Progress in phenanthroline-derived extractants for trivalent actinides and lanthanides separation: where to next?

Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) released from reactors possesses significant radioactivity, heat release properties, and high-value radioactive nuclides. Therefore, using chemical methods for reprocessing can enhance economic efficiency and reduce the potential environmental risks of nuclear energy. Due to the presence of relatively diffuse f-electrons, the chemical properties of trivalent lanthanides (Ln(III)) and actinides (An(III)) in SNF solutions are quite similar. Separation methods have several limitations, including poor separation efficiency and the need for multiple stripping agents. The use of novel multi-dental phenanthroline-derived extractants with nitrogen donor atoms to effectively separate An(III) over Ln(III) has been widely accepted. This review first introduces the development history of phenanthroline-derived extractants for extraction and complexation with An(III) over Ln(III). Then, based on structural differences, these extractants are classified into four categories: nitrogen-coordinated, N,O-hybrid coordinated, highly preorganized structure, and unsymmetric structure. Each category's design principles, extraction, and separation performance as well as their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, we have summarized and compared the unique characteristics of the existing extractants and provided an outlook. This work may offer a reliable reference for the precise identification and selective separation between An(III) and Ln(III), and point the way for future development and exploration.

Andrographolide sensitizes glioma to temozolomide by inhibiting DKK1 expression.

BACKGROUND: Temozolomide (TMZ) is the first-line chemotherapeutic drug for gliomas treatment. However, the clinical efficacy of TMZ in glioma patients was very limited. Therefore, it is urgently needed to discover a novel approach to increase the sensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ. METHODS: Western blot, immunohistochemical staining, and qRT-PCR assays were used to explore the mechanisms underlying TMZ promoting DKK1 expression and andrographolide (AND) inhibiting DKK1 expression. HPLC was used to detect the ability of andrographolide (AND) to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. MTT assay, bioluminescence images, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and H&E staining were employed to measure the proliferative activity of glioma cells and the growth of intracranial tumors. RESULTS: TMZ can promote DKK1 expression in glioma cells and brain tumors of an orthotopic model of glioma. DKK1 could promote glioma cell proliferation and tumor growth in an orthotopic model of glioma. Mechanistically, TMZ increased EGFR expression and subsequently induced the activation of its downstream MEK-ERK and PI3K-Akt pathways, thereby promoting DKK1 expression in glioma cells. Andrographolide inhibited TMZ-induced DKK1 expression through inactivating MEK-ERK and PI3K-Akt pathways. Andrographolide can cross the blood-brain barrier, the combination of TMZ and andrographolide not only improved the anti-tumor effects of TMZ but also showed a survival benefit in an orthotopic model of glioma. CONCLUSION: Andrographolide can enhance anti-tumor activity of TMZ against glioma by inhibiting DKK1 expression.

Blocking TSP1 Ameliorates Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Erectile Dysfunction by Inhibiting the TGF-ß/SMAD Pathway.

PURPOSE: To examine the role and mechanism of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) in the development of fibrosis in diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction (DMED). MATERIALS AND METHODS: DMED was induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection. All rats were categorized into three groups: control group (n=8), DMED group (n=8) and DMED+Leu-Ser-Lys-Leu (LSKL) group (n=8). After eight weeks following the induction of diabetes mellitus, the DMED+LSKL group was subjected to intraperitoneal injections of LSKL twice weekly for four weeks. To measure intracavernous pressure (ICP), a 25-gauge needle connected to a PE tube containing heparin was inserted into the corpus cavernosum (CC). Additionally, a needle was inserted into the carotid artery to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP). Sirius red staining and Masson trichrome staining were utilized to assess CC fibrosis. Moreover, high glucose (HG)-induced CC smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) and CC fibroblasts (CCFs) were treated with or without LSKL. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were utilized to assess the phosphorylation and expression of related proteins. RESULTS: Compared with those in the control group, the ratio of the maximum ICP to the MAP markedly decreased in the DMED group, as did the ratio of smooth muscle to collagen and the ratio of collagen I to collagen III. These ratios were greater in the DMED+LSKL group than in the DMED group. TSP1 was highly expressed in the CC of DMED rats. In vitro experiments indicated that TSP1 expression significantly increased in the medium of CCSMCs and CCFs cultured in HG media and that the TGF-ß pathway was activated in CCSMCs. Collagen IV was overexpressed in CCSMCs, indicating severe fibrosis was severe. Adding LSKL or knocking TSP1 down can prevent the activation of TGF-ß signaling, as well as the overexpression of collagen IV in CCSMCs promoted by TSP1 secreted from CCSMCs itself or CCFs. CONCLUSIONS: TSP1 expression is increased in the CC of DMED rats. HG-induced TSP1 secretion via autocrine signaling from CCSMCs and/or paracrine signaling from CCFs to accelerate penile fibrosis. LSKL, an antagonist of TSP1, could improve erectile dysfunction by inhibiting the TGF-ß/SMAD pathway.

The unique immune evasion mechanisms of the mpox virus and their implication for developing new vaccines and immunotherapies.

Mpox is an infectious and contagious zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus (MPXV), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. Since 2022, MPXV has posed a significant threat to global public health. The emergence of thousands of cases across the Western Hemisphere prompted the World Health Organization to declare an emergency. The extensive coevolutionary history of poxviruses with humans has enabled these viruses to develop sophisticated mechanisms to counter the human immune system. Specifically, MPXV employs unique immune evasion strategies against a wide range of immunological elements, presenting a considerable challenge for treatment, especially following the discontinuation of routine smallpox vaccination among the general population. In this review, we start by discussing the entry of the mpox virus and the onset of early infection, followed by an introduction to the mechanisms by which the mpox virus can evade the innate and adaptive immune responses. Two caspase-1 inhibitory proteins and a PKR escape-related protein have been identified as phylogenomic hubs involved in modulating the immune environment during the MPXV infection. With respect to adaptive immunity, mpox viruses exhibit unique and exceptional T-cell inhibition capabilities, thereby comprehensively remodeling the host immune environment. The viral envelope also poses challenges for the neutralizing effects of antibodies and the complement system. The unique immune evasion mechanisms employed by MPXV make novel multi-epitope and nucleic acid-based vaccines highly promising research directions worth investigating. Finally, we briefly discuss the impact of MPXV infection on immunosuppressed patients and the current status of MPXV vaccine development. This review may provide valuable information for the development of new immunological treatments for mpox.

Targeting DKK1 enhances the antitumor activity of paclitaxel and alleviates chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in breast cancer.

Chemotherapy in combination with immunotherapy has gradually shown substantial promise to increase T cell infiltration and antitumor efficacy. However, paclitaxel in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting PD-1/PD-L1 was only used to treat a small proportion of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and the clinical outcomes was very limited. In addition, this regimen cannot prevent paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. Therefore, there was an urgent need for a novel target to enhance the antitumor activity of paclitaxel and alleviate chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in breast cancer. Here, we found that Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) expression was upregulated in multiply subtypes of human breast cancer specimens after paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. Mechanistic studies revealed that paclitaxel promoted DKK1 expression by inducing EGFR signaling in breast cancer cells, and the upregulation of DKK1 could hinder the therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel by suppressing the infiltration and activity of CD8+ T cells in tumor microenvironment. Moreover, paclitaxel treatment in tumor-bearing mice also increased DKK1 expression through the activation of EGFR signaling in the primary sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, leading to the development of peripheral neuropathy, which is charactered by myelin damage in the sciatic nerve, neuropathic pain, and loss of cutaneous innervation in hindpaw skin. The addition of an anti-DKK1 antibody not only improved therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel in two murine subtype models of breast cancer but also alleviated paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. Taken together, our findings providing a potential chemoimmunotherapy strategy with low neurotoxicity that can benefit multiple subtypes of breast cancer patients.

CatLearning: highly accurate gene expression prediction from histone mark.

Histone modifications, known as histone marks, are pivotal in regulating gene expression within cells. The vast array of potential combinations of histone marks presents a considerable challenge in decoding the regulatory mechanisms solely through biological experimental approaches. To overcome this challenge, we have developed a method called CatLearning. It utilizes a modified convolutional neural network architecture with a specialized adaptation Residual Network to quantitatively interpret histone marks and predict gene expression. This architecture integrates long-range histone information up to 500Kb and learns chromatin interaction features without 3D information. By using only one histone mark, CatLearning achieves a high level of accuracy. Furthermore, CatLearning predicts gene expression by simulating changes in histone modifications at enhancers and throughout the genome. These findings help comprehend the architecture of histone marks and develop diagnostic and therapeutic targets for diseases with epigenetic changes.

Acute primary angle closure during the Omicron outbreak.

AIM: To investigate Omicron's impact on clinical presentation of acute primary angle closure (APAC) in China. METHODS: A consecutive case series with historical controls was conducted at Shenzhen Eye Hospital, the largest specialized hospital in Shenzhen, China. Medical records from a two-month period during the Omicron pandemic (December 1, 2022, to January 31, 2023) were compared with records from two control groups (12/2018-1/2019 and 12/2021-1/2022) before pandemic. Patients with APAC were included, and the prevalence of APAC and demographic characteristics in Omicron-infected and non-infected patients were compared. RESULTS: Seventy-one (23.43%) out of 303 patients were diagnosed with APAC in the pandemic cohort, which was 2.98 and 2.61 times higher than that in control cohorts (7.87% in 2019, 8.96% in 2022, P<0.001). The pandemic cohort has significantly higher Omicron-infected rate (78.87% vs 0 vs 0; P<0.001), lower proportion of glaucoma history (16.90% vs 42.86% vs 41.67%, P=0.005), higher surgical rate (95.77% vs 83.33% vs 78.57%, P=0.024), higher total medical costs and larger pupil diameter (5.63±0.15 vs 4.68±0.15 vs 4.69±0.22 mm, P<0.01). In 83% Omicron-infected patients, ocular symptoms appeared within 3d after systemic symptoms onset. In multivariate analysis, Omicron infection (P<0.001) was the only independent predictor of pupil diameter. CONCLUSION: In the Omicron epidemic in China, there is an increase of prevalence and severity of APAC, particularly focusing on the first 3d following infection.

A Review of Design Strategies in SiO/C Composite Anodes for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, clean energy storage, and other fields due to their long service life, high energy density, and low self-discharge rate, which also puts forward higher requirements for the performance of lithium-ion batteries. As an anode for lithium-ion batteries, SiO materials have garnered significant attention from researchers due to its high specific capacity (2400 mAh g-1), abundance of raw materials, and simple preparation. However, its large volume change (~200 %) and poor electrical conductivity hinder its large-scale commercial application. Researchers employ various methods to reduce the volume change of SiO during lithium intercalation and improve its structural stability during cycling. This work mainly reviews the chemical structure and lithium storage mechanism of SiO, as well as the latest research progress on the preparation methods of SiO/C anode materials, focusing on summarizing the following preparation strategies: chemical vapor deposition, mechanical ball milling, spray drying, and in-situ reduction/oxidation methods. The obtained SiO-based anode materials' structural characteristics and electrochemical properties are compared and summarized. Finally, this review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the current preparation methods, the future research directions, and the development prospects of SiO-based anode materials.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists rescued diabetic vascular endothelial damage through suppression of aberrant STING signaling.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) protect against diabetic cardiovascular diseases and nephropathy. However, their activity in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. Our retrospective cohort study involving 1626 T2DM patients revealed superior efficacy of GLP-1 RAs in controlling DR compared to other glucose-lowering medications, suggesting their advantage in DR treatment. By single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis and immunostaining, we observed a high expression of GLP-1R in retinal endothelial cells, which was down-regulated under diabetic conditions. Treatment of GLP-1 RAs significantly restored the receptor expression, resulting in an improvement in retinal degeneration, vascular tortuosity, avascular vessels, and vascular integrity in diabetic mice. GO and GSEA analyses further implicated enhanced mitochondrial gene translation and mitochondrial functions by GLP-1 RAs. Additionally, the treatment attenuated STING signaling activation in retinal endothelial cells, which is typically activated by leaked mitochondrial DNA. Expression of STING mRNA was positively correlated to the levels of angiogenic and inflammatory factors in the endothelial cells of human fibrovascular membranes. Further investigation revealed that the cAMP-responsive element binding protein played a role in the GLP-1R signaling pathway on suppression of STING signaling. This study demonstrates a novel role of GLP-1 RAs in the protection of diabetic retinal vasculature by inhibiting STING-elicited inflammatory signals.

A high-performance C@Na5V12O32 nanowire electrode derived from the reconstruction of carbon quantum dots.

Vanadate electrodes are potential candidates for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their large theoretical specific capacity. However, their easy dissolution in the electrolyte, large structural changes, low conductivity and capacity decay during cycling hinder their further application. Herein, a lithium-ion battery electrode of Na5V12O32 (NVO) nanowires covered with a carbon film and formed by the reconstruction of carbon quantum dots (CDs) was obtained using an in situ capping strategy. Remarkably, the carbon film could prevent direct contact between the NVO nanowires and the electrolyte, thus slowing down the occurrence of side reactions and avoiding the dissolution of the NVO nanowires. Among the electrodes treated at different temperatures, the C@NVO-400 electrode exhibits high capacity and excellent cycling stability as the electrode of LIBs, with a discharge specific capacity of 779.1 and 315.5 mAh g-1 after 400 and 1000 cycles at a current density of 0.1 and 2 A g-1, respectively. An in situ coating strategy is proposed here to contribute to the further development of coated vanadate electrodes for high-performance LIBs.

Genomics of hybrid parallel origin in Aquilegia ecalcarata.

BACKGROUND: The parallel evolution of similar traits or species provides strong evidence for the role of natural selection in evolution. Traits or species that evolved repeatedly can be driven by separate de novo mutations or interspecific gene flow. Although parallel evolution has been reported in many studies, documented cases of parallel evolution caused by gene flow are scarce by comparison. Aquilegia ecalcarata and A. kansuensis belong to the genus of Aquilegia, and are the closest related sister species. Mutiple origins of A. ecalcarata have been reported in previous studies, but whether they have been driven by separate de novo mutations or gene flow remains unclear. RESULTS: In this study, We conducted genomic analysis from 158 individuals of two repeatedly evolving pairs of A. ecalcarata and A. kansuensis. All samples were divided into two distinct clades with obvious geographical distribution based on phylogeny and population structure. Demographic modeling revealed that the origin of the A. ecalcarata in the Eastern of China was caused by gene flow, and the Eastern A. ecalcarata occurred following introgression from Western A. ecalcarata population. Analysis of Treemix and D-statistic also revealed that a strong signal of gene flow was detected from Western A. ecalcarata to Eastern A. ecalcarata. Genetic divergence and selective sweep analyses inferred parallel regions of genomic divergence and identified many candidate genes associated with ecologically adaptive divergence between species pair. Comparative analysis of parallel diverged regions and gene introgression confirms that gene flow contributed to the parallel evolution of A. ecalcarata. CONCLUSIONS: Our results further confirmed the multiple origins of A. ecalcarata and highlighted the roles of gene flow. These findings provide new evidence for parallel origin after hybridization as well as insights into the ecological adaptation mechanisms underlying the parallel origins of species.

Urease-producing bacteria with plant growth-promoting ability that may tolerate and remove cadmium from aqueous solution.

Urease-producing bacteria (UPB) are widely present in soil and play an important role in soil ecosystems. In this study, 65 UPB strains were isolated from cadmium (Cd)-polluted soil around a lead-zinc mine in Yunnan Province, China. The Cd tolerance, removal of Cd from aqueous solution, production of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and plant growth-promoting effects of these materials were investigated. The results indicate that among the 65 UPB strains, four strains with IAA-producing ability were screened and identified as Bacillus thuringiensis W6-11, B. cereus C7-4, Serratia marcescens W11-10, and S. marcescens C5-6. Among the four strains, B. cereus C7-4 had the highest Cd tolerance, median effect concentration (EC50) of 59.94 mg/L. Under Cd 5 mg/L, S. marcescens C5-6 had the highest Cd removal from aqueous solution, up to 69.83%. Under Cd 25 mg/kg, inoculation with B. cereus C7-4 significantly promoted maize growth in a sand pot by increasing the root volume, root surface area, and number of root branches by 22%, 29%, and 20%, respectively, and plant height and biomass by 16% and 36%, respectively, and significantly increasing Cd uptake in the maize roots. Therefore, UPB is a potential resource for enhancing plant adaptability to Cd stress in plants with Cd-polluted habitats.

This study utilized urease-producing bacteria screened from the soil of lead zinc mining areas in Yunnan, China as the research object, enriching the microbial resources in Yunnan. In addition, this article verified the IAA production ability and cadmium removal ability of urease-producing bacteria, and screened out bifunctional urease-producing bacteria that have potential in cadmium pollution control and plant growth promotion.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-aryldonepezil analogues as anti-Alzheimer's disease agents.

Aim: To design and synthesize a novel series of 1-aryldonepezil analogues. Materials & methods: The 1-aryldonepezil analogues were synthesized through palladium/PCy3-catalyzed Suzuki reaction and were evaluated for cholinesterase inhibitory activities and neuroprotective effects. In silico docking of the most effective compound was conducted. Results: The 4-tert-butylphenyl analogue exhibited good inhibitory potency against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase and had a favorable neuroprotective effect on H2O2-induced SH-SY5Y cell injury. Conclusion: The 4-tert-butylphenyl derivative is a promising lead compound for anti-Alzheimer's disease drug development.

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Unveiling the luminescence property of Li2MgGeO4:Mn4+ featuring the tetrahedral crystallographic-site occupancy of Mn4.

Owing to the occupying tendency of Mn4+ at octahedral sites, doping Mn4+ activators in tetrahedral structures poses challenges and hence is seldom reported. In this work, tetrahedrally sited Mn4+ phosphors were studied. By combining X-ray diffraction (XRD) data with Rietveld refinement analysis, the location of Mn4+ was determined. It was found that by adding excessive raw MgO, the phosphor synthesis temperature can be improved, enhancing the crystallinity of the crystal and thus improving the emission performance of the phosphor. In addition, excessive raw MgO forms a second phase in an LMGO matrix, which does not change the doping site for Mn4+. The Tanabe-Sugano diagram of Mn4+ in the tetrahedral field and the energy-level diagram of these phosphors were constructed for the first time, and the excitation and emission mechanisms are discussed in detail. With 1.2-fold excess of raw MgO, the prepared sample (LMGO-Mn-1.2) shows the best luminescence, demonstrating red emissions peaked at 656 nm and affording an emission intensity enhancement of over 50 times compared to a stoichiometric LMGO:Mn4+ system. At 150 °C, LMGO-Mn-1.2 keeps 90% emission intensity compared to that at room temperature. Finally, a high-efficiency warm white light-emitting diode was built. This work provides new insights into the study of Mn4+-activated phosphors in a tetrahedron crystal field.

Epimerization effects on coordination behaviours of phenanthroline-based phosphine-oxide ligands with uranyl ions.

Epimers of the (1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-diyl)bis(ethyl(phenyl)phosphine oxide) (Et-Ph-BPPhen) ligand with two chiral centers (R,R/S,S and R,S) were synthesized. The configurational effects on the coordination ability and mechanism between these epimeric ligands and uranyl ions were thoroughly investigated. This work is helpful to reveal the effects of different conformations of epimeric ligands on their coordination properties.

Preorganization Effects on Eu(III) Ion Coordination by Dipyridyl-Phenanthroline Ligands: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Analysis.

Although 1,10-phenanthroline has been proven to hold a strong complexing capacity for f-block elements and their derivatives have been applied in many fields, research on more highly or completely rigid phenanthroline ligands is still rare due to the challenging syntheses. Here, we reported three tetradentate ligands 2,9-di(pyridin-2-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (L1), 12-(pyridin-2-yl)-5,6-dihydroquinolino[8,7b][1,10]phenanthroline (L2), and 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrobenzo[2,1-b:3,4-b']bis([1,10]phenanthroline) (L3) with increasing preorganization on the side chain; among which, L3 is fully preorganized. Their complexation reactions with Eu(III) were systematically investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), UV-vis titrations, and single-crystal structures. It is found that all three ligands form only 1:1 M/L complexes with Eu(III). The single-crystal structures revealed that the three ligands hold similar coordination modes, while their stability constants determined by UV-vis titrations were L3 (4.80 ± 0.01) > L2 (4.38 ± 0.01) > L1 (3.88 ± 0.01). This trend is supported not only by the thermodynamic stability of rigid ligands compared to free ligands but also by the conclusion that rigid ligands exhibit faster reaction rates (lower energy barrier) than free ligands kinetically. This work is helpful in providing theoretical guidance for the subsequent development of highly preorganized chelating ligands with strong coordination ability and high selectivity for f-block elements.

Nuclear KRT19 is a transcriptional corepressor promoting histone deacetylation and liver tumorigenesis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Epigenetic reprogramming and escape from terminal differentiation are poorly understood enabling characteristics of liver cancer. Keratin 19 (KRT19), classically known to form the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, is a marker of stemness and worse prognosis in liver cancer. This study aimed to address the functional roles of KRT19 in liver tumorigenesis and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Using multiplexed genome editing of hepatocytes in vivo, we demonstrated that KRT19 promoted liver tumorigenesis in mice. Cell fractionation revealed a previously unrecognized nuclear fraction of KRT19. Tandem affinity purification identified histone deacetylase 1 and REST corepressor 1, components of the corepressor of RE-1 silencing transcription factor (CoREST) complex as KRT19-interacting proteins. KRT19 knockout markedly enhanced histone acetylation levels. Mechanistically, KRT19 promotes CoREST complex formation by enhancing histone deacetylase 1 and REST corepressor 1 interaction, thus increasing the deacetylase activity. ChIP-seq revealed hepatocyte-specific genes, such as hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha ( HNF4A ), as direct targets of KRT19-CoREST. In addition, we identified forkhead box P4 as a direct activator of aberrant KRT19 expression in liver cancer. Furthermore, treatment of primary liver tumors and patient-derived xenografts in mice suggest that KRT19 expression has the potential to predict response to histone deacetylase 1 inhibitors especially in combination with lenvatinib. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that nuclear KRT19 acts as a transcriptional corepressor through promoting the deacetylase activity of the CoREST complex, resulting in dedifferentiation of liver cancer. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized function of KRT19 in directly shaping the epigenetic landscape in cancer.

Morphologic and Functional Assessment of Photoreceptors in Laser-Induced Retinopathy Using Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy and Microperimetry.

PURPOSE: To assess the cone photoreceptors' morphology and associated retinal sensitivity in laser-induced retinopathy (LIR) using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO) and microperimetry (MP). DESIGN: Cohort study. METHODS: This study included 13 patients (15 eyes) with LIR and 38 age-matched healthy volunteers (38 eyes). Participants underwent comprehensive evaluations including AO-SLO, MP, and spectral-domain OCT. Lesion morphology, cone density, dispersion, and regularity in AO-SLO were assessed and correlated with visual function. RESULTS: In AO-SLO images, LIR lesions were predominantly characterized by hyporeflective regions, suggesting potential cone loss at the fovea, accompanied by the presence of sizable clumps of hyperreflective material within these lesions. The average size of lesions in affected eyes was 97,128±107,478 µm², ranging from 6705 to 673,348 µm². Compared with the healthy contralateral eye and control group, LIR demonstrated significantly reduced cone density, increased cone dispersion, and notably decreased cone regularity in all 4 quadrants at 3° eccentricity (all P values < .05). Lesion morphology in AO-SLO correlated with ellipsoid zone defects observed in OCT, showing a positive correlation in size (r = 0.84, P < .001) but not with retinal sensitivities (P = .09). Similarly, cone density at 3° eccentricity did not correlate with retinal sensitivities (P = .13). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The study provides crucial insights into the morphologic and functional impacts of LIR on cone photoreceptors, revealing significant morphologic changes in cones that do not consistently align with functional outcomes. This research highlights the need for continued exploration into the relationship between retinal structure and function in LIR, and the importance of heightened public awareness and preventive strategies to mitigate the risk of LIR.

FUS reads histone H3K36me3 to regulate alternative polyadenylation.

Complex organisms generate differential gene expression through the same set of DNA sequences in distinct cells. The communication between chromatin and RNA regulates cellular behavior in tissues. However, little is known about how chromatin, especially histone modifications, regulates RNA polyadenylation. In this study, we found that FUS was recruited to chromatin by H3K36me3 at gene bodies. The H3K36me3 recognition of FUS was mediated by the proline residues in the ZNF domain. After these proline residues were mutated or H3K36me3 was abolished, FUS dissociated from chromatin and bound more to RNA, resulting in an increase in polyadenylation sites far from stop codons genome-wide. A proline mutation corresponding to a mutation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis contributed to the hyperactivation of mitochondria and hyperdifferentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells. These findings reveal that FUS is an H3K36me3 reader protein that links chromatin-mediated alternative polyadenylation to human disease.