[Prognosis in elderly patients with falls treated in emergency departments: The EDEN-3 study]. / Pronóstico en pacientes ancianos con caídas atendidos en servicios de urgencias: estudio EDEN-3.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether falls in people ≥65 years old are a prognostic factor for adverse events compared to the rest of older patients who consult emergency departments, and identify factors related to a worse long-term evolution. METHOD: EDEN cohort that included patients ≥65 years old. Those patients who consulted for fall and the rest were distinguished. Twelve variables were collected. For comparison: two groups matched by fall propensity score. We compared mortality at one year and combined adverse event post-discharge at one year. In patients with falls, variables independently related to evolution were identified. RESULTS: Two thousand seven hundred and forty-five patients treated for falls and 22,920 for other reasons. Mortality at one year was 14.4% (9.5% vs. 15.0%, respectively, P<.001) and the combined post-discharge adverse event at one year was 60.6% (52.2% vs. 61.7%, respectively, P<.001). In 4748 patients matched by fall propensity score (2372 in each group), the inverse association between consultation for fall and mortality (HR: 0.705, 95% CI: 0.5880.846) and post-discharge combined adverse event (0.758, 0.701-0.820) remained significant. Factors associated with mortality in patients with falls were ≥80 years (2.097, 1.521-2.891) and comorbidity (2.393, 1.574-3.636) while being female was a protective factor (0.758, 0.584-0.985). Between the factors associated with post-discharge combined adverse hospitalization in the index event was a protective factor (0.804, 0.685-0.943). CONCLUSIONS: Patients over 65 years of age treated in the emergency room for falls have a better prognosis. Hospitalization was a protective factor of combined postdischarge adverse event.

Validación de la escala COVID-19-12O para predecir reingreso/revisita en pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 dados de alta desde Urgencias / Validation of the COVID-19-12O score for predicting readmissions/revisits in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia discharged from the emergency department

Objective The COVID-19-12O-score has been validated to determine the risk of respiratory failure in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Our study aims to assess whether the score is effective in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia discharged from a hospital emergency department (HED) to predict readmission and revisit. Metho Retrospective cohort of patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia discharged consecutively from an HUS of a tertiary hospital, from January 7 to February 17, 2021, where we applied the COVID-19-12O -score, with a cut-off point of 9 points to define the risk of admission or revisit. The primary outcome variable was revisit with or without hospital readmission after 30 days of discharge from HUS. Results We included 77 patients, with a median age of 59 years, 63.6% men and Charlson index of 2. 9.1% had an emergency room revisit and 15.3% had a deferred hospital admission. The relative risk (RR) for emergency journal was 0.46 (0.04–4.62, 95% CI, p=0.452), and the RR for hospital readmission was 6.88 (1.20–39.49, 95% CI, p<0.005). Conclusions The COVID-19-12O -score is effective in determining the risk of hospital readmission in patients discharged from HED with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, but is not useful for assessing the risk of revisit (AU)

Objetivo La escala COVID-19-12O se ha validado para determinar el riesgo de insuficiencia respiratoria en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19. Nuestro estudio pretende evaluar si la escala es efectiva en pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 dados de alta desde un servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH) para predecir el reingreso y revisita. Método Cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 dados de alta de forma consecutiva desde un SUH de un hospital terciario, del 7 de enero al 17 de febrero de 2021, donde aplicamos la escala COVID-19-12O, con un punto de corte de 9 puntos para definir el riesgo de ingreso o revisita. La variable de resultado principal fue la revisita con o sin reingreso hospitalario tras los 30 días de su alta desde el SUH. Resultados Se incluyeron 77 pacientes, con una edad mediana de 59 años, 63,6 % hombres e índice Charlson de 2. El 9,1 % tuvieron revisita a urgencias y en el 15,3 % se produjo un ingreso hospitalario diferido. El riesgo relativo (RR) para revista de urgencias fue 0,46 (0,04−4,62, IC 95 %, p=0,452), y el RR para el reingreso hospitalario de 6,88 (1,20–39,49, IC 95 %, p<0,005). Conclusiones La escala COVID-19-12O es efectiva en determinar el riesgo de reingreso hospitalario en pacientes dados de alta desde el SUH con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2, pero no es útil para valorar el riesgo de revisita (AU)

Validation of the COVID-19-12O score for predicting readmissions/revisits in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia discharged from the emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19-12O-score has been validated to determine the risk of respiratory failure in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Our study aims to assess whether the score is effective in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia discharged from a hospital emergency department (HED) to predict readmission and revisit. METHOD: Retrospective cohort of patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia discharged consecutively from an HUS of a tertiary hospital, from January 7 to February 17, 2021, where we applied the COVID-19-12O -score, with a cut-off point of 9 points to define the risk of admission or revisit. The primary outcome variable was revisit with or without hospital readmission after 30 days of discharge from HUS. RESULTS: We included 77 patients, with a median age of 59 years, 63.6% men and Charlson index of 2. 9.1% had an emergency room revisit and 15.3% had a deferred hospital admission. The relative risk (RR) for emergency journal was 0.46 (0.04-4.62, 95% CI, p=0.452), and the RR for hospital readmission was 6.88 (1.20-39.49, 95% CI, p<0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19-12O -score is effective in determining the risk of hospital readmission in patients discharged from HED with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, but is not useful for assessing the risk of revisit.

[Validation of the COVID-19-12O score for predicting readmissions/revisits in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia discharged from the emergency department]. / Validación de la escala COVID-19-12O para predecir reingreso/revisita en pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 dados de alta desde Urgencias.

Objective: The COVID-19-12O score has been validated for determining the risk of respiratory failure in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19. This study aims to assess whether the score is effective for predicting readmissions and revisits in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia discharged from a hospital emergency department (HED). Method: This work is a retrospective cohort of consecutive patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia discharged from the HED of a tertiary hospital from January 7 to February 17, 2021. The COVID-19-12O score with a cut-off point of nine points was used to define the risk of admissions or revisits. The primary outcome variable was a revisit with or without hospital readmission after 30 days of discharge from the HED. Results: Seventy-seven patients were included. The median age was 59 years, 63.6% were men, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index was 2. A total of 9.1% had an emergency room revisit and 15.3% had a deferred hospital admission. The relative risk (RR) for an HED revisit was 0.46 (0.04-4.62, 95% CI p = 0.452) and the RR for hospital readmission was 6.88 (1.20-39.49, 95% CI, p < 0.005). Conclusions: The COVID-19-12O score is effective in determining the risk of hospital readmission in patients discharged from an HED with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, but is not useful for assessing the risk of revisit.

Pronóstico de la insuficiencia cardíaca aguda basado en datos clínicos de congestión / Prognosis of acute heart failure based on clinical data of congestion

Antecedentes y objetivos Evaluar si los síntomas/signos de congestión en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca aguda (ICA) atendidos en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) permiten predecir la evolución a corto plazo. Pacientes y métodos Pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados de ICA en 45 SUH del registro EAHFE. Recogimos variables clínicas de congestión sistémica (edemas en miembros inferiores, ingurgitación yugular, hepatomegalia) y pulmonar (disnea de esfuerzo, disnea paroxística nocturna, ortopnea y crepitantes pulmonares) analizando su asociación con la mortalidad por cualquier causa a 30 días, de forma cruda y ajustada por diferencias entre grupos. Resultado Analizamos 18.120 pacientes (mediana=83 años, rango intercuartil [RIC]=76-88; mujeres=55,7%). El 44,6% presentaba >3 síntomas/signos congestivos. Individualmente, el riesgo ajustado de muerte a 30 días se incrementó un 14% para la existencia de ingurgitación yugular (hazard ratio [HR]=1,14; intervalo de confianza al 95% [IC 95%]=1,01-1,28) y un 96% para la disnea de esfuerzo (HR=1,96; IC 95%=1,55-2,49). Valorados conjuntamente, el riesgo se incrementó progresivamente con el número de síntomas/signos presentes; así, respecto a los pacientes sin síntomas/signos de congestión, el riesgo incrementó un 109, 123 y 156% en pacientes con 1-2, 3-5 y 6-7 síntomas/signos, respectivamente. Estas asociaciones no mostraron interacción con la disposición final del paciente tras su atención en urgencias (alta/hospitalización), con excepción de edemas en extremidades inferiores, que tuvieron mejor pronóstico en pacientes dados de alta (HR=0,66; IC 95%=0,49-0,89) que en los hospitalizados (HR=1,01; IC 95%=0,65-1,57; p interacción <0,001). Conclusión La presencia de mayor número de síntomas/signos congestivos se asoció a una mayor mortalidad de cualquier causa a los 30 días. Individualmente, la ingurgitación yugular y la disnea de esfuerzo se asocian a mayor mortalidad a corto plazo (AU)

Background and objectives This work aims to assess whether symptoms/signs of congestion in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) evaluated in hospital emergency departments (HED) allows for predicting short-term progress. Patients and methods The study group comprised consecutive patients diagnosed with AHF in 45 HED from EAHFE Registry. We collected clinical variables of systemic congestion (edema in the lower extremities, jugular vein distention, hepatomegaly) and pulmonary congestion (dyspnea on exertion, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, and pulmonary crackles) and analyzed their individual and group association with all-cause 30-day of mortality crudely and adjusted for differences between groups. Results We analyzed 18,120 patients (median=83 years, interquartile range [IQR]=76-88; women=55.7%). Of them, 44.6% had >3 congestive symptoms/signs. Individually, the 30-day adjusted risk of death increased 14% for jugular vein distention (hazard ratio [HR]=1.14, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]=1.01-1.28) and 96% for dyspnea on exertion (HR=1.96, 95% CI=1.55-2.49). Assessed jointly, the risk progressively increased with the number of symptoms/signs present; compared to patients without symptoms/signs of congestion, the risk increased by 109%, 123%, and 156% in patients with 1-2, 3-5, and 6-7 symptoms/signs, respectively. These associations did not show interaction with the final disposition of the patient after their emergency care (discharge/hospitalization) with the exception of edema in the lower extremities, which had a better prognosis in discharged patients (HR=0.66, 95% CI=0.49 -0.89) than hospitalized patients (HR=1.01, 95% CI=0.65-1.57; interaction p<0.001). Conclusion The presence of a greater number of congestive symptoms/signs was associated with greater all-cause 30-day mortality. Individually, jugular vein distention and dyspnea on exertion were associated with higher short-term mortality (AU)

[Association between influenza vaccination and mortality due to COVID-19]. / Asociación entre la vacunación contra influenza y la mortalidad por COVID-19.

Background: It has recently been suggested that influenza vaccination may be a factor associated with decreased COVID-19 mortality. Methods: An age-matched case-control study based on hospital cases. We included subjects aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of moderate to severe COVID-19. Infection was corroborated by RT-PCR test for SARS-COV-2. Deceased subjects were considered cases, controls were patients discharged due to improvement of acute symptoms. We used bivariate analysis to determine factors associated with death from COVID-19, and calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 560 patients were included in the study, 214 (38.2%) were considered cases and 346 (61.7%) controls. A significant difference was observed with the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus [54% vs. 39.3% between cases and controls, respectively (p=.04)] and having received influenza vaccination (p= .02). Type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with higher COVID-19 mortality [OR 1.8 (95% CI 1.2-2.5) p=.01], whereas having been immunised against influenza in 2019 was associated with lower mortality in this group of patients [OR .6 (95% CI .4-.9) p=.02]. Conclusions: Influenza vaccination in the previous year appears to be associated with lower mortality from COVID-19; whereas type 2 diabetes mellitus is confirmed as a condition associated with higher mortality.

Prognosis of acute heart failure based on clinical data of congestion.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This work aims to assess whether symptoms/signs of congestion in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) evaluated in hospital emergency departments (HED) allows for predicting short-term progress. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group comprised consecutive patients diagnosed with AHF in 45 HED from EAHFE Registry. We collected clinical variables of systemic congestion (edema in the lower extremities, jugular vein distention, hepatomegaly) and pulmonary congestion (dyspnea on exertion, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, and pulmonary crackles) and analysed their individual and group association with all-cause 30-day of mortality crudely and adjusted for differences between groups. RESULTS: We analysed 18,120 patients (median = 83 years, interquartile range [IQR] = 76-88; women = 55.7%). Of them, 44.6% had > 3 congestive symptoms/signs. Individually, the 30-day adjusted risk of death increased 14% for jugular vein distention (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.14, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 1.01-1.28) and 96% for dyspnea on exertion (HR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.55-2.49). Assessed jointly, the risk progressively increased with the number of symptoms/signs present; compared to patients without symptoms/signs of congestion, the risk increased by 109%, 123 %, and 156% in patients with 1-2, 3-5, and 6-7 symptoms/signs, respectively. These associations did not show interaction with the final disposition of the patient after their emergency care (discharge/hospitalization) with the exception of edema in the lower extremities, which had a better prognosis in discharged patients (HR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.49-0.89) than hospitalised patients (HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.65-1.57; interaction p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The presence of a greater number of congestive symptoms/signs was associated with greater all-cause 30-day mortality. Individually, jugular vein distention and dyspnea on exertion were associated with higher short-term mortality.

Irreversible TrxR1 inhibitors block STAT3 activity and induce cancer cell death.

Because of its key role in cancer development and progression, STAT3 has become an attractive target for developing new cancer therapeutics. While several STAT3 inhibitors have progressed to advanced stages of development, their underlying biology and mechanisms of action are often more complex than would be expected from specific binding to STAT3. Here, we have identified and optimized a series of compounds that block STAT3-dependent luciferase expression with nanomolar potency. Unexpectedly, our lead compounds did not bind to cellular STAT3 but to another prominent anticancer drug target, TrxR1. We further identified that TrxR1 inhibition induced Prx2 and STAT3 oxidation, which subsequently blocked STAT3-dependent transcription. Moreover, previously identified inhibitors of STAT3 were also found to inhibit TrxR1, and likewise, established TrxR1 inhibitors block STAT3-dependent transcriptional activity. These results provide new insights into the complexities of STAT3 redox regulation while highlighting a novel mechanism to block aberrant STAT3 signaling in cancer cells.

Control of protein function through oxidation and reduction of persulfidated states.

Irreversible oxidation of Cys residues to sulfinic/sulfonic forms typically impairs protein function. We found that persulfidation (CysSSH) protects Cys from irreversible oxidative loss of function by the formation of CysSSO1-3H derivatives that can subsequently be reduced back to native thiols. Reductive reactivation of oxidized persulfides by the thioredoxin system was demonstrated in albumin, Prx2, and PTP1B. In cells, this mechanism protects and regulates key proteins of signaling pathways, including Prx2, PTEN, PTP1B, HSP90, and KEAP1. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we show that (i) CysSSH and CysSSO3H species are abundant in mouse liver and enzymatically regulated by the glutathione and thioredoxin systems and (ii) deletion of the thioredoxin-related protein TRP14 in mice altered CysSSH levels on a subset of proteins, predicting a role for TRP14 in persulfide signaling. Furthermore, selenium supplementation, polysulfide treatment, or knockdown of TRP14 mediated cellular responses to EGF, suggesting a role for TrxR1/TRP14-regulated oxidative persulfidation in growth factor responsiveness.

Prevalencia de lesiones del labrum y del cartílago articular de la cadera en imagen por resonancia magnética simple 3 T de futbolistas profesionales asintomáticos / Prevalence of labrum and articular cartilage injuries of the hip on 3T magnetic resonance imaging of asymptomatic elite soccer players

Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia de lesiones del labrum y el cartílago articular de la cadera en futbolistas profesionales asintomáticos y explorar la asociación con hallazgos en las pruebas de imagen de choque femoroacetabular (CFA). Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal que evaluó por imagen de resonancia magnética en 3 tesla (IRM 3 T) un total de 84 caderas en jugadores de fútbol profesional, con edades entre los 18 y 31 años. Se identificaron las lesiones del labrum y las del cartílago acetabular y femoral. Pruebas estadísticas específicas fueron utilizadas para establecer la relación entre las alteraciones anatómicas de CFA y la presencia de lesiones condrolabrales. Resultados: La prevalencia de CFA fue del 25%, siendo el tipo cam el más predominante con 22,5%. Para las lesiones del labrum existe una prevalencia de 33,8%, de las cuales el 18,8% fueron para degeneración intrasustancial y 2,5% para rotura completa. Las características anatómicas de la cadera según el tipo de CFA están asociadas con lesiones del cartílago femoral p < 0,001, lesiones de la unión condrolabral p = 0,042 y lesión combinada (presencia de lesión del labrum o cartílago o acetabular o femoral o unión condro-labral) p < 0,001. Conclusión: Existe una alta prevalencia de lesiones asintomáticas del labrum y del cartílago articular de la cadera en futbolistas profesionales, las cuales se asocian a las características anatómicas de CFA de cadera

Objective: To establish the prevalence of lesions of the labrum and articular cartilage of the hip in asymptomatic elite soccer players by performing 3T magnetic resonance imaging. Methods: Eighty-four asymptomatic hips of 42 professional soccer players were evaluated. Male subjects older than 18 years were included. Cam and pincer deformity were defined as an alpha angle greater than 55 degrees and a lateral centre edge angle greater than 39 degrees, respectively. Labral injuries were classified with the Czerny classification and cartilage damage was classified with the Outerbridge classification. Specific statistical tests were used to establish the relationship between anatomical variances of the hip and the presence of chondral and labral injuries. Results: FAI morphology prevalence was 25%. Abnormalities such as cam (22.5%) and labral injuries (33.8%) were found. Those cases with reported labral injury were predominantly intrasubstance damage (18.8%). Anatomical features of FAI were found to be related to lesions of the femoral cartilage (P<.001), chondrolabral damage (P=.042), or both injuries (P<.001). Conclusion: Asymptomatic labral or cartilaginous injuries of the hip were reported in 25% of the included professional soccer players. These injuries were associated with anatomical features of FAI

Prevalence of labrum and articular cartilage injuries of the hip on 3T magnetic resonance imaging of asymptomatic elite soccer players. / Prevalencia de lesiones del labrum y del cartílago articular de la cadera en imagen por resonancia magnética simple 3 T de futbolistas profesionales asintomáticos.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of lesions of the labrum and articular cartilage of the hip in asymptomatic elite soccer players by performing 3T magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS: Eighty-four asymptomatic hips of 42 professional soccer players were evaluated. Male subjects older than 18 years were included. Cam and pincer deformity were defined as an alpha angle greater than 55 degrees and a lateral centre edge angle greater than 39 degrees, respectively. Labral injuries were classified with the Czerny classification and cartilage damage was classified with the Outerbridge classification. Specific statistical tests were used to establish the relationship between anatomical variances of the hip and the presence of chondral and labral injuries. RESULTS: FAI morphology prevalence was 25%. Abnormalities such as cam (22.5%) and labral injuries (33.8%) were found. Those cases with reported labral injury were predominantly intrasubstance damage (18.8%). Anatomical features of FAI were found to be related to lesions of the femoral cartilage (P<.001), chondrolabral damage (P=.042), or both injuries (P<.001). CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic labral or cartilaginous injuries of the hip were reported in 25% of the included professional soccer players. These injuries were associated with anatomical features of FAI.

Comparison of radar data versus rainfall data.

Doppler radar data are increasingly used in rainfall-runoff synthesis studies, perhaps due to radar data availability, among other factors. However, the veracity of the radar data are often a topic of concern. In this paper, three Doppler radar outcomes developed by the United States National Weather Service at three radar sites are examined and compared to actual rain gage data for two separate severe storm events in order to assess accuracy in the published radar estimates of rainfall. Because the subject storms were very intense rainfall events lasting approximately one hour in duration, direct comparisons between the three radar gages themselves can be made, as well as a comparison to rain gage data at a rain gage location subjected to the same storm cells. It is shown that topographic interference with the radar outcomes can be a significant factor leading to differences between radar and rain gage readings, and that care is needed in calibrating radar outcomes using available rain gage data in order to interpolate rainfall estimates between rain gages using the spatial variation observed in the radar readings. The paper establishes and describes•the need for "ground-truthing" of radar data, and•possible errors due to topographic interference.

Variation of saponin contents and physiological status in Quillaja saponaria under different environmental conditions.

Quillaja saponaria (Quillay), an evergreen tree found in Chile, is one of the main sources of saponins. Quillaja saponins have hypocholesterolaemic, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant and pesticidal properties, and are used as adjuvants for vaccines. Samples of Quillay growing at three zones in O'Higgins Region, Chile (Coastal, Central and Mountain zones) were analyzed for content of saponins and physiological status. The results revealed differences in the content of saponins depending on the zone of sample collection. The highest contents were found in samples from the Mountain zone, where the highest saponin contents were accompanied by the lowest foliar nitrogen contents, the highest antioxidant activity and the highest carotenoid contents. The results suggest a physiological and adaptive mechanism of saponins in plants to survive under unfavourable environmental conditions. The results have important implications for a theoretical basis for the design of a reasonable harvest, to avoid the cost of poor quality material, and also to provide a sustainable use and conservation of this important species. Further research on the effects of stress will improve our understanding of the saponins production and their physiological functions in plants, whereas they have generally been studied for their biological and chemical applications.

Identification of galectin-3 and mucin-type O-glycans in breast cancer and its metastasis to brain.

Galectin-3 has been implicated in tumor progression. We demonstrated immunohistochemically that galectin-3 was negative in normal breast tissue, but it was highly increased in breast cancer and in metastatic tissues to brain. Similarly, histochemistry with mucin-specific lectins showed increased recognition in breast tumor and metastasis with Machaerocereus eruca agglutinin (Fualpha 1,2 (GalNAcalpha 1,3) Galss1,4 in complex mucin) but not for Amaranthus leucocarpus (Galss1,3-GalNAc-alpha 1,0-Ser/Thr) and Arachis hypogaea lectins (Galss1,3GalNAc/Galss1,4GlcNAc). Mucin-type glycans and galectin-3 colocalized in breast cancer and metastasis, but not in normal tissue, suggesting upregulated biosynthesis of complex O-glycosidically linked glycans and galectin-3 favor breast cancer progression and brain metastasis.

Fiebre botonosa mediterránea: a propósito de dos casos en área de asistencia primaria urbana / Mediterranean boutonneuse fever: based on two cases in urban primary care area

La fiebre botonosa mediterránea es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por la Rickettsia conorii que, habitualmente, tiene un curso benigno, aunque sólo un 10% suele presentar complicaciones graves. Su incidencia es en países de la cuenca mediterránea y sobre todo en épocas estivales, donde coincide con el ciclo biológico de su vector, la garrapata Ixodes

Mediterranean boutonneuse fever is an infectious disease caused by Rickettsia conorii which generally has a benign course, although only 10% generally have serious complications. Its incidence is in countries of the Mediterranean Basin and, above all, in summer period, where it coincides with the biological cycle of its vector, the Ixodes tick

Dificultades del aprendizaje de la lectura en las escuelas de una localidad de Bogotá / Difficulty of the learning of the reading in the schools of a town of Bogotá

Introducción: La dificultad en la adquisición de la lectura es el trastorno de aprendizaje más frecuente en la literatura y constituye un interferente importante en el rendimiento académico de los niños. Objetivo: Realizar una primera aproximación a la frecuencia del trastorno en las escuelas de una localidad de Bogotá. Material y métodos: Se trabajó con los maestros de las escuelas en talleres orientados a dar las bases de madurez en las diferentes áreas y los períodos de adquisición de la lectura. Se aplicó una encuesta para conocer el grado de manejo de conceptos relacionados con el aprendizaje y posterior al taller, una nueva encuesta para obtener de los maestros el informe respecto al número de niños que en su criterio tenían dificultad con la adquisición de la lectura. Resultados: Los 110 maestros de preescolar y primaria que fueron encuestados, reportaron tener un total de 3,647 alumnos; 3,014 niños pertenecían a los grados 1-5 de primaria y de ellos 836 presentaban dificultad en el aprendizaje de la lectura por ausencia en la adquisición o porque fueron catalogados como lectores lentos. Los zurdos mostraron ser más propensos a tener estas dificultades.Conclusión: Los datos obtenidos en esta primera aproximación muestran una alta frecuencia de dificultades en la adquisición de la lectura, similar a la informada en la literatura mundial. Se requieren medidas para evitar el fracaso escolar de estos niños

Identification of a large cluster of coiled coil-nucleotide binding site--leucine rich repeat-type genes from the Rps1 region containing Phytophthora resistance genes in soybean.

Fifteen Rps genes confer resistance against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae, which causes root and stem rot disease in soybean. We have isolated a disease resistance gene-like sequence from the genomic region containing Rps1-k. Four classes of cDNA of the sequence were isolated from etiolated hypocotyl tissues that express the Rps1-k-encoded Phytophthora resistance. Sequence analyses of a cDNA clone showed that the sequence is a member of the coiled coil-nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (CC-NBS-LRR)-type of disease resistance genes. It showed 36% identity to the recently cloned soybean resistance gene Rpg1-b, which confers resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea, and 56% and 38% sequence identity to putative resistance gene sequences from lotus and Medicago truncatula, respectively. The soybean genome contains about 38 copies of the sequence. Most of these copies are clustered in approximately 600 kb of contiguous DNA of the Rps1-k region. We have identified a recombinant that carries both rps1-k- and Rps1-k-haplotype-specific allelomorphs of two Rps1-k-linked molecular markers. An unequal crossover event presumably led to duplication of alleles for these two physically linked molecular markers. We hypothesize that the unequal crossing over was one of the mechanisms involved in tandem duplication of CC-NBS-LRR sequences in the Rps1-k region.