Exercise for Healthy, Active Ageing: A Physiological Perspective and Review of International Recommendations / Ejercicio para un Envejecimiento Saludable y Activo: Una Perspectiva Fisiológica y un Examen de las Recomendaciones Internacionales

ABSTRACT Healthy, active ageing is an important public health goal, which is supported by appropriate, specific, targeted physical activity. Many physiological changes to the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system may lead to a decline in strength, fitness and resilience as the human body ages. Exercise is a proven means of overcoming physiological functional limitations and maintaining independence throughout the lifespan. The World Health Organisation, American College of Sports Medicine and American Academy of Family Medicine have proposed guidelines for the minimum amount of physical activity to be performed each week by older adults. Each adult needs an individualized mix of aerobic, strength-training, balance and flexibility exercises, to maintain autonomy, reduce chronic disease risk and enjoy a good quality of life. This review summarizes the important highlights of these recommendations and focusses on the significant physiological gains to be achieved from exercise.

RESUMEN El envejecimiento saludable y activo es un objetivo importante de la salud pública, apoyado por una actividad física apropiada, específica y dirigida a tal fin. Muchos cambios fisiológicos en el sistema cardiovascular y musculoesquelético pueden llevar a una disminución de la fuerza, la aptitud física, y la resistencia a medida que el cuerpo humano envejece. El ejercicio es un medio probado para superar las limitaciones funcionales fisiológicas y mantener la independencia durante la vida. La Organización Mundial de la Salud, el Colegio Americano de Medicina del Deporte, y la Academia Americana de Medicina de la Familia, han propuesto pautas para la cantidad mínima de actividad física que los adultos mayores deben realizar cada semana. Cada adulto necesita una mezcla individualizada de ejercicios aeróbicos y entrenamiento de fuerza, asi como ejercicios de equilibrio y flexibilidad, para mantener la autonomía, reducir el riesgo de enfermedades crónicas, y disfrutar de una buena calidad de vida. Este examen resume los aspectos más sobresalientes de estas recomendaciones y enfoca las importantes ganancias fisiológicas a lograr con el ejercicio.

The Factors Associated With Older Adults Receiving Care in Jamaica / Factores Asociados con los Adultos Mayores que Reciben Cuidados en Jamaica

ABSTRACT Objective: To ascertain the level of care and the predisposing, enabling and need factors associated with care received by older adults using Andersen's framework. Methods: The 2012 Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions was used to conduct descriptive, bivariate and binary logistic analyses for the receipt of care among older adults defined by activities of daily living (ADL) and the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) measures. The ADL sample comprised 3152 older adults and the IADL sample comprised 3141 older adults. Results: Approximately 16% of older adults received ADL care and significant binary logistic associations with age, area of residence, living arrangements, source of financial support, disability, and perceived health status were found. Approximately 69% received IADL care and significant binary logistic associations with gender, age, employed, living arrangements, wealth status, source of financial support, satisfaction with life accomplishments, disability and perceived health status were found for those receiving IADL care. Conclusion: Predisposing, enabling and need factors of the Andersen framework predict ADL and IADL care. Therefore, plans for care of older adults must address those 70 years or older who live alone, have a disability, a chronic illness and rate their health poorly.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de cuidados y los factores predisponentes, capacitantes y de necesidad asociados con el cuidado recibido por los adultos mayores, usando el modelo de Andersen. Métodos: La Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida en Jamaica 2012 fue utilizada para realizar análisis descriptivos, bivariantes y logísticos binarios en relación con el recibimiento de cuidados entre los adultos mayores, definidos por las medidas de las actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) y las actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (AIVD). La muestra de AVD abarcó 3152 adultos mayores y la muestra de AIVD abarcó 3141 adultos mayores. Resultados: Aproximadamente el 16% de los adultos mayores recibieron cuidados de AVD, y en su análisis se hallaron asociaciones logísticas binarias significativas con la edad, el área de residencia, la situación de vivienda, la fuente de apoyo financiero, la discapacidad y el estado de salud percibido. Aproximadamente el 69% recibió cuidados de AIVD, y en su análisis se hallaron asociaciones logísticas binarias con el género, la edad, los empleados, la situación de vivienda, la situación económica, la fuente de apoyo financiero, la satisfacción con los logros de vida, la discapacidad, y el estado de salud percibido. Conclusión: Los factores predisponentes, capacitantes y de necesidad del modelo de Andersen predicen los cuidados de AVD y AIVD. Por lo tanto, los planes para el cuidado de adultos mayores tienen que abarcar a aquellas personas de 70 años o más que viven solas, tienen una discapacidad, una enfermedad crónica, y valoran su salud como pobre.

Understanding and reducing work-related psychological distress in interns: a systematic review.

The aim of this study was to collate and evaluate studies investigating either the factors influencing work-related psychological distress in postgraduate year one (PGY1) doctors or the strategies designed to reduce it. This is a systematic review conducted in May 2014. The data sources were key databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) and manual searches of reference lists for relevant studies published in the last 15 years. This study is an empirical research designed either to elucidate the factors influencing work-related psychological distress in PGY1 doctors, or examine the effects of an intervention designed to reduce it. Key information was extracted into an electronic data extraction form, which incorporated elements of Murphy's model of work stress factors. A total of 21 studies was included in the review; 16 studies had examined the factors influencing work-related psychological distress, four studies had investigated strategies to reduce it, and a single study addressed both. Analysis of the findings of each individual study through the conceptual framework provided by Murphy's model revealed a discrepancy between the factors influencing work-related psychological distress and the focus of strategies designed to reduce it. Factors such as career progression and a PGY1 doctor's role within the organisation were not addressed in the interventions identified. Significant sources of psychological distress in PGY1 doctors remain overlooked by current interventions. Strategies designed to prevent or reduce psychological distress should be broad-based and grounded in both the literature exploring salient factors and existing theories of work-related stress.

The Interfacial Chemistry of the Grignard Reaction: The Composition of the Film Formed on Air-Exposed Magnesium.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to monitor the composition of the surface film formed when a clean Mg metal is subjected to pretreatments that simulate exposure to ambient environments. The results indicate that an as-received (commercial) Mg metal contains a surface covered by a film constituted predominantly by magnesium hydroxide and a smaller but appreciable quantity of magnesium bicarbonate. These observations have important ramifications in the mechanistic description of the Grignard reaction since the interaction between Mg metal and an alkyl halide must contend with the surface hydroxide and bicarbonate films. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.