A historic report of zika in mozambique: implications for assessing current risk

Although Kokernot et al. found neutralizing antibodies against ZIKV in Mozambique in 1957 [20], the country has repeatedly been excluded from the list of countries with a past history of ZIKV. The current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention map, the recent World Health Organization Risk Assessment map on ZIKV in the Africa region, and most of the recent literature mapping countries with a current and past history of ZIKV have consistently excluded Mozambique [10, 21, 22] from the list of countries with past serological evidence of ZIKV. This might result in errors in the calculation and interpretation of the risk of Zika in Mozambique as well as in the region. In this regard, in this manuscript we revisit findings of the study conducted by Kokernot et al. in an attempt to discuss the current risk of Zika in the country. The survey, conducted in 1957, was published in Portuguese in 1960 [20]. This study was part of a larger study on arboviruses, in which blood samples were screened for antibodies against 13 arboviruses, including ZIKV, chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, Sindbis, Middleburg, and Wesselsbron. Samples were collected in 29 localities situated widely apart from each other throughout the country between July and August 1957. In each locality, they selected an average of 30 local residents who had been born in the area with no history of travel outside in their lifetime. The samples were analyzed in South Africa, using confirmatory neutralization testing (NT). NT was performed using an in vivo system. For this purpose, previously titrated virus strains for each arbovirus being tested were incubated with each participant's serum and inoculated into Swiss mice to assess the neutralization profile of each serum against each virus strain. For ZIKV, the prototype ZIKV strain was used [18], and both adult and newborn mice were used for inoculation. An amount of 0.03 mL of the preparation virus and serum was inoculated intracerebrally, as previously described [18], and each mouse was observed daily between 10­ 17 days to assess the viral effect. The authors found neutralizing antibodies to all of the viruses and concluded that the whole length of Mozambique was a "tropical corridor" of arbovirus activity. The viruses with highest prevalence rates of neutralizing antibodies were chikungunya (21.0%), Wesselsbron (15.9%), Bunyamwera (24.1%), Pongola (23.2%) and Bwamba fever (24.7%)...

Population differences in immune marker profiles associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection in Japan and Jamaica.

The natural history of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) has been shown to differ markedly by geographic area. The differences include contrasting patterns of risk of adult T-cell lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), which may be due in part to differences in host immune response to infection. To characterize variations in host immunity across populations, we compared serologic immune marker patterns in HTLV-I-endemic populations in Japan and Jamaica. We matched 204 participants with archived blood from the Miyazaki Cohort Study (Japan) and the Food Handlers Study (Jamaica)-i.e., 51 HTLV-I-positive ("carriers") and 51 HTLV-I-negative individuals ("noncarriers") from each population-by age, sex and blood collection year. We compared plasma concentrations of markers of T-cell-mediated (antigen-specific) and nonspecific immunity using regression models and correlation coefficients. Compared to Jamaican HTLV-I noncarriers, Japanese noncarriers had higher covariate-adjusted mean levels of T-cell activation markers, including antibody to Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (reciprocal titer 27 vs. 71, respectively, p=0.005), soluble interleukin-2 receptor-alpha (477 vs. 623 pg/mL, p=0.0008) and soluble CD30 (34 vs. 46 U/mL, p=0.0001) and lower levels of C-reactive protein (1.1 vs. 0.43 microg/mL, p=0.0004). HTLV-I infection was associated with activated T-cell immunity in Jamaicans but with diminished T-cell immunity in Japanese persons. The observed population differences in background and HTLV-I-related host immunity correspond closely to the divergent natural histories of infection observed among HTLV-I carriers in Japan and Jamaica and corroborate a role for host immune status in the contrasting patterns of ATL and HAM/TSP risk.