Relação entre práticas parentais e problemas de externalização e internalização: papel mediador do vínculo de apego / Relationship between parenting and internalizing and externalizing problems: the mediating role of attachment

Os problemas emocionais e comportamentais infantis têm sido alvo de crescente investigação devido a sua alta estabilidade e por precederem os transtornos psicopatológicos na vida adulta. Esse estudo objetivou investigar o papel mediador do vínculo de apego na relação entre práticas parentais e problemas externalizantes (agressividade/delinquência) e internalizantes (retraimento social/ansiedade/depres-são). Um total de 289 crianças (M = 10,5 anos, DP = 0,77) responderam à Security Scale e 181 mães responderam ao Child Rearing Practices Report–Q e, também, ao ChildBehavior Checklist. Os resultados revelaram o papel mediador do vínculo de apego materno nosproblemas externalizantes, mas não nos internalizantes, e salientam a importância de se considerar aqualidade do apego nas relações entre práticas parentais e problemas emocionais e comportamentaisna infância(AU)

Utilização de um filme de glicerol para o controle da produção de aflatoxina por Aspergillus parasiticus em amendoim / Use of glycerol coating to control aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus in peanut grains

Peanut grains are very susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. nomius and A. parasiticus. The aflatoxin B1 is most frequently found in peanuts, posing a high toxicological risk due to its carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic properties. Alternative methods to fungicides can be used to protect grains. GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe) substances can be an interesting option to avoid contamination, specially glycerol. In the present work, the ability of glycerol films to prevent aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus in peanuts was evaluated. Glycerol was established in two different ways: by immersion and aspersion. Aspersion was more efficient in reducing aflatoxin production (86.3%) than was the immersion process (66.9%) (P < 0.05). At the same time, a progressive reduction in A. parasiticus colony diameters was observed (from 38.6 ± 0.9 to 34.4 ± 1.7 mm) when the fungus was grown on GYEP medium supplemented with glycerol (0 to 5%). However, varying concentrations did not influence the production of spores, colonies, conidiophores or spore condition. Peanuts coated with 5% glycerol (by immersion or aspersion) had improved characteristics, with a cleaner and more shiny appearance, which can make the resulting product more acceptable to the population. In conclusion, the reduction of aflatoxin production in peanut grains with glycerol, particularly by aspersion, was satisfactory, and this GRAS substance shows promising potential to be used to prevent mycotoxin contamination in grains.(AU)

O amendoim é muito suscetível à contaminação por aflatoxinas, que são metabólitos tóxicos produzidos por Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus e A. nomius. A aflatoxina B1 é a mais frequentemente encontrada nos amendoins e apresenta risco toxicológico devido às suas propriedades carcinogênicas, teratogênicas e mutagênicas. Entre os métodos de prevenção da contaminação, o uso de substâncias GRAS (substâncias geralmente consideradas seguras) pode apresentar grande potencial de exploração, especialmente o glicerol. No presente trabalho, foi avaliada a capacidade de filmes de glicerol para o controle da produção de aflatoxinas em amendoins. O glicerol foi inoculado por imersão ou aspersão, sendo a aspersão mais eficiente na redução da produção de aflatoxina (86,3%) que a imersão (66,9%) (P < 0,05). Ao mesmo tempo, foi observada uma redução nos diâmetros das colônias de A. parasiticus (38,6 ± 0,9 para 34,4 ± 1,7 mm) quando cultivado em meio GYEP suplementado com glicerol (0 a 5%). Apesar disto, diferentes concentrações não influenciaram a produção ou morfologia dos esporos e conidióforos. Amendoins revestidos com 5% de glicerol apresentaram características interessantes, tais com: maior brilho e coloração mais intensa, o que pode tornar o produto mais atraente para o consumidor. Em conclusão, a redução da produção de aflatoxinas em amendoim pelo glicerol, principalmente por aspersão foi satisfatória. Sendo assim, esta substância apresenta um potencial promissor para utilização para a prevenção da contaminação do amendoim por aflatoxinas.(AU)

Endogenous opioid and cannabinoid mechanisms are involved in the analgesic effects of celecoxib in the central nervous system.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In this study we analyzed the mechanisms underlying celecoxib-induced analgesia in a model of inflammatory pain in rats, using the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of selective opioid and cannabinoid antagonists. METHODS AND RESULTS: Analgesic effects of celecoxib were prevented by selective µ-(ß-funaltrexamine) and δ-(naltrindole), but not κ-(nor-binaltorphimine) opioid antagonists, given i.c.v. 30 min before celecoxib. Similar pretreatment with AM 251, but not SR 144528, cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptor antagonists, respectively, prevented celecoxib-induced analgesia. The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, URB 597, also prevented celecoxib-induced analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provided further evidence for the involvement of endogenous opioids and revealed a new cannabinoid component of the mechanism(s) underlying celecoxib-induced analgesia.

[Immunohistochemical expression of progesterone receptor in relationship with histological grade and risk of relapses in intracranial meningiomas]. / Expresión inmunohistoquímica del receptor de progesterona en relación con el grado histológico y riesgo de recidivas en meningiomas intracraneanos.

INTRODUCTION: Meningiomas are frequent primary neoplasms of the central nervous system, usually benign and susceptible to healing through surgery. The histological grade of the WHO and the extension of the initial surgical resection are determining prognostic factors in these tumors. Nevertheless, a recurrence rate close to 20 % in benign meningiomas completely diseccated arises the need of considering new prognostic factors. METHODS: A total of 93 cases were selected for the immunohistochemical study of the progesterone receptor (PR) in relation to the histological grade and the risk of recurrencies in meningiomas. RESULTS: Though the immunohistochemical labelling index (LI) of the PR decreased with the progression of the histological grade (means of 27.37 % for grade I, 17.89% for grade II, and 13.50% for grade III), such correlation was not statistically significant and the cut off estimated in 20% was not satisfactory to discriminate among benign meningiomas (grade I) and non benign (grades II-III) due to its poor sensitivity (56.10%) and positive predictive value (56.10 %). The comparison of the LI of the PR among non recurrent meningiomas (36.35 %) and recurrent (22.10%) was neither statistically significant, but permitted to establish a useful cut off of 40% (LI >40% in 13/23 non recurrent tumors and <40% in 19/23 recurrent tumors) with a sensitivity of 82.61% and a positive predictive value of 65.52%. CONCLUSION: The LI of the PR is apparently not related to the histological grade of the meningiomas, but is significantly smaller in recurrent meningiomas. A meningioma with a LI of the PR less than 40 % suggests the risk of recurrences.

Expresión inmunohistoquímica del receptor de progesterone en relación con el grado histológico y riesgo de recidivas en meningiomas intracraneanos / Immunohistochemical expression of progesterone receptor in relationship with histological grade and risk of relapses in intracranial meningiomas

Introducción. Los meningiomas son neoplasias primarias frecuentes del sistema nervioso central, usualmente benignos y susceptibles de curación mediante cirugía. El grado histológico de la OMS y la extensión de la resección quirúrgica inicial son factores pronósticos determinantes en estos tumores. Sin embargo, una tasa de recidiva cercana al 20% en meningiomas benignos totalmente resecados plantea la necesidad de considerar nuevos factores pronósticos. Métodos. Un total de 93 casos fueron seleccionados para el estudio inmunohistoquímico del receptor de progesterona (RP) en relación con el grado histológico y riesgo de recidivas en los meningiomas. Resultados. Aunque el índice de marcaje inmunohistoquímico (IM) del RP disminuyó con la progresión del grado histológico (promedios de 27,37% para el grado I, 17,89% para el II y 13,50% para el III), tal correlación no fue estadísticamente significativa y el punto de corte estimado en 20% no resultó satisfactorio para discriminar entre meningiomas benignos (grado I) y no benignos (grados II-III) dada su pobre sensibilidad (56,10 %) y valor predictivo positivo (56,10%). La comparación del IM del RP entre meningiomas no recidivantes (36,35 %) y recidivantes (22,10%) tampoco resultó estadísticamente significativa, pero permitió establecer un punto de corte útil de 40% (IM¡Ý40% en 13/23 tumores no recidivantes y <40% en 19/23 tumores recidivantes) con una sensibilidad de 82,61% y un valor predictivo positivo de 65,52%. Conclusiones. El IM del RP no guarda relación aparente con el grado histológico de los meningiomas, pero resulta significativamente menor en tumores recidivantes. Ante un meningioma dado, un IM del RP menor de 40% sugiere la posibilidad de un riesgo mayor para desarrollar recidivas (AU)

Introduction: Meningiomas are frequent primary neoplasms of the central nervous system, usually benign and susceptible to healing through surgery. The histological grade of the WHO and the extension of the initial surgical resection are determining prognostic factors in these tumors. Nevertheless, a recurrence rate close to 20 % in benign meningiomas completely diseccated arises the need of considering new prognostic factors. Methods: A total of 93 cases were selected for the immunohistochemical study of the progesterone receptor (PR) in relation to the histological grade and the risk of recurrencies in meningiomas. Results: Though the immunohistochemical labelling index (LI) of the PR decreased with the progression of the histological grade (means of 27.37 % for grade I, 17.89% for grade II, and 13.50% for grade III), such correlation was not statistically significant and the cut off estimated in 20% was not satisfactory to discriminate among benign meningiomas (grade I) and non benign (grades II-III) due to its poor sensitivity (56.10%) and positive predictive value (56.10 %). The comparison of the LI of the PR among non recurrent meningiomas (36.35 %) and recurrent (22.10%) was neither statistically significant, but permitted to establish a useful cut off of 40% (LI >40% in 13/23 non recurrent tumors and <40% in 19/23 recurrent tumors) with a sensitivity of 82.61% and a positive predictive value of 65.52%. Conclusion: The LI of the PR is apparently not related to the histological grade of the meningiomas, but is significantly smaller in recurrent meningiomas. A meningioma with a LI of the PR less than 40 % suggests the risk of recurrences (AU)