Colorimetric Approach for Nucleic Acid Salmonella spp. Detection: A Systematic Review.

Water- and food-related health issues have received a lot of attention recently because food-poisoning bacteria, in particular, are becoming serious threats to human health. Currently, techniques used to detect these bacteria are time-consuming and laborious. To overcome these challenges, the colorimetric strategy is attractive because it provides simple, rapid and accurate sensing for the detection of Salmonella spp. bacteria. The aim of this study is to review the progress regarding the colorimetric method of nucleic acid for Salmonella detection. A literature search was conducted using three databases (PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect). Of the 88 studies identified in our search, 15 were included for further analysis. Salmonella bacteria from different species, such as S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, were identified using the colorimetric method. The limit of detection (LoD) was evaluated in two types of concentrations, which were colony-forming unit (CFU) and CFU per mL. The majority of the studies used spiked samples (53%) rather than real samples (33%) to determine the LoDs. More research is needed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of colorimetric nucleic acid in bacterial detection, as well as its potential use in routine diagnosis.

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Potential COVID-19 Early Detection Method: A Review and Future Perspective.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a worldwide health anxiety. The rapid dispersion of the infection globally results in unparalleled economic, social, and health impacts. The pathogen that causes COVID-19 is known as a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A fast and low-cost diagnosis method for COVID-19 disease can play an important role in controlling its proliferation. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a quick, non-destructive, non-invasive, and inexpensive technique for profiling the chemical and physical structures of a wide range of samples. Furthermore, the NIRS has the advantage of incorporating the internet of things (IoT) application for the effective control and treatment of the disease. In recent years, a significant advancement in instrumentation and spectral analysis methods has resulted in a remarkable impact on the NIRS applications, especially in the medical discipline. To date, NIRS has been applied as a technique for detecting various viruses including zika (ZIKV), chikungunya (CHIKV), influenza, hepatitis C, dengue (DENV), and human immunodeficiency (HIV). This review aims to outline some historical and contemporary applications of NIRS in virology and its merit as a novel diagnostic technique for SARS-CoV-2.

Lipid peroxidation in the descending thoracic aorta of rats deprived of REM sleep using the inverted flowerpot technique.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? Deprivation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with increased oxidative stress, but its effects on the blood vessels are poorly documented. We investigated whether REM sleep deprivation induces oxidative stress and causes lipid peroxidation in the aorta. What is the main finding and its important? We demonstrate that REM sleep deprivation induces oxidative stress and mediates lipid peroxidation in the aorta. This can cause endothelial changes and increased blood pressure. These findings will contribute to the growing body of literature on the mechanism underlying the effects of sleep deprivation on cardiovascular disease. ABSTRACT: Oxidative stress-mediated lipid peroxidation is a known cause of endothelial injury or dysfunction. Deprivation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with oxidative stress. To date, the pathogenesis of increased blood pressure after sleep deprivation remains poorly understood, particularly in the REM sleep phase. Our aim was to investigate the effects of REM sleep deprivation on blood vessels in the REM sleep-deprived rat model. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four equal groups: free-moving control rats, rats deprived of REM sleep for 72 h (REMsd), tank control rats and 72 h sleep-recovered rats after 72 h of REM sleep deprivation. The rats were deprived of REM sleep using the inverted flowerpot technique. Food consumption, body weight gain and systolic blood pressure were monitored. At the end of the experiment, the descending thoracic aorta was isolated for the measurement of oxidative stress markers. Despite a significant increase in food consumption in the REMsd group compared with the other groups, there was a significant reduction in body weight gain. Systolic blood pressure also showed a significant increase in the REMsd group compared with the other groups. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly lower and malondialdehyde concentrations significantly higher in the REMsd group compared with the other groups. Increased levels of malondialdehyde are suggestive of lipid peroxidation in the blood vessels, and oxidative stress may be attributed to the initiation of the process. The changes after REM sleep deprivation revert during sleep recovery. In conclusion, the findings of the present study provide convincing evidence that REM sleep deprivation induced lipid peroxidation, leading to endothelial damage.