Maintaining the quality of vaccines through the use of standards: Current challenges and future opportunities.

An international hybrid meeting held 21-22 June 2023 in Ottawa, Canada brought together regulators, scientists, and industry experts to discuss a set of principles and best practices in the development and implementation of standards. Although the use of international standards (ISs) and international units (IUs) has been an essential part of ensuring human and animal vaccine quality in the past decades, the types and uses of standards have expanded with technological advances in manufacture and testing of vaccines. The needs of stakeholders are evolving in response to the ever-increasing complexity, diversity, and number of vaccine products as well as increasing efforts to replace animal-based potency tests with in vitro assays that measure relevant quality attributes. As such, there must be a concomitant evolution in the design and implementation of both international and in-house standards. Concomitantly, greater harmonization of regulatory expectations must be achieved through collaboration with standard-setting organizations, national control laboratories and manufacturers. Stakeholders provided perspectives on challenges and several recommendations emerged as essential to advancing agreed upon objectives.

Bioactive compounds and biological activity in edible insects: A review.

New strategies to combat hunger are a current and urgent demand. The increase in population has generated a high demand for products and services that affect food production, cultivation areas, and climate. Viable and sustainable alternative sources have been sought to meet food quality requirements. In this context, edible insects are a good source of macro-nutrients, and bioactive compounds confer biological properties that improve their nutritional aspects and benefit human health. This review aims to present the benefits and contributions of edible insects from the point of view of the biological contribution of macronutrients, and bioactive compounds, as well as consider some anti-nutritional aspects reported in edible insects. It was found that insects possess most of the macronutrients necessary for human life and are rich in bioactive compounds commonly found in plants. These bioactive compounds can vary significantly depending on the developmental stage, diet, and species of edible insects. However, they also contain phytochemicals in which anti-nutrients predominate, which can adversely affect humans with allergenic reactions or reduced nutrient viability when consumed in high amounts or for prolonged periods. Hydrocyanide, oxalates, soluble oxalate, and phytate are the most studied anti-nutrients. However, the doses at which they occur are far below the limits in foods. In addition, anti-nutrient levels decrease significantly in processing, such as oven-drying and defatting methods. However, there are few studies, so more trials are needed to avoid generalizing. Therefore, edible insects can be considered complete food.

Potential Harm of IQOS Smoke to Rat Liver.

The Food and Drug Administration has recently classified the IQOS electronic cigarette as a modified-risk tobacco product. However, IQOS cigarettes still release various harmful constituents typical of conventional cigarettes (CCs), although the concentrations are markedly lower. Here, we investigated the damaging effects of IQOS smoking on the liver. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed, whole body, 5 days/week for 4 weeks to IQOS smoke (4 sticks/day), and hepatic xenobiotic metabolism, redox homeostasis and lipidomic profile were investigated. IQOS boosted reactive radicals and generated oxidative stress. Exposure decreased cellular reserves of total glutathione (GSH) but not GSH-dependent antioxidant enzymes. Catalase and xanthine oxidase were greater in the exposed group, as were various hepatic CYP-dependent monooxygenases (CYP2B1/2, CYP1A1, CYP2A1, CYP2E1-linked). Respiratory chain activity was unaltered, while the number of liver mitochondria was increased. IQOS exposure had an impact on the hepatic lipid profile. With regard to the expression of some MAP kinases commonly activated by CC smoking, IQOS increased the p-p38/p38 ratio, while erythroid nuclear transcription factor 2 (Nrf2) was negatively affected. Our data suggest that IQOS significantly impairs liver function, supporting the precautionary stance taken by the WHO toward the use of these devices, especially by young people and pregnant women.

Antioxidant addition improves cholesterol and astaxanthin stability in dry salted shrimp.

BACKGROUND: Traditional production of dry salted shrimp enhances cholesterol oxidation and astaxanthin degradation in the product. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of the antioxidants butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) to cooked shrimp on the formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) and astaxanthin degradation during solar drying of shrimp. RESULTS: The added antioxidants significantly inhibited COPs formation after the product was boiled in brine. Smaller amounts of COPs were formed in antioxidant-treated shrimps (~-23%) as compared to untreated samples. The antioxidants continued to significantly inhibit COPs formation (~-39%) during sun drying. Similarly, TBHQ and BHT reduced by 51.3% and 37.2%, respectively, the degradation rate of astaxanthin, favoring a higher retention of this carotenoid in the final product. CONCLUSION: The use of the antioxidants BHT and TBHQ in the preparation of dry salted shrimp significantly inhibited the formation of COPs after cooking raw shrimp and during direct solar drying. They also protected astaxanthin contained in the cooked shrimp from photodegradation. These results are technologically relevant because it is possible to prepare a product with a higher content of astaxanthin and lower the presence of hazardous COPs. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Vigilancia de los eventos adversos a la vacunación en Camagüey (2018)

Objetivo: Evaluar la vigilancia de los eventos adversos a la vacunación en Camagüey en 2018. Métodos: Investigación en servicios y sistemas de salud de tipo operacional, con diseño evaluativo, que abarcó desde el 1ro. de enero hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2018. La población de estudio quedó constituida por 355 trabajadores (149 médicos de la familia, 161 enfermeras de familia, 16 enfermeras vacunadoras y 29 gerentes del programa de vacunación). La información se obtuvo mediante observación, revisión documental y entrevistas. Para evaluar los componentes: estructura, procesos y resultados, se definieron diferentes criterios, indicadores y estándares. Resultados: La estructura se evaluó como definida. El 90,9 % de los indicadores relacionados con cobertura y capacitación de los recursos humanos obtuvo la puntuación máxima, y en los recursos materiales, solo en el 81,2 % de los vacunatorios se disponía del conjunto de modelos necesario para el trabajo y control. Los atributos de sensibilidad, simplicidad, flexibilidad, aceptabilidad, integralidad, oportunidad y capacidad de autorespuesta, se evaluaron satisfactoriamente (70 % o más del estándar propuesto); la sensibilidad alcanzó solo el 34,2 %. Se obtuvo una tasa de 150 eventos adversos por 105dosis aplicadas, pero sin eventos graves, y los resultados se consideraron útiles. Conclusiones: El sistema de vigilancia de eventos adversos a la vacunación en Camagüey cumplió con los estándares establecidos para la confiabilidad del programa de vacunación y la toma de decisiones: una estructura bien definida, procesos con buen funcionamiento y resultados muy útiles.

Objective: To evaluate the surveillance for adverse events to vaccination in Camagüey in 2018. Methods: Operational research in health services and systems, with an evaluative design, which covered from January 1 to December 31, 2018. The study population comprised 355 workers (149 family physicians, 161 family nurses, 16 nurse vaccinators, and 29 vaccination program managers). Information was obtained through observation, documentary review, and interviews. Different criteria, indicators, and standards were established for evaluating the structure, process and outcome components. Results: The structure was evaluated as defined. The maximum score was obtained in 90.9% of the indicators related to coverage and training of human resources. Regarding material resources, only 81.2% of the vaccination centers had the necessary set of templates to carry out the work and control. The attributes of sensitivity, simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, comprehensiveness, timeliness, and self-response capacity were evaluated satisfactorily (70% or more of the proposed standard); sensitivity reached only 34.2%. A rate of 150 adverse events per 105doses applied was obtained; severe events were not evidenced, and the results were considered useful. Conclusions: The surveillance system for adverse events to vaccination in Camagüey met the standards established for the reliability of the vaccination program and decision-making: a well-defined structure, well-functioning processes, and very useful outcomes.

Los webinars como estrategia formativa del Organismo Andino de Salud Convenio Hipólito Unanue / The webinars as a training strategy of the Andean Health Agency Hipólito Unanue Agreement

Este estudio responde al análisis de impacto de los primeros 80 webinars realizados desde mayo de 2020 hasta julio de 2021, en ese sentido el Organismo da continuidad a estas estrategias, con énfasis en el análisis de los retos que impone la pandemia y en el marco de los objetivos y su visión: "la región andina avanza significativamente en el ejercicio efectivo del derecho a la salud de su población, a través de una progresiva integración y una red intensificada de cooperación". Los webinars desarrollados tienen como objeto el análisis crítico y reflexivo en profesionales, estudiantes sobre las actualizaciones presentadas en los webinars para mejorar su desempeño en la resolución de problemas en entornos nuevos o poco conocidos, dentro de contextos más amplios -o multidisciplinares- relacionados con la pandemia producida por el COVID-19.

Assessment of a Diterpene-Rich Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract as a Natural Antioxidant for Salmon Pâté Formulated with Linseed.

The use of natural plant extracts with standardised antioxidant properties is a growing strategy to stabilise food products. The use of a rosemary lipophilic extract (RLE), obtained from the by-product of high-yield selected plants and rich in polyphenols (334 mg/g, with diterpenes such as carnosic acid and carnosol as main compounds), is here proposed. Four RLE doses (0, 0.21, 0.42 and 0.63 g/kg) were tested in a salmon pâté formulated with sunflower oil and linseed, which was pasteurised (70 °C for 30 min) and subjected to storage at 4 °C and 600 lux for 42 days. Rosemary diterpenes resisted pasteurisation without degrading and showed antioxidant activities during the shelf-life of pasteurised pâté. RLE addition led to increased peroxide value (from 3.9 to 5.4 meq O2/kg), but inhibited formation of secondary oxidised lipids such as malondialdehyde (from 1.55 to 0.89 mg/g) and cholesterol oxidation products (from 286 to 102 µg/100 g) and avoided discolouration (slight brownness) in the refrigerated pâté. However, this did not entail relevant changes in fatty acid content or in the abundance of volatile organic compounds from oxidised lipids. Increasing the RLE dose only improved its antioxidant efficacy for some oxidation indexes. Thus, the oxidative deterioration of these types of fish emulsion can be naturally controlled with rosemary extracts rich in diterpenes.

Clinical, sociodemographic, pharmacological and quality of life characterization of patients with a diagnosis of moderate to severe psoriasis treated in a specialized psoriasis clinic / Caracterización clínica, sociodemográfica, farmacológica y calidad de vida de pacientes con diagnóstico de psoriasis moderada a severa atendidos en una clínica especializada en psoriasis

Abstract Introduction: psoriasis is a systemic, inflammatory, and chronic disease with a global prevalence between 0.6-6.5 %. It is related to multiple comorbidities and generates a significant decrease in quality of life. Objective: to characterize sociodemographic, clinical, pharmacological, and quality of life variables in a population of patients with moderate-severe psoriasis. Methods: descriptive observational study the patients with a diagnosis of severe-moderate psoriasis treated in the Clínica Integral de Psoriasis-CLIPSO between May 2018 - June 2020. A collection format was designed for defined variables and a univariate analysis was performed. Results: 948 patients were identified with a median age of 50 years (IQR: 38-60) of which 51.0 % were women. 23.6 % were incidents with a median treatment time of 114 days (IQR: 98-127) and 73.9 % were prevalent with a median treatment time of 228 days (IQR: 160-371). The type of therapy used was mainly non-biological systemic and 90.9 % of the patients were adherent to the treatment. The clinical variables were similar for both groups and the most common phenotype was psoriasis vulgaris (57.1 %). The health-related quality of life in both groups was greater than 60 points and the affected dimensions were physical and psychological health. 27.3 % of the patients had comorbidities associated with cardiovascular risk and 44.7 % were overweight. Conclusion: knowing the sociodemographic, clinical, pharmacological, and quality of life characteristics of patients with moderate-severe psoriasis allows the identification of risk factors and comprehensive management of the disease.

Resumen Introducción: la psoriasis es una enfermedad sistémica, inflamatoria y crónica con una prevalencia global entre 0,6-6,5 %. Está relacionada con múltiples comorbilidades y genera una disminución significativa en la calidad de vida. Objetivo: caracterización sociodemográfica, clínica, farmacológica y calidad de vida de un grupo de pacientes con psoriasis moderada-severa. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo en pacientes con diagnóstico de psoriasis moderada-severa atendidos en la Clínica Integral de Psoriasis (CLIPSO) entre mayo 2018 y junio 2020. Se diseñó un formato para la recolección de las variables definidas y se realizó un análisis univariado. Resultados: se identificaron 948 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 50 años (RIC:38-60) de los cuales el 51 % eran mujeres. El 23,6 % eran incidentes, con una mediana en tiempo de tratamiento de 114 días (RIC:98-127) y 73,9 % eran prevalentes, con una mediana de tiempo de tratamiento de 228 días (RIC:160-371). El tipo de terapia utilizada fue principalmente sistémica no biológica y el 90,9 % de los pacientes eran adherentes al tratamiento. Las variables clínicas fueron similares en los incidentes y los prevalentes y el fenotipo más común fue psoriasis vulgar (57,1 %). La calidad de vida en ambos grupos fue mayor a 60 puntos y las dimensiones más afectadas en la calidad de vida fueron la salud física y la psicológica. El 27,3 % presentaban comorbilidades asociadas a riesgo cardiovascular y 44,7 % presentaban sobrepeso. Conclusión: conocer las características sociodemográficas, clínicas, farmacológicas y calidad de vida de los pacientes con psoriasis moderada-severa permite la identificación de factores de riesgo y un manejo integral de la enfermedad.

Patrony: A mobile application for pattern recognition learning.

Pattern recognition is an important skill of Computational Thinking and is one of the most important competences for solving a problem that involves finding similarities or patterns in small problems to solve more complex ones. In this work, we present the mobile application software Patrony. The main contribution of this work is to promote the learning of Computational Thinking, especially pattern recognition, in specific sectors of education in Mexico through the simple use of a software application. To evaluate the effectiveness of the mobile application, tests were carried out in two elementary schools with a total of 43 students, which were divided into 2 groups: a control group and an experimental group. The results of the tests showed that the learning gain (M = 6.50 in postest compared to M = 4.94 on pretest) of the students who used our mobile application produces a significant difference with respect to students who learned using a traditional method of classroom teaching. The results also infer that computational thinking applications can be used as effective learning tools within some important Mathematics topics in public and private schools in Mexico.

Effects of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant Activity of Three Phenolic Extracts from Olive Mill Wastewaters.

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of in vitro digestion on the antioxidant activity of three extracts rich in phenols (two purified organic extracts (A20, A21) and one powdered extract stabilized with maltodextrins (SP)) obtained from olive mill wastewaters (OMWW). The content and composition of phenols and antioxidant activity was determined before and after in vitro digestion. The phenol content of the A20 and A21 samples were higher (>75%) than that of the SP sample before in vitro digestion. After the entire in vitro digestion, 89.3, 76.9, and 50% loss of phenols was found in A20, A21 and SP, respectively. ABTS•+ and ORAC values decreased during in vitro digestion of A20 and A21 samples, while they remained almost constant in SP. IC50 increased during digestion of A20 and A21, evidencing a loss of antioxidant capacity after the intestinal phase; an opposite IC50 trend was noted in SP, confirming the protective role of maltodextrins. For these reasons, SP represents a promising formulation to be used in the food field.

Improved Oxidative Stability and Sensory Quality of Beef Hamburgers Enriched with a Phenolic Extract from Olive Vegetation Water.

This study aims at evaluating the effect of a phenol-rich extract obtained from the concentration and purification of olive mill wastewaters (added at a ratio of 87.5 and 175 mg of phenols/kg meat) on the stability and sensory quality of beef hamburgers packed under modified atmosphere and stored under alternating exposure to fluorescent light at 4 ± 2 °C for 9 days. The hamburgers were sampled at different times (0, 6, and 9 days) and grilled at 200 °C. After 9 days, more than 56% of the added phenols in the raw burgers and more than 20% the grilled ones were retained. The results show that both concentrations of phenolic extract proved to effectively reduce primary and secondary lipid oxidation, as well as cholesterol oxidation products (COPs), during the shelf-life of raw hamburgers. Peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and total COPs were up to 1.4-, 4.5-, and 8.8-fold lower in phenol-enriched raw hamburgers, respectively, than in the control samples; a similar trend was noted also in phenol-enriched cooked hamburgers (1.3-, 5.7-, and 4-fold lower). The sensory analysis also confirmed the effectiveness of the addition of phenolic extract, resulting in a positive effect on the red color intensity (raw product) and thus reducing browning during storage.

Does Organic Farming Increase Raspberry Quality, Aroma and Beneficial Bacterial Biodiversity?

Plant-associated microbes can shape plant phenotype, performance, and productivity. Cultivation methods can influence the plant microbiome structure and differences observed in the nutritional quality of differently grown fruits might be due to variations in the microbiome taxonomic and functional composition. Here, the influence of organic and integrated pest management (IPM) cultivation on quality, aroma and microbiome of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruits was evaluated. Differences in the fruit microbiome of organic and IPM raspberry were examined by next-generation sequencing and bacterial isolates characterization to highlight the potential contribution of the resident-microflora to fruit characteristics and aroma. The cultivation method strongly influenced fruit nutraceutical traits, aroma and epiphytic bacterial biocoenosis. Organic cultivation resulted in smaller fruits with a higher anthocyanidins content and lower titratable acidity content in comparison to IPM berries. Management practices also influenced the amounts of acids, ketones, aldehydes and monoterpenes, emitted by fruits. Our results suggest that the effects on fruit quality could be related to differences in the population of Gluconobacter, Sphingomonas, Rosenbergiella, Brevibacillus and Methylobacterium on fruit. Finally, changes in fruit aroma can be partly explained by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by key bacterial genera characterizing organic and IPM raspberry fruits.

Unburned Tobacco Cigarette Smoke Alters Rat Ultrastructural Lung Airways and DNA.

INTRODUCTION: Recently, the Food and Drug Administration authorized the marketing of IQOS Tobacco Heating System as a Modified Risk Tobacco Product based on an electronic heat-not-burn technology that purports to reduce the risk. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed in a whole-body mode to IQOS aerosol for 4 weeks. We performed the chemical characterization of IQOS mainstream and we studied the ultrastructural changes in trachea and lung parenchyma of rats exposed to IQOS stick mainstream and tissue pro-inflammatory markers. We investigated the reactive oxygen species amount along with the markers of tissue and DNA oxidative damage. Moreover, we tested the putative genotoxicity of IQOS mainstream through Ames and alkaline Comet mutagenicity assays. RESULTS: Here, we identified irritating and carcinogenic compounds including aldehydes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the IQOS mainstream as sign of incomplete combustion and degradation of tobacco, that lead to severe remodelling of smaller and largest rat airways. We demonstrated that IQOS mainstream induces lung enzymes that activate carcinogens, increases tissue reactive radical concentration; promotes oxidative DNA breaks and gene level DNA damage; and stimulates mitogen activated protein kinase pathway which is involved in the conventional tobacco smoke-induced cancer progression. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our findings reveal that IQOS causes grave lung damage and promotes factors that increase cancer risk. IMPLICATIONS: IQOS has been proposed as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes, due to depressed concentration of various harmful constituents typical of traditional tobacco smoke. However, its lower health risks to consumers have yet to be determined. Our findings confirm that IQOS mainstream contains pyrolysis and thermogenic degradation by-products, the same harmful constituents of traditional cigarette smoke, and, for the first time, we show that it causes grave lung damage and promotes factors that increase cancer risk in the animal model.

Ability of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) Micelles to Increase the Antioxidant Activity of α-Tocopherol.

As emulsifiers become saturated on the surface of an emulsion droplet, any additional emulsifier migrates to the aqueous phase. Continuous phase surfactants have been shown to increase α-tocopherol efficacy, but it is unclear if this is the result of chemical or physical effects. The addition of α-tocopherol to an oil-in-water emulsion after homogenization resulted in a 70% increase of α-tocopherol in the continuous phase when sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was at levels that were greater than the SDS critical micelle concentration. Conversely, when α-tocopherol was dissolved in the lipid before emulsification, continuous phase SDS concentrations did not increase. When SDS concentration led to an increase in the aqueous phase α-tocopherol, the oxidative stability of oil-in-water emulsions increased. Data indicated that the increased antioxidant activity was the result of surfactant micelles being able to decrease the prooxidant activity of α-tocopherol. Considering these results, surfactant micelles could be an important tool to increase the effectiveness of α-tocopherol.

Consideraciones analgésicas sobre el manejo del dolor agudo en el adulto mayor / Considerations for acute pain analgesic management in the elderly

Resumen: En las últimas décadas se ha registrado un aumento dramático en la esperanza de vida. La principal morbilidad de este grupo poblacional son las enfermedades crónico-degenerativas, las cuales frecuentemente se acompañan de dolor. No es de extrañarse que cada vez más pacientes ancianos sean intervenidos quirúrgicamente; hasta 62% de ellos reportan dolor agudo postoperatorio (DAPO) severo. El envejecimiento se asocia a una respuesta reducida al estímulo doloroso, fenómeno conocido como presbialgesia, lo cual se traduce en menores requerimientos analgésicos. Cuando el paciente anciano cuenta con demencia u otras alteraciones de la cognición se deberán utilizar escalas conductuales. Existen diversas condiciones fisiológicas en el anciano que lo hacen propenso a acumulación de fármacos y retraso en su eliminación. Además, existe un riesgo aumentado de interacciones farmacológicas por polifarmacia, hechos que se deberán tener en cuenta al abordar clínicamente el dolor en el paciente geriátrico. Los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE) son considerados de riesgo en ancianos frágiles por aumentar el riesgo de sangrado, sin mencionar el potencial daño en pacientes nefrópatas o con trastornos de la coagulación. El paracetamol es un analgésico noble a nivel gástrico, renal y cardiovascular. Es considerado primera línea en osteoartrosis degenerativa. Se sugiere no sobrepasar dos gramos al día en ancianos frágiles. Al utilizar analgésicos opioides se sugiere iniciar con la mínima dosis analgésica y escalar lentamente en caso de que el alivio del dolor lo requiera, evitando así efectos adversos.

Abstract: Over the last few decades the elderly population is growing by the second. Most of their illnesses are of the chronic degenerative type, many of which are very painful. Also, more and more elderly patients are requiring surgery for a number of reasons; 62% of these patients will experience severe postoperatory pain. Aging is associated with presbialgesia, which is a reduced response to a noxious stimule. When these patients have dementia or other cognitive impairment conductual scales such must be utilized. There elderly might be more sensitive to analgesic drugs due to various and unique physiological aspects. NSAIDs are considered high risk drugs in fragile elderly patients. Acetaminophen is a safe analgesic drug without many gastrointestinal, renal or cardiovascular secondary effects. Nevertheless, a fragile elderly patient should not receive more than 2 grams daily. When giving opioids, one should start with the minimum dose and titrate slowly when needed in order to avoid adverse effects.

Ethical relationship in the dentist-patient interaction.

BACKGROUND: In recent times the deontology of the dental profession has acquired special relevance as a result of problems that dentists have had to face to resolve ethical conflicts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Information on deontology in the dental profession has been compiled in publications of health sciences in general and specific codes for dentistry, while expressing opinions about the experience of the authors themselves who, from a humanistic and health overview are concentrated in the dental area. RESULTS: This article presents our point of view of how the dentist-patient relationship should be in the face of current demands from patients and society, with a focus on the crucial role of ethical issues not only in undergraduate studies but also in the consideration of ethical questions in the specialization and in the usual practice. The dental profession has a special trust in the community, and the best dentist-patient relationship should be based on that trust, honesty, providing high-quality and appropriate treatment, and keeping the patient safe and healthy. CONCLUSIONS: The patient has the right to be fully and adequately informed, as well as to participate in decisions about treatment. The dentist has a duty to put the patient first and treat her with her wishes in mind as long as these expectations are within the limits of accepted treatment. The dentist must provide dental care without discrimination or prejudice. Key words:Preemptive analgesia, dental extraction, cyclooxygenases, real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Quality Changes during Frozen Storage of Mechanical-Separated Flesh Obtained from an Underutilized Crustacean.

Despite their high nutritional value, high quantities of fish caught in the Adriatic Sea are underused or discarded for their insignificant economic value. Mechanical separation of flesh represents an opportunity for developing innovative semi-finished products, even if it can promote an increased quality degradation rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate physico-chemical modifications of mechanically separated mantis shrimp flesh during deep-freezing storage. Flesh samples obtained using a belt-drum separator, frozen and vacuum-packed, were stored at 3 temperatures (industrial: -26 °C; domestic: -18 °C and abuse: -10 °C) for 12 months. During storage, qualitative (color, water content, pH, fatty acids (FA) and lipid oxidation) were evaluated. Fish freshness parameters (e.g., trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA) and amino acids) were assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The mechanical separation process accelerated the initial oxidation phenomena, promoting color alterations, compared to manual separation. The main degradation phenomena during storage were significantly affected by temperature and were related to changes in luminosity, oxidation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), increased lipolysis with release of free FA, production of TMA and DMA by residual enzymatic activity, and changes in amino acids due to proteolysis. The inter-disciplinary approach permitted important findings to be made, in terms of the extent of different degradative phenomena, bound to processing and storage conditions of mechanically separated mantis flesh.

Evaluación de sólidos solubles en recursos forrajeros del trópico alto en el departamento de Nariño / Evaluation of soluble solids in forage resources in the high tropics in the department of Nariño / Avaliação de sólidos solúveis em recursos forrageiros nos altos trópicos do departamento de Nariño

Resumen En los sistemas ganaderos de trópico alto colombiano, la estacionalidad forrajera, y el déficit energético de las dietas en bovinos, son las mayores limitantes para potencializar la productividad animal. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la concentración de sólidos solubles, en dos especies arbustivas perennes (Tithonia Diversifolia (T.d) y Sambucus Nigra (S.n), edad: 60 días (d) y dos variedades de ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Columbia y Samson (edad: 32d) en el Centro de investigación Obonuco de Agrosavia (Pasto-Nariño). Los datos fueron analizados bajo un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo de medida repetida tomando como unidad experimental las parcelas de evaluación tanto en las arbustivas como en las gramíneas. Se midió la concentración de sólidos solubles (%Ss), en tres horarios (7:30 a.m., 11:30 a.m. y 3:00 p.m.), la composición nutricional y producción de biomasa; para el análisis se utilizó el software R V. 3.5.1 a través de ANAVA y pruebas de comparación de medias (tukey<0,05). Los datos indicaron mayor concentración (p<0,05) de Ss para S.n (12,5%) en comparación con las demás especies. Los mayores valores numéricos de Ss en todas las especies se presentaron en el horario de las 3:00 p.m. y los menores a las 7:30 a.m. A nivel nutricional hubo diferencia (p<0,05) para los carbohidratos no estructurales (CNE), siendo mayores para S.n (29,5%) respecto a T.d (25,4%). La producción de biomasa (MS/t/ ha/año), fue mayor (p<0,05) para T.d (22,8 t) respecto a S.n (11,4 t). Los resultados obtenidos de Ss para los recursos forrajeros evaluados son de gran importancia para estimar el valor energético de estos forrajes en alimentación animal.

Abstract In the livestock systems of the Colombian high tropics, the seasonality of forage, and the energy deficit of the diets of cattle, are the greatest limitations to the potential of animal productivity. The objective of the study was to evaluate the concentration of soluble solids in two perennial shrub species (Tithonia diversifolia and Sambucus nigra, age: 60 days (d) and two ryegrass varieties (Lolium perenne) Columbia and Samson (age: 32 d) at the Obonuco Research Center of Agrosavia (Pasto-Nariño). The data were analyzed under a completely randomized design with a repeated measurement arrangement taking as an experimental unit the evaluation plots in both shrubs and grasses. Soluble solids concentration (%Ss), nutritional composition and biomass production were measured in three time periods (7:30 a.m., 11:30 a.m. and 3:00 p.m.). The analysis was performed using R V. 3.5.1 software through ANAVA and mean comparison tests (tukey<0.05). Data indicated higher concentration (p<0.05) of Ss for S.n (12.5%) compared to the other species. The highest numerical values of Ss in all species were presented at 3:00pm and the lowest at 7:30 a.m. At a nutritional level there was a difference (p<0.05) for non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), being higher for S.n (29.5%) than T.d (25.4%). The production of biomass (MS/t/ha/year), was higher (p<0.05) for T.d (22.8 t) with respect to S.n (11.4 t). The results obtained from Ss for the fodder resources evaluated are of great importance for estimating the energy value of these fodder products in animal feed.

Resumo Nos sistemas pecuários do alto trópico colombiano, a sazonalidade das forragens e o déficit energético das dietas do gado são as maiores limitações para o potencial de produtividade animal. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a concentração de sólidos solúveis em duas espécies de arbustos perenes (Tithonia diversifolia e Sambucus nigra, idade: 60 dias (d) e duas variedades de azevém (Lolium perenne) Columbia e Sansão (idade: 32 d) no Centro de Pesquisa Obonuco de Agrosavia (Pasto-Nariño). Os dados foram analisados sob um desenho completamente aleatório com um arranjo de medição repetida tomando como unidade experimental as parcelas de avaliação tanto em arbustos como em gramíneas. A concentração de sólidos solúveis (%Ss), composição nutricional e produção de biomassa foram medidas em três períodos de tempo (7:30 h, 11:30 h e 15:00 h). A análise foi realizada utilizando o software RV. 3.5.1 através do ANAVA e testes de comparação de médias (tukey<0,05). Os dados indicaram maior concentração (p<0,05) de Ss para S.n (12,5%) em comparação com as outras espécies. Os valores numéricos mais altos de Ss em todo as espécies foram apresentados às 15:00 h e os mais baixos às 7:30 h. A nível nutricional houve diferença (p<0,05) para carboidratos não estruturais (NSC), sendo maior para S.n (29,5%) do que para T.d (25,4%). A produção de biomassa (MS/t/ha/ano), foi maior (p<0,05) para T.d (22,8 t) em relação ao S.n (11,4 t). Os resultados obtidos com os Ss para os recursos forrageiros avaliados são de grande importância para estimar o valor energético desses produtos forrageiros na alimentação animal.

La educación en salud como una importante estrategia de promoción y prevención / Health education as an important promotion and prevention strategy

La educación para la salud se define como la disciplina encargada de orientar y organizar procesos educativos con el propósito de influir positivamente en conocimientos, prácticas y costumbres de individuos y comunidades en relación con su salud. A través de la construcción de este manuscrito se buscó desarrollar una revisión actual sobre la educación en salud, con un enfoque en la promoción y prevención, abordando igualmente la importancia y el impacto de estas acciones en la población. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scielo y Lilacs empleando palabras clave en español e inglés y se seleccionaron los artículos para la construcción del manuscrito. La medicina preventiva es un concepto que ha sido olvidado, sin embargo, es importante comprender la relevancia que tiene la promoción y prevención sobre la salud del paciente y el curso de la enfermedad; parte importante de esto, radica en la educación en salud que se brinda, que debería convertirse en un eje fundamental en la práctica médica..Au

Health education is defined as the discipline responsible for guiding and organizing educational processes with the purpose of positively influencing knowledge, practices and custom of individuals and communities in relation to their health. Through the construction of this manuscript we sought to develop a current and concrete review on health education, with a focus on promotion and prevention, also addressing the importance and impact of these actions on the population. A search made in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scielo and Lilacs databases using the key words in Spanish and English and articles were selected for the construction of the manuscript. Preventive medicine is a concept that has been forgotten, however, it is very important to understand the great importance of promotion and prevention in the patient's health and the course of the disease; An important part of this lies in the health education that is provided, which should become a fundamental axis in medical practice..Au