eligibility criteria, including 4,172 TDF/FTC + EFV recipients; mean (SD) age of the cohort was 50.0 (10.0) years; 96.7% were male; 60.1% were black; and 30.1% were white. Quarterly periods of exposure to EFV-containing regimens were 22,499 and of exposure to non-EFV-containing regimens were 11,633. After IPT weighting, absolute SMDs were < 0.1 except for a few covariates in the rilpivirine comparison. The per-patient adjusted mean total quarterly costs were $7,145 for EFV versus $8,726 for non-EFV (P < 0.001; Mann-Whitney U-test) and the per-patient adjusted mean difference in total quarterly costs was $1,419 lower for EFV versus all non-EFV combined (P < 0.001; GEE model). Corresponding values for outpatient costs ($2,656 vs. $2,942; P < 0.001; difference, -$254; P = 0.001), inpatient costs ($2,009 vs. $2,614; P < 0.001), radiology costs ($213 vs. $276; P < 0.001), and pharmacy costs ($2,480 vs. $3,170; P < 0.001; difference, -$600; P < 0.001) were all lower for EFV versus all non-EFV combined. Findings based on matching weights were qualitatively similar. Contributions of renal and bone costs to the total costs of treatment were very small, ranging between $52 and $94 per patient per quarter for renal outcomes and between $6 and $114 for bone outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Among 7,222 HIV-treated veterans over an average follow-up of 1.2 years per patient, those patients receiving TDF/FTC + EFV had lower overall health care costs compared with those receiving non-EFV regimens. DISCLOSURES: This study was funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb. Nelson, Ma, Crook, Knippenberg, Nyman, and LaFleur are employees of the University of Utah, which received a grant from Bristol-Myers Squibb to conduct this study. Nyman also discloses honoraria for consulting from Otsuka and for writing a book chapter from Fresenius. La Fleur reports advisory board and consulting fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb outside of this study. Paul and Esker are employees of, and own stock in, Bristol-Myers Squibb.

Tenofovir-Associated Bone Adverse Outcomes among a US National Historical Cohort of HIV-Infected Veterans: Risk Modification by Concomitant Antiretrovirals.

INTRODUCTION: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has been associated with greater incidences of bone complications, which might be modified by some concomitantly administered antiretrovirals, possibly by their effect on tenofovir concentrations. We compared bone adverse outcomes among treatment-naïve HIV-infected US veterans initiating efavirenz (EFV)-containing TDF/emtricitabine (FTC) regimens versus those initiating non-EFV-containing TDF/FTC regimens. METHODS: Using national Veterans Health Administration clinical and administrative data sets, we identified a cohort of treatment-naïve HIV-infected veterans without bone disease who initiated therapy with TDF/FTC plus EFV, rilpivirine, elvitegravir/cobicistat, or ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors in 2003-2015. The primary composite adverse bone outcome was the unadjusted incidence rate (IR) of osteoporosis, osteopenia, or fragility fracture (any hip, wrist, or spine fracture). To account for selection bias and confounding, we used inverse probability of treatment-weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for each outcome associated with EFV + TDF/FTC versus each non-EFV-containing TDF/FTC regimen. RESULTS: Of 33,048 HIV-positive veterans, 7161 initiated a TDF/FTC-containing regimen (mean age, 50 years; baseline CD4 < 200 cells/mm3, 33.3%; HIV-1 RNA > 100,000 copies/ml, 22.3%; mean follow-up, 13.0 months). Of these, 4137 initiated EFV- and 3024 non-EFV-containing regimens. Veterans initiating EFV- versus non-EFV-containing TDF/FTC regimens had a lower IR of the composite bone outcome (29.3 vs. 41.4 per 1000 patient-years), with significant risk reductions for this outcome [HR, 0.69; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.58-0.83] and fragility fracture (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.44-0.78). CONCLUSION: EFV + TDF/FTC is associated with a lower risk of adverse bone outcomes compared with other TDF-containing regimens in the VHA. FUNDING: Bristol-Myers Squibb.

Brief Report: Tenofovir-Associated Nephrotoxicity Among a US National Historical Cohort of HIV-Infected Veterans: Risk Modification by Concomitant Antiretrovirals.

BACKGROUND: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has been associated with renal complications. The third agent in TDF-containing antiretroviral regimens may modify that risk. We compared renal adverse outcomes among treatment-naive HIV-infected patients initiating TDF-containing regimens including efavirenz (EFV) or other agents. SETTING: This population-based historical cohort study used national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) clinical and administrative data sets to identify treatment-naive HIV-infected veterans initiating antiretroviral therapy with TDF/emtricitabine (FTC) + EFV, rilpivirine (RPV), elvitegravir/cobicistat (EVG/c), or ritonavir (RTV)-boosted protease inhibitors (PIs) from 2003 to 2015. METHODS: Unadjusted incidence rates (IRs) for each regimen and covariate-adjusted hazard ratios [ using Cox proportional hazards models and inverse probability of treatment weighting] for between-regimen comparisons were calculated for renal outcomes including confirmed proteinuria, defined as 2 consecutive protein-to-creatinine ratios >150 mg/g or albumin-to-creatinine ratios >30 mg/g occurring ≥90 days apart; chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as 2 consecutive estimated glomerular filtration rate measurements <60 mL·min·1.73 m occurring ≥90 days apart; and kidney dialysis. RESULTS: Of 33,048 HIV-positive veterans, 4172 received EFV + TDF/FTC, 234 EVG/c/TDF/FTC, 173 RPV/TDF/FTC, and 2651 RTV-boosted PIs + TDF/FTC. Confirmed proteinuria and CKD IRs were numerically lower with EFV + TDF/FTC versus non-EFV + TDF/FTC (dialysis IRs were rare and comparable). After inverse probability of treatment weighting adjustment, EFV + TDF/FTC was associated with lower CKD risk versus non-EFV + TDF/FTC (hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.53 to 0.72), EVG/c/TDF/FTC (0.75; 0.59 to 0.95), RPV/TDF/FTC (0.20; 0.17 to 0.24), and RTV-boosted PIs + TDF/FTC (0.62; 0.53 to 0.72). CONCLUSIONS: EFV + TDF/FTC was associated with significantly lower risk of CKD versus other TDF-containing regimens in the Veterans Health Administration.

Comparative incidence and health care costs of medically attended adverse effects among U.S. Medicaid HIV patients on atazanavir- or darunavir-based antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVES: This is the first study to compare the incidence and health care costs of medically attended adverse effects in atazanavir- and darunavir-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) among U.S. Medicaid patients receiving routine HIV care. METHODS: This was a retrospective study using Medicaid administrative health care claims from 15 states. Subjects were HIV patients aged 18 to 64 years initiating atazanavir- or darunavir-based ART from January 1, 2003, to July 1, 2010, with continuous enrollment for 6 months before (baseline) and 6 months after (evaluation period) ART initiation and 1 or more evaluation period medical claim. Outcomes were incidence and health care costs of the following medically attended (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification-coded or treated) adverse effects during the evaluation period: gastrointestinal, lipid abnormalities, diabetes/hyperglycemia, rash, and jaundice. All-cause health care costs were also determined. Patients treated with atazanavir and darunavir were propensity score matched (ratio = 3:1) by using demographic and clinical covariates. Multivariable models adjusted for covariates lacking postmatch statistical balance. RESULTS: Propensity-matched study sample included 1848 atazanavir- and 616 darunavir-treated patients (mean age 41 years, 50% women, 69% black). Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (for darunavir, reference = atazanavir) and per-patient-per-month health care cost differences (darunavir minus atazanavir) were as follows: gastrointestinal, HR = 1.25 (P = 0.04), $43 (P = 0.13); lipid abnormalities, HR = 1.38 (P = 0.07), $3 (P = 0.88); diabetes/hyperglycemia, HR = 0.84 (P = 0.55), $13 (P = 0.69); and rash, HR = 1.11 (P = 0.23), $0 (P = 0.76); all-cause health care costs were $1086 (P<0.001). Too few instances of jaundice (11 in atazanavir and 1 in darunavir) occurred to support multivariable modeling. CONCLUSIONS: Medication tolerability can be critical to the success or failure of ART. Compared with darunavir-treated patients, atazanavir-treated patients had significantly fewer instances of medically attended gastrointestinal issues and more instances of jaundice and incurred significantly lower health care costs.

Patient-reported outcomes in virologically suppressed, HIV-1-Infected subjects after switching to a simplified, single-tablet regimen of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir DF.

A randomized, open-label, multicenter study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic switch to a single-tablet formulation of efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF (EFV/FTC/TDF) among virologically suppressed, HIV-1-infected subjects. Eligible subjects on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) with HIV-1 RNA less than 200 copies per milliliter for 3 months or more were stratified by prior protease inhibitor (PI)- or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based therapy and randomized (2:1) to EFV/FTC/TDF or to stay on their baseline regimen (SBR). Patient-reported measures were quality of life (QOL; SF-36 [version 2]), treatment adherence (visual analogue scale), preference of medication (POM), perceived ease of the regimen for condition (PERC), and a 20-item HIV symptom index. Overall, 203 subjects were randomized to EFV/FTC/TDF and 97 to SBR. Fifty-three percent of subjects had previously received a PI-based regimen; 47% an NNRTI-based therapy. Throughout the study, SF-36 summary scores did not differ significantly from baseline, regardless of previous ART or treatment allocation. Adherence was 96% or more in both groups at baseline and all subsequent study visits. At study conclusion, the EFV/FTC/TDF regimen was considered easier to follow than prior regimens by 97% and 96% of subjects previously receiving PI-based and NNRTI-based therapies, respectively. Overall, 91% of subjects switched to EFV/FTC/TDF indicated a preference over their prior therapy. Switching to EFV/FTC/TDF was associated with transient worsening/emergence of dizziness and sustained improvements in several other HIV-related symptoms. In conclusion, switching virologically suppressed, HIV-1-infected subjects from PI-based or NNRTI-based regimens to EFV/FTC/TDF was associated with maintained QOL and treatment adherence, and improved ease of use and treatment satisfaction.