Correction of overexposure in laser speckle contrast imaging.

Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a method to visualize and quantify tissue perfusion and blood flow. A common flaw in LSCI variants is their sensitivity to the optical setup parameters and that they operate well only on statistics of undistorted laser speckle patterns. The signal saturation of the sensors makes the contrast calculation misleading; hence the illumination level must be well controlled. We describe the theoretical explanation for the saturation-caused degradation. We introduce a linear extrapolation method to eliminate the overexposure induced error up to an extent of 60-70% saturated pixel count. This, depending on the contrast value and use case, enables to use 3-8 times higher external illumination level with no deterioration of the contrast calculation and thus the measured blood flow index. Our method enables a higher signal-to-noise ratio in darker areas by allowing the use of higher illumination, utilizing a larger portion of the dynamic range of the sensors, and making the illumination level setting less cumbersome.

Ensemble averaging laser speckle contrast imaging: statistical model of improvement as function of static scatterers.

The appearance of the common artifacts of laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), namely the granularity in flow rate estimation caused by static scatterers, is a well-known phenomenon. This artifact can be greatly reduced in spatial speckle contrast calculation using interframe decorrelated illumination, forcing true ensemble averaging. We propose a statistical model, which describes the effect of multiple image acquisitions on the contrast map quality when the illumination stable and when the illumination is decorrelated frame by frame. We investigate the improvement as a function of the ratio of dynamic and static scatterers by formulating a statistical distribution based model, using in simulation, flow phantom and in vivo experiments. Our main finding is that the ensemble averaging yields limited improvement in several practical cases due to the highly heterogeneous scatterer structure of living tissues.

Time varied illumination laser speckle contrast imaging.

Laser speckle contrast imaging is a technique to determine blood flow rate with a limitation of low dynamic range. In this Letter, we introduce a varied illumination speckle contrast imaging method. It utilizes varying illumination during exposure to customize the correlation time (flow rate) to speckle contrast relation. The method can cover an order of magnitude larger range flow rate in a single exposure compared to constant illumination methods. The proposed method enables high dynamic range flow rate imaging, which is advantageous in studying larger vessels and small arteries. We demonstrate the theory by simulations and ex vivo and in vivo measurements.

Current steering detection scheme of three terminal antenna-coupled terahertz field effect transistor detectors.

An antenna-coupled field effect transistor (FET) as a plasma wave terahertz detector is used with the current steering to record separately the gate-source and gate-drain photoresponses and their phase sensitive combination. This method is based on the observation that the plasmon-terminal coupling is cut off in saturation, resulting in only one-sided sensitivity. A polarimetric example is presented with intensity and polarization angle reconstruction using a single three-terminal antenna-coupled Si-metal-oxide semiconductor FET (MOSFET). The technique is applicable to various detection schemes and technologies (high electron mobility transistors and GaAs-, GaN-, and Si-MOSFETs), and other application possibilities are discussed.

Terahertz single-shot quadrature phase-shifting interferometry.

A single-shot quadrature phase-shifting interferometry architecture is presented that is applicable to antenna coupled detector technologies. The method is based on orthogonally polarized object and reference beams and on linear and circular polarization sensitive antennas in space-division multiplexing. The technique can be adapted to two-, three-, and four-step and Gabor holography recordings. It is also demonstrated that the space-division multiplexing does not necessarily cause sparse sampling. A sub-THz detector array is presented containing multiple on-chip antennas and FET plasma wave detectors implemented in a 90 nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology. As an example, two-step phase-shifting reconstruction results are given at 360 GHz.