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The multilevel psychosocial stressors associated with COVID-19 pandemic set the stage to investigate risk factors and groups susceptible for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). A national sample of 9,929 Brazilian adults aged 36.1 years on average participated in the study. Cross-sectional data were collected in 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023. NSSI levels were considered high in the total sample (13.2%) when compared to other studies in this context. The variables with the highest explanatory power in the regression models were age, anxiety, and depression. The main risk factors were being younger, living in the South or Southeast regions of Brazil, having lower educational attainment, and having higher rates of anxiety and depression. Respondents had the highest probability of NSSI in 2022. The sustained higher rates of NSSI in 2023 compared to the beginning of the pandemic underscores the need for continuous monitoring and the development of preventive actions for self-injurious behaviors.
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Individuals with untreated isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) due to a mutation in the GHRH receptor gene from Itabaianinha Brazil have increased insulin sensitivity, normal life expectancy, and an extended health span, i.e. the period of life free from disabilities. We hypothesize that their prolonged health span is accompanied by a delayed cognitive decline in senescence. To test this hypothesis, we have administered the Literacy-Independent Cognitive Assessment (LICA) to 15 IGHD individuals aged over 50 years and 15 controls matched by age, sex, years of education, and percentage of illiteracy. All individuals were negative for HIV and syphilis serology, and there were no differences in serum levels of folate, vitamin B12 and TSH between the two groups, while free T4 was higher in the IGHD group. IGHD subjects had a higher total LICA score than controls, 215 (22.7) vs 204.2 (18.1), without reaching statistical significance. Scores of memory, visuoconstruction, language and calculation were similar between the two groups, with better attention (9.5 (1.4) vs 8.3 (1.1), P = 0.01) and executive function (38.3 (4.8) vs 35.1 (2.5), P = 0.03) scores in IGHD. MANCOVA revealed that group (but no age) had a significant effect on the LICA variables (partial eta squared of 0.455, power of 0.812, P = 0.02). This effect is verified on attention (partial eta squared 0.216, power of 0.749, P = 0.01) and executive function (partial eta squared 0.154, power of 0.570, P = 0.03. In conclusion, IGHD in senescence is associated with similar total cognitive performance but better attention and executive function than controls.
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Abstract This study evaluated the relationship between meta-worries and anxiety and depressive symptoms at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. In March 2020, 2,042 individuals, aged 18-78 years were recruited. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire, and the Meta-Worry Questionnaire were administered online. Four logistic regression models were used to estimate the effects of the independent variables on anxiety and/or depressive symptoms with explained variances between 28% and 39%. Being younger, not having a steady income, perceiving oneself as sick, and having a high meta-concern level increased the chances of anxiety and/or depressive symptoms. Finally, we hope to contribute to the screening of factors associated with mental disorders in Brazil at the beginning of the pandemic.
Resumo Esta pesquisa avaliou relações entre metapreocupações e sintomas ansiosos e/ou depressivos no início da pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. Participaram 2042 indivíduos, entre 18 e 78 anos, na segunda quinzena de março de 2020. Um questionário sociodemográfico, o 4-item Patient Health Questionnnaire e o Meta-Worry Questionnnaire foram respondidos online. Quatro modelos de regressão logística foram utilizados para estimar o efeito das variáveis independentes nos sintomas ansiosos e/ou depressivos, com variâncias explicadas entre 28% e 39%. Ser mais jovem, não ter renda fixa, perceber-se doente e alto índice de metapreocupação aumentaram as chances de demonstrar sintomatologia ansiosa e/ou depressiva. Por fim, espera-se ter contribuído com o mapeamento de fatores associados à transtornos mentais no início da pandemia no Brasil.
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Introduction: Covid-19 has generated several psychological impacts on people's lives and brought new challenges for dealing with the pandemic's repercussions. Objective: The objective was to analyse the relationship between the symptoms of fear of Covid-19, anxiety, and depression using different samples extracted at three distinct time-points. This study performed a network analysis of the fear of Covid-19 and anxiety- and depression -related symptoms based on data collected during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: Three yearly cross-sectional surveys were conducted based on independent samples (2020-2022) of Brazilian adults (Time-point 1, Time-point 2, and Time-point 3 with 1,520, 1,523, and 1,517 participants, respectively). The Fear of Covid-19 Scale, the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale (7 items), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (9 items) were applied. The network structure invariance, the global strength invariance, and the strength of centrality index between the samples were compared. Results: Items from the three instruments had high values (>70%) in all samples (excluding the fear of Covid-19 at Time-point 3). Depression and anxiety symptoms increased, while fear-related behaviours decreased. Network analysis indicates that networks became progressively more parsimonious, and few edges connected different scales. Network comparisons revealed similar structures, but key differences were found: Time-point 1 showed significantly higher global connectivity, and changes in edge weights were observed only within the scales. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the pandemic had a greater disorganising impact at its beginning, with a continuous increase in the mental health symptomatology and a reduction in the ratio between fear and anxiety and/or depression.
Introducción: El COVID-19 generó varios impactos psicológicos en la vida de las personas imponiendo nuevos desafíos para confrontar la pandemia. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre los síntomas de miedo al COVID-19, ansiedad y depresión utilizando diferentes muestras extraídas durante tres períodos de tiempo distintos. Fueron analizadas redes del miedo y los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión usando datos recolectados durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Tres encuestas transversales anuales basadas en muestras independientes (2020-2022) de adultos brasileños (punto temporal 1, punto temporal 2 y punto temporal 3 con 1520, 1523 y 1517 participantes, respectivamente). Se aplicaron la Escala de Miedo al COVID-19, la Escala de Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada (7 ítems) y el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente (9 ítems). Se compararon la invariancia de la estructura de la red, la invariancia de la fuerza global y la fuerza del índice de centralidad entre los tres puntos temporales. Resultados: Los ítems de los tres instrumentos tuvieron valores altos (> 70 %) en todos los puntos temporales (excluyendo el miedo al COVID-19 en el punto temporal 3). A lo largo de los tres puntos temporales, los síntomas de depresión y ansiedad aumentaron, mientras que el miedo disminuyó. Las redes se volvieron progresivamente más parsimoniosas y pocas aristas conectaron diferentes escalas, con estructuras similares. Conclusiones: La pandemia tuvo un mayor impacto desorganizador en su inicio, con un aumento continuo de la sintomatología de salud mental y una disminución de la relación entre miedo y ansiedad o depresión.
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Esta pesquisa adaptou e analisou as evidências de validade da versão simplificada do Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI-s) para o português. Participaram 160 estudantes do ensino médio. Aplicou-se um questionário sociodemográfico, o Questionário de Impulso, Autodano e Ideação Suicida na Adolescência (QIAIS-A) e a versão traduzida do DSHI-s (nomeado como Inventário de Autolesão Deliberada - reduzido - IAD-r). A análise dos dados foi conduzida por meio dos softwares SPSS e Factor. O resultado da análise fatorial exploratória indicou uma estrutura final para o IAD-r composta por 15 itens distribuídos em um fator e a escala apresentou boa consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach=0,95; ômega de McDonald=0,95). Constataram-se, também, evidências de validade convergente do IAD-r com o QIAIS-A (índice de correlação=0,775; p<0,001). Portanto, os presentes achados demonstraram evidências de validade do IAD-r, pois foram obtidas características psicométricas satisfatórias para mensuração de comportamentos autolesivos em adolescentes. (AU)
This research adapted to Portuguese and analyzed the validity evidence of the simplified version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI-s). Participants included 160 high school students. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Questionnaire of Impulse, Self-harm and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescence (QIAIS-A), and the translated version of the DSHI-s (Deliberate Self-Injury Inventory - reduced - IAD-r) were applied. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and Factor. The result of the Exploratory Factor Analysis indicated a final structure for the IAD-r composed of 15 items and one factor, and the scale showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha=.95; McDonald's Omega=.95). There was also evidence of convergent validity of the IAD-r with the QIAIS-A (correlation index=.775; p<.001). Therefore, the current findings allow attesting that the IAD-r showed satisfactory validity evidence for measuring self-injurious behaviors in adolescents. (AU)
Esta investigación adaptó y analizó evidencias de validez de la versión simplificada del Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI-s) para portugués. Participaron 160 estudiantes de secundaria. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Cuestionario de Impulso, Autolesiones e Ideación Suicida en la Adolescencia (QIAIS-A) y la versión traducida del DSHI-s (denominado Inventario de Autolesiones Deliberadas - reducido - IAD-r). El análisis de los datos se realizó con el software SPSS y Factor. El resultado del Análisis Factorial Exploratorio indicó una estructura final para el IAD-r con 15 ítems distribuidos en un factor, y la escala mostró una buena consistencia interna (Alfa de Cronbach=0,95; Omega de McDonald's=0,95). También hubo evidencias de validez convergente del IAD-r con el QIAIS-A (índice de correlación=0,775; p<0,001). Por lo tanto, los presentes hallazgos demuestran evidencias de la validez del IAD-r, ya que se obtuvieron características psicométricas satisfactorias para medir conductas autolesivas en adolescentes. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Self-Injurious Behavior/psychology , Psychometrics , Students , Translating , Behavioral Medicine , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Education, Primary and Secondary , Self Report , Sociodemographic FactorsABSTRACT
Este estudo teve como objetivos adaptar o Questionário de Credibilidade/Expectativa (QCE) (Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire-CEQ) para o contexto brasileiro, avaliar suas propriedades psicométricas e apresentar as relações entre a credibilidade-expectativa do tratamento e variáveis sociodemográficas da amostra. Participaram 217 adultos, que declararam realizar acompanhamento psicológico, recrutados por meio de mídias sociais. Utilizou-se o QCE, o Teste de Orientação da Vida e um questionário sociodemográfico. O resultado da análise fatorial exploratória indicou uma estrutura unidimensional para o QCE. A fim de evitar duplicidade de medida e prezar pela parcimônia, dois itens foram excluídos da versão final, fazendo com que o instrumento em português brasileiro seja composto por 4 itens. O alfa de Cronbach foi 0,87 e os índices de ajuste do modelo foram satisfatórios. Observou-se associação positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre o QCE e o TOV-R. Concluiu-se que o QCE apresentou características psicométricas apropriadas para uso em amostras brasileiras. (AU)
This study aimed to adapt the Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ) to the Brazilian context, evaluate its psychometric properties, and present the relationships between the credibility-expectation of the treatment and the sociodemographic variables of the sample. Participants included 217 adults, who declared to be were undergoing psychological counseling and were recruited via social media. The CEQ, the Life Orientation Test, and a sociodemographic questionnaire were used. The result of the Exploratory Factor Analysis indicated a one-dimensional structure for the CEQ. To avoid duplication of measurement and for practical purposes, two items were excluded from the final version, therefore the instrument was composed of 4 items in the Brazilian Portuguese version. Cronbach's alpha was 0.87 and the model fit indices were satisfactory. There was a positive and statistically significant association between the CEQ and the LOT-R. We concluded that the CEQ showed appropriate psychometric characteristics for use in Brazilian samples. (AU)
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar el Cuestionario de Credibilidad/Expectativa (CCE) (Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire-CEQ) para el contexto brasileño, evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas y presentar las relaciones entre la credibilidad-expectativa del tratamiento y las variables sociodemográficas de la muestra Participaron 217 adultos que declararon estar en seguimiento psicológico, reclutados a través de las redes sociales. Se utilizaron el CCE, el Test de Orientación Vital y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. El resultado del Análisis Factorial Exploratorio indicó una estructura unidimensional para el CCE. Para evitar la duplicidad de medidas y preservar la parsimonia, dos ítems fueron excluidos de la versión final, con lo que el instrumento en portugués brasileño quedó compuesto por 4 ítems. El alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,87 y los índices de ajuste del modelo fueron satisfactorios. Se observó una asociación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre CCE y TOV-R. Se concluyó que el CCE presenta características psicométricas apropiadas para su uso en muestras brasileñas. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Trust/psychology , Motivation , Psychometrics , Psychotherapy , Translating , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Statistics, Nonparametric , Self Report , Sociodemographic FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: South America's substance use profile, poverty, income inequality, and cocaine-supplier role make it a unique place for substance use research. This study investigated the burden of disease attributable to amphetamine use disorder, cannabis use disorder (CAD), cocaine use disorder, and opioid use disorder (OUD) in South America from 1990 to 2019, on the basis of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. METHODS: GBD 2019 estimated the incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLL), years of life lived with disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to substance use disorders in each of the 12 South American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela). Data were modelled using standardised tools (ie, the Cause of Death Ensemble model, spatio-temporal Gaussian process regression, and disease modelling meta-regression) to generate estimates of each quantity of interest by sex, location, and year. The analysis included comparisons by sex and country, and against regional and global estimates. FINDINGS: In 2019, the highest amphetamine use disorder burden per 100â000 population in South America was in Peru (66 DALYs). CAD DALY rates per 100â000 in South America were stable between 1990 and 2019, except in Chile and Colombia, which had the highest rates in 2019 (19 DALYs for Chile and 18 DALYs for Colombia). OUD DALYs per 100â000 increased during the period in Brazil and Peru, which in 2019 had the highest rates in South America (82 DALYs for Brazil and 70 DALYs for Peru). In 2019, Brazil had the highest cocaine use disorder DALYs per 100â000 (45 DALYs), nearly double its rate in 1990. DALY rates were higher in males than females for each substance use disorder, except in Paraguay. The overall burden of substance use disorders was higher in males than in females, mainly because of cocaine use disorder and CAD, whereas for amphetamine use disorder, the difference between sexes was minimal, and for OUD there was no difference. For males and females, the highest rate of substance use disorders DALYs per 100â000 was for OUD except in Argentina (in males, 58 DALYs for cocaine use disorder vs 52 DALYs for OUD) and in Paraguay (in females, 77 for amphetamine use disorder vs 50 for OUD). CAD DALY rates were generally the lowest among the substance use disorders for males and females. Amphetamine use disorder YLD rates were reasonably stable throughout the period and were highest in Peru, Paraguay, and Uruguay (>40 YLD per 100â000). For CAD, YLD rates were stable in all countries except Chile and Colombia. Cocaine use disorder YLD rates per 100â000 for the top four countries (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, and Brazil) increased from 1990 to 2010 (eg, from 19 to 33 in Brazil), but decreased between 2010 and 2019 (eg, from 36 to 31 in Chile). For OUD, YLD rates showed a slight increase in most countries apart from Brazil, which increased from 52 in 1990 to 80 in 2019 and was top among the countries. Amphetamine use disorder YLL rates per 100â000 were highest in Suriname and Peru during the period, although in Suriname it increased from 2·7 in 2010 to 3·2 in 2019, whereas in Peru it decreased from 2·1 to 1·7. The highest YLL rate for cocaine use disorder was in Brazil, which increased from 3·7 in 1990 to 18·1 in 2019. Between 2000 and 2019, Chile and Uruguay showed the highest OUD YLL rates (11·6 for Chile and 10·9 for Uruguay). A high incidence of CAD was found in Chile, Colombia, Guyana, and Suriname. There were high incidences of amphetamine use disorder in Paraguay, cocaine use disorder in Argentina, and OUD in Ecuador. A decrease in annual prevalence for substance use disorders during the period was observed in Venezuela (amphetamine use disorder, CAD, and OUD), Brazil (CAD and amphetamine use disorder), Colombia (amphetamine use disorder and cocaine use disorder), Peru (amphetamine use disorder and cocaine use disorder), Chile and Suriname (amphetamine use disorder), Uruguay (CAD), and Bolivia (OUD). Overall, the cocaine use disorder burden stabilised then decreased. OUD was less prevalent than other substance use disorders but its burden was the highest. INTERPRETATION: The decrease in the burden of cocaine use disorder probably reflects the success of national standardised treatment programmes. Programmes for amphetamine use disorder, CAD, and OUD management should be improved. We did not find an increase in CAD burden in Uruguay, the country with the highest degree of cannabis decriminalisation in the region. Countries in South America should improve monitoring of substance use disorders, including regular surveys to provide more accurate data on which to base policy decisions. FUNDING: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Subject(s)
Cannabis , Substance-Related Disorders , Male , Female , Humans , Global Burden of Disease , Quality-Adjusted Life Years , Brazil , Amphetamines , Global HealthABSTRACT
Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar a relação entre eventos traumáticos (ET) na infância e a ocorrência de comportamentos autolesivos em adolescentes. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Questionário sobre Traumas na Infância (QUESI) e o Inventário de Autolesão Deliberada - reduzido (IAD-r). Participaram 494 estudantes do ensino médio de ambos os sexos e idade entre 15 e 18 anos (M = 16,4). Destes, 58,5% afirmaram ter sofrido abuso emocional de forma recorrente e 19,0% e 59,5% assumiram já ter sofrido abuso sexual e físico, respectivamente. Quanto à prática de autolesão, 65,0% revelaram já ter se engajado em comportamentos autolesivos. De acordo com a análise de Regressão Logística Binomial, todos os tipos de ET exibiram associação significativa com a prática de comportamentos autolesivos. A análise de moderação a respeito da interação entre a ocorrência de ET infantis e a prática de autolesão revelou ausência de moderação pelo sexo e pela idade. Porém, quanto ao abuso físico, o efeito de moderação da idade apresentou significância estatística limítrofe e indicou que os adolescentes mais novos, de 15 e 16 anos, que sofreram este tipo de abuso na infância, foram mais susceptíveis à prática autolesiva. Portanto, as altas taxas de ET e de autolesão encontradas nesta pesquisa revelam a gravidade do problema. Espera-se que esta investigação possa contribuir para a elaboração de intervenções para prevenção e controle dos fatores de risco que acometem a população infanto-juvenil.(AU)
This research aimed to verify the relationship between traumatic events (TE) in childhood and the occurrence of self-injurious behavior in adolescents. The instruments used were the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (QUESI) and the Deliberate Self-Injury Inventory - reduced (IAD-r). The sample was composed of 494 high school students of both genders and aged between 15 and 18 years old (M = 16.4). Of those, 58.5% declared to have suffered recurring emotional abuse and 19.0% declared to have suffered sexual abuse and 59.5% physical abuse. Regarding the practice of self-harm, 65.0% reported having already engaged in self-injurious behaviors. According to the Binomial Logistic Regression analysis, all types of TE were associated with the practice of self-injurious behaviors. The moderation analysis between the occurrence of childhood TE and self-injury showed no moderation by sex or age. However, regarding physical abuse, the moderating effect of age showed borderline statistical significance and indicated that younger adolescents, 15 and 16 years old, who suffered this type of abuse in childhood, were more susceptible to self-injurious behavior. Therefore, the high rates of TE and self-injury found in this research reveal the seriousness of the problem. It is hoped for this investigation to contribute to the development of interventions to prevent and control risk factors that affect children and adolescents.(AU)
Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo verificar la relación entre eventos traumáticos (ET) en la infancia y la ocurrencia de conductas autolesivas en adolescentes. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Cuestionario de Trauma Infantil (QUESI) y el Inventario de Autolesiones Deliberadas -reducido (IAD-r). Participaron 494 estudiantes de la secundaria, de ambos sexos y con edades entre 15 y 18 años (M = 16,4). De estos, el 58,5% afirmaron haber sufrido maltrato emocional de forma recurrente, el 19,0% dijeron haber sufrido maltrato sexual y el 59,5%, maltrato físico. En cuanto a la práctica de la autolesión, el 65,0% informaron haber realizado conductas autolesivas. El análisis de Regresión Logística Binomial mostró que todos los tipos de ET tuvieron una asociación significativa con la práctica de conductas autolesivas. El análisis de la moderación respecto a la interacción entre la ocurrencia de ET infantil y la práctica de la autolesión reveló una ausencia de moderación por sexo o edad. En cuanto al maltrato físico, el efecto moderador de la edad mostró una significación estadística marginal e indicó que los adolescentes más jóvenes, de 15 y 16 años, que sufrieron este tipo de maltrato en la infancia, son más susceptibles a la práctica de autolesiones. Por lo tanto, las altas tasas de ET y autolesiones encontradas en esta investigación revelan la gravedad del problema. Se espera que esta investigación contribuya con el desarrollo de intervenciones para la prevención y control de los factores de riesgo que afectan a niños y adolescentes.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Psychology , Child , Health , Adolescent , Self-Injurious Behavior , Adverse Childhood Experiences , Pain , Personality Development , Phobic Disorders , Sex Work , Rape , Self Mutilation , Sex Offenses , Shame , Sleep Wake Disorders , Social Behavior , Social Justice , Social Problems , Suicide , Wounds, Penetrating , Child Labor , Emergency Feeding , Bipolar Disorder , Neurosciences , Child, Abandoned , Child Advocacy , Hygiene , Civil Rights , Clothing , Domestic Violence , Adult , Dysthymic Disorder , Mood Disorders , Substance-Related Disorders , Crime , Hazards , Disaster Vulnerability , Feedback, Psychological , Death , Defense Mechanisms , Stress Disorders, Traumatic , Aggression , Depression , Growth and Development , Education , Educational Status , Drug Users , Emotional Intelligence , Bullying , Suicidal Ideation , Sense of Coherence , Emotional Adjustment , Self-Control , Psychological Trauma , Physical Abuse , Survivorship , Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological , Embarrassment , Emotional Regulation , Psychological Distress , Emotional Abuse , Food Insecurity , Excoriation Disorder , Psychological Growth , Coping Skills , Guilt , Housing , Identification, Psychological , Malpractice , Memory , MotivationABSTRACT
Este trabalho objetivou avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da escala Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) em uma amostra não clínica brasileira. Para tanto, foi realizada Análise Fatorial Confirmatória e de invariância de medida, assim como investigada evidências de fidedignidade e de validade baseada na relação com outras variáveis. Além disso, rastreou-se os níveis de ansiedade no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 e verificou-se a relação com o sexo e a escolaridade da amostra. Participaram 4805 pessoas, de ambos os sexos e de todas as regiões do país, com idade média de aproximadamente 30 anos. Os resultados evidenciaram unidimensionalidade da GAD-7 e sua invariância de medida entre indivíduos com diferentes níveis de escolaridade e sexo. Os participantes apresentaram, em sua maioria, nível moderado e severo de ansiedade. Observou-se que o sexo feminino e menor nível de escolaridade aumentaram as chances de apresentar sintomatologia ansiosa significativa
This paper aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) in a Brazilian non-clinical sample. To this end, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis and measurement invariance were performed, as well as investigating evidence of reliability and validity based on the relationship with other variables. In addition, anxiety levels were tracked in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and their relationship with sociodemographic characteristics was verified. 4805 people participated, of both sexes and from all regions of the country, with an average age of 31.3 years (SD = 11.91). The results showed onedimensionality of GAD-7 and its measurement equivalence between individuals with different levels of education and sex. The scale showed validity converging with the Questionnaire on Patient Health. Most of the participants had a moderate and severe level of anxiety. It was observed that the female gender and lower education level increased the chances of significant anxious symptoms
Este trabajo evaluó las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada (GAD-7) en una muestra brasileña no clínica. Se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio e invarianza de medida, y se investigó evidencias de confiabilidad y validez en base a la relación con otras variables. Además, se rastreó los niveles de ansiedad en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19 y se verificó su relación con las variables sociodemográficas. Participaron 4805 personas, de ambos sexos y de todas las regiones del país, con una edad media de 31,3 años (DE = 11,91). Los resultados mostraron unidimensionalidad de GAD-7 y su equivalencia de medida entre individuos con diferentes niveles de educación y sexo. La escala mostró validez convergente con el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente. La mayoría de la muestra presentaba un nivel de ansiedad moderado y severo. Se observó que el sexo femenino y el menor nivel educativo aumentaron las posibilidades de presentar síntomas ansiosos
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , AdultABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction Threats to mental health and psychological well-being have been considered among the most challenging dimensions to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective To track the occurrence of significant anxiety and depression symptoms and the level of worry among residents in Brazil in June 2020. Method The final sample totaled 4,805 participants from all Brazilian states. A sociodemographic and health questionnaire (with questions related to COVID-19), the translated versions of the Meta-Worry Questionnaire, and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) were used. Inferential analyses were computed using the Multinomial Logistic Regression (backward stepwise) in which the PHQ-4 findings were stratified into four categories: no symptoms, only anxiety symptoms, only depression symptoms, and both symptoms. Results Research findings have shown that there are characteristics that predict greater exposure to significant symptoms of anxiety and depression (gender, age, and level of worry), with level of worry being the variable with the greatest impact on the model. Discussion and conclusion These data found during the COVID-19 pandemic intra-crisis period allow for early prediction of the negative outcomes associated with the pandemic, such as common mental disorders, and allocating interventions to help people to rationally deal with the stress related to this moment, regulating their emotions, and improving their overall mental health.
Resumen Introducción Las amenazas a la salud mental y el bienestar psicológico se han considerado entre las dimensiones más desafiantes de abordar en la pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivo Rastrear la ocurrencia de síntomas significativos de ansiedad y depresión y el nivel de preocupación entre los residentes en Brasil en junio de 2020. Método La muestra final totalizó 4,805 participantes de todos los estados brasileños. Se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y de salud (con preguntas relacionadas con el COVID-19), las versiones traducidas del Cuestionario Meta-Preocupación y el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente de 4 ítems (PHQ-4). Los análisis inferenciales se calcularon utilizando la regresión logística multinomial (backward stepwise) en la que los hallazgos de PHQ-4 se estratificaron en cuatro categorías: sin síntomas, solo síntomas de ansiedad, solo síntomas de depresión y ambos síntomas. Resultados Los hallazgos de la investigación han demostrado que existían características que predecían una mayor exposición a síntomas significativos de ansiedad y depresión (género, edad y nivel de preocupación), siendo el nivel de preocupación la variable de mayor impacto en el modelo. Discusión y conclusión Los datos finales permiten la predicción temprana de los resultados negativos asociados con la pandemia, como los trastornos mentales comunes, y la asignación de intervenciones para ayudar a las personas a enfrentar racionalmente el estrés relacionado con este momento mediante una regulación de sus emociones y un mejoramiento de su salud mental.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar evidências validade para a escala Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) em adolescentes brasileiros, bem como validade concorrente para esta escala e apresentar a distribuição social do Transtorno de Ansiedade Generalizada (TAG). Participaram 302 adolescentes, com idades entre 15 e 19 anos, de ambos os sexos. Aplicou-se o questionário sociodemográfico, a GAD-7, a Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) e o Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Os resultados da Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE) atestaram a unidimensionalidade da GAD-7 e indicaram consistência interna satisfatória. As evidências de validade concorrente apresentaram associações estatisticamente significativas e positivas entre a GAD-7 e as escalas PHQ-9 e HADS-A. Quanto à distribuição social, aproximadamente metade da amostra apresentou a ocorrência de sintomatologia positiva para TAG, sendo mais comum para o sexo feminino e em adolescentes mais jovens. Esses dados sugerem que a GAD-7 apresenta adequadas propriedades psicométricas para rastreamento de ansiedade em adolescentes. (AU)
This study aimed to investigate evidence of validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) in Brazilian adolescents, analyze the concurrent validity of the scale, and present the social distribution of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in this sample. Participants included 302 adolescents between 15 and 19 years old. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the GAD-7, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) were applied. The results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) attested to the unidimensionality of GAD-7 and the internal consistency was considered satisfactory. The concurrent validity evidence demonstrated statistically significant and positive associations between the GAD-7 and the PHQ-9 and HADS-A scales. Positive symptoms for GAD in adolescents occurred in almost half of the sample, being more common in girls and younger adolescents. The study concluded that GAD-7 has adequate psychometric properties to screen for anxiety in adolescents. (AU)
El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la evidencia de validez de la escala Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) en adolescentes brasileños, analizar la validez concurrente de la escala y presentar la distribución social del trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (TAG). Participaron 302 adolescentes entre 15 y 19 años. Se aplicaron el cuestionario sociodemográfico, el GAD-7, la Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) y el Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Los resultados del Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) atestiguan la unidimensionalidad de GAD-7 y indicaron una consistencia interna satisfactoria. La evidencia de validez concurrente demostró asociaciones estadísticamente significativas y positivas entre GAD-7 y las escalas PHQ-9 y HADS-A. En cuanto a la distribución social, aproximadamente la mitad de la muestra demonstró la ocurrencia de síntomas positivos para el TAG, siendo más común para mujeres y adolescentes más jóvenes. Estos dados sugieren que GAD-7 tiene propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para rastrear la ansiedad en los adolescentes. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Anxiety/psychology , Depression/psychology , Psychometrics , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Age and Sex Distribution , Sociodemographic FactorsABSTRACT
This study sought to determine the explanatory variables behind suicidal behavior and non-suicidal self-injury during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. The sample comprised 4797 adults, who filled out a series of standardized instruments and additional questions on COVID-19 exposure (self and others), self-injury, and suicidal behavior. One in 10 participants reported self-injury, and three in 10 had considered or attempted suicide. The factors associated with self-injury and suicidal behavior were lower educational level, younger age, chronic diseases, and anxiety. The factors associated with suicidal behavior were regular employment, living alone, and Black ethnicity.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Self-Injurious Behavior , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Humans , Pandemics , Risk Factors , Self-Injurious Behavior/epidemiology , Suicidal IdeationABSTRACT
Objective. To determine the levels of communication apprehension experienced by health professions students in Brazil.Method. A cross-sectional study of dentistry, pharmacy, medicine, and nursing students at a Brazilian university was conducted from December 2019 to May 2020. The students were invited to complete the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-24) and provide demographic data. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted.Results. A total of 644 health students answered the survey, and 25.5% were classified as having high communication apprehension. Male participants had significantly lower PRCA-24 scores than female participants. No significant differences were found between PRCA-24 scores by age category or academic year. Medical students had significantly lower mean PRCA-24 scores than pharmacy students.Conclusion. The prevalence of communication apprehension was high among health professions students. Women and pharmacy students had the highest communication apprehension scores. Health educators should consider the effects of communication apprehension on students and use adequate interventions during communication skills training to alleviate this apprehension.
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Education, Pharmacy , Students, Pharmacy , Brazil , Communication , Cross-Sectional Studies , Education, Pharmacy/methods , Female , Health Occupations , Humans , Male , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
This study aimed to adapt and raise evidences of validity based on the internal structure, on the relationship with other variables, and on the content of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in Brazilian Portuguese. We performed the Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the scale, its invariance analysis by gender, and established norms for interpreting the instrument's scores. Participants were 1,000 adults of both genders. The findings showed all fit indices as satisfactory, confirming the scale's one-dimensionality and its invariance. Results also demonstrated convergent validity between the FCV-19S and the stress of the subjects. Moreover, the stratification of the intensity of fear (mild, moderate and severe) was determined based on the standardization of scores. We concluded that FCV-19S presents sufficient evidence to support its use to assess the fear of Covid-19S in Brazil.
Este estudo objetivou adaptar e levantar evidências de validade com base na estrutura interna, na relação com outras variáveis e de conteúdo da Escala de Medo da COVID-19 (EMC-19, Fear of COVID-19 Scale) para português brasileiro. Para tanto, realizou-se a Análise Fatorial Confirmatória da medida e sua análise de invariância por sexo; ademais, estabeleceu--se normas para interpretação dos escores do instrumento. Fizeram parte da pesquisa 1.000 adultos, de ambos os sexos. Os resultados evidenciaram que todos os índices de ajuste foram satisfatórios, confirmando a unidimensionalidade da escala, bem como sua invariância. Constatou-se, ainda, que houve validade convergente entre a EMC-19 e o estresse dos participantes. Além disso, foram propostos estratos de classificação da intensidade do medo (leve, moderado e severo) com base na normatização dos escores. Por fim, concluiu-se que a EMC-19 apresenta evidências suficientes que recomendam a sua utilização para medida do medo da COVID-19 no Brasil.
Subject(s)
Factor Analysis, Statistical , Coronavirus , FearABSTRACT
Resumo Esta revisão integrativa objetivou reunir estudos sobre a depressão em pessoas sob aprisionamento no sistema carcerário. As bases de dados pesquisadas foram PePSIC, PsycINFO, SciELO e Web of Science. As ferramentas de suporte para a extração dos artigos selecionados foram o programa computacional StArt e as recomendações Prisma. Os termos usados na busca eletrônica foram "inmate", "prison", "prisoner", "penitentiary" e "depression". A amostra final foi composta por 10 estudos primários, os quais atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e à questão norteadora da revisão. Dentre os achados, a ocorrência de depressão foi evidente em todos os artigos selecionados, e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck foi o instrumento mais utilizado. Por fim, percebeu-se que a identificação precoce de sintomatologia depressiva pode minimizar prejuízos físicos e mentais na população em encarceramento.
Abstract This integrative review analyzed studies about depression among people imprisoned in the prison system. Bibliographic search was conducted on the PePSIC, PsycINFO, SciELO and Web of Science databases. Papers were selected following the PRISMA recommendations, and then extracted using the StArt software. The search strategy used the terms "inmate," "prison," "prisoner," "penitentiary" and "depression," The final sample included 10 primary studies that met the inclusion criteria and answered the research question. All selected articles indicated the occurrence of depression, assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory. Finally, early identification of depressive symptoms can minimize physical and mental harm in the incarcerated population.
Résumé Cette revue intégrative a analysé les études sur la dépression chez les personnes incarcérées dans le système pénitentiaire. Une recherche bibliographique a été menée sur les bases de données PePSIC, PsycINFO, SciELO et Web of Science. Les articles ont été sélectionnés en suivant les recommendations PRISMA, puis extraits à l'aide du logiciel StArt. La stratégie de recherche utilisait les termes "détenu", "prison", "prisonnier", "pénitencier" et "dépression". L'échantillon final comprenait 10 études primaires répondant aux critères d'inclusion et à la question de recherche. Tous les articles sélectionnés indiquaient la survenue d'une dépression, évaluée par l'inventaire de dépression de Beck. Enfin, l'identification précoce des symptômes dépressifs peut minimiser les dommages physiques et mentaux au sein de la population carcérale.
Resumen Esta revisión integradora tuvo como objetivo reunir estudios sobre la depresión en personas encarceladas en el sistema penitenciario. Las bases de datos buscadas fueron PePSIC, PsycINFO, SciELO y Web of Science. Se utilizaron el programa informático StArt como herramienta de apoyo para la extracción de los artículos seleccionados y las recomendaciones PRISMA. Los términos utilizados en la búsqueda electrónica fueron: "inmate", "prison", "prisoner", "penitentiary" y "depression". La muestra final estaba compuesta por 10 estudios primarios, que cumplían los criterios de inclusión y la pregunta guía de la revisión. Entre los hallazgos, la depresión fue evidente en todos los artículos seleccionados y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck fue el instrumento más utilizado. Finalmente, se percibió que la identificación temprana de la sintomatología depresiva puede minimizar los daños físicos y mentales en la población encarcelada.
Subject(s)
Prisoners , Depression/etiology , Depressive Disorder/etiology , Prisons , Systematic ReviewABSTRACT
Abstract This research compared evocations regarding the term "coronavirus" during two different periods in the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil in 2020 - March (beginning of the pandemic in the country) and June (Brazil as the epicenter of the pandemic) -, considering the presence or absence of anxiety symptoms in participants. The methodology adopted the free evocation technique and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-2) symptom scale. The sample was composed of 5,961 women and 1,153 men. Participant selection was relegated to convenience sampling by means of an online questionnaire. Results showed that the coronavirus had differential impacts among the groups that were assessed and according to the time of data collection. In general, in March, people with anxiety symptoms had a more catastrophic view of the future, while people without those symptoms had a less unfavorable repertoire to adjust to the situation. In June, both groups reported a negative view of the scenario, indicating a decrease or exhaustion in their capacity for psychological adjustment. This suggests the possibility of an increase of some conditions that result in adaptive impairment, exhaustion, and mental illness. Finally, it is important to understand people's beliefs about the coronavirus at different times of the pandemic because it is a favorable period for the emergence and/or intensification of mental disorders.
Resumen Esta investigación comparó evocaciones sobre el término "coronavirus" en dos períodos diferentes durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil - en marzo (inicio de la pandemia en el país) y en junio (Brasil como epicentro de la pandemia) de 2020. Se consideró la presencia o la ausencia de síntomas de ansiedad en los participantes. En los métodos, se utilizó la técnica de evocación libre y la escala de síntomas de Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada (GAD-2). En total, 5961 mujeres y 1153 hombres participaron en el estudio. La selección de los participantes se realizó mediante una muestra de conveniência com un cuestionario online. Los resultados mostraron que el coronavirus se sintió de manera diferente entre los grupos que fueron evaluados y según el momento de la recolección de los datos. En general, en marzo, las personas con síntomas de ansiedad tenían una visión más catastrófica del futuro, mientras que las personas sin esos síntomas evidenciaban un repertorio menos desfavorable para ajustarse a la situación. En junio, ambos grupos reportaron una visión negativa del escenario, lo que indica una disminución o agotamiento en la capacidad de ajuste psicológico. Esto sugiere la posibilidad de un aumento de algunas condiciones que resultan en deterioro adaptativo, agotamiento y enfermedad mental. Finalmente, es importante comprender las creencias sobre el coronavirus en diferentes momentos de la pandemia, porque es un período favorable para la aparición y/o intensificación de los trastornos mentales.
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Humans , Anxiety , COVID-19 , Brazil , Mental HealthABSTRACT
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246075.].
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A Escala de Frustração e Desconforto (efd) avalia as crenças de intolerância à frustração. Este trabalho objeti-vou: adaptar esse instrumento para o contexto brasileiro; buscar evidências de validade de conteúdo, de estrutura interna e com base na relação com variáveis externas e, por fim, verificar a relação entre os níveis de intolerância à frustração com gênero e idade dos participantes. A amostra foi composta por 293 indivíduos, com idade média de 21.6 anos (dp= 3.57). Foram aplicados a efd, o Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (phq-4) e um questionário sociodemográfico. Os resultados da análise fatorial exploratória indicaram a pertinência de so-lução fatorial composta por duas dimensões. Quanto a consistência interna, foram verificados bons índices para ambos os fatores e para a escala. Observou-se associação positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre a efd e o phq-4, atestando a validade baseada na relação com variáveis externas. Não foram identificadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos níveis de intolerância à frustração em razão do gênero e idade. Baseado nes-ses achados, conclui-se que a versão adaptada da efdapresentou propriedades psicométricas satisfatórias, sendo adequada para investigação da intolerância à frustração, possibilitando que pesquisadores e profis-sionais investiguem como esse construto se manifesta na população brasileira e como ele se relaciona com variáveis associadas à saúde mental
La Escala de Frustración y Malestar (efm) evalúa las creencias de intolerancia a la frustración. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo adaptar este instrumento al contexto brasileño; buscar evidencias de validez de contenido, de estructura interna, y en función de la relación con variables externas y, finalmente, verificar la relación entre los niveles de intolerancia a la frustración con el género y la edad de los participantes. La muestra estuvo formada por 293 individuos, con una edad promedio de 21.6 años (de = 3.57). Se aplicó el efm, el Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (phq-4) y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio indicaron la relevancia de una solución factorial compuesta por dos dimensiones. En cuanto a la consistencia interna, se encontraron buenos índices para ambos factores y para la escala. Hubo asociación positiva y estadísticamente significativa entre el efmy el phq-4, lo que da fe de la validez en función de la relación con variables externas. No se identificaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los niveles de intolerancia a la frustración por género y edad. Con base en estos hallazgos, se concluye que la versión adaptada del efm tuvo propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias, apta para la investigación de la intolerancia a la frustración, permitiendo a investigadores y profesionales investigar cómo este constructo se manifiesta en la población brasileña y cómo se relaciona con las variables asociadas con la salud mental
The Frustration Discomfort Scale (fds) assesses beliefs about frustration intolerance. This study aimed at adap-ting this instrument to the Brazilian context, providing evidence for content validity of internal structure, and based on the relationship with external variables. In addition, we verified the relationship of the level of frustration intolerance with the gender and age of the participants. The sample consisted of 293 individuals, with an average age of 21.6 years(SD = 3.57). The fds, the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (phq-4), and a so-ciodemographic questionnaire were applied. The explo-ratory factor analysis results indicated the best solution to be a structure with two dimensions. Good indexes of internal confidence were found for both factors and the whole scale. A positive and statistically significant association was observed between the fds and phG-4, which attests to the validity based on its relationship to external variables. No statistically significant differen-ces of frustration tolerance were identified for gender or age. Based on these findings, we conclude that the adapted version of the fds has satisfactory psychometric properties and is suitable for investigating intolerance to frustration, enabling researchers and professionals to investigate how this construct is manifested in the Brazilian population and how it relates to variables as-sociated with mental health
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Humans , Psychometrics , Mental Health , Surveys and Questionnaires , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Adaptation to Disasters , Patient Health Questionnaire , FrustrationABSTRACT
This research analyzed associations between meta-concerns and anxious and depressive symptoms at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. 2,042 individuals participated, aged 18-78 years. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire and the Meta-Worry Questionnaire were answered online. Four Logistic Regression models were used to estimate the effect of independent variables on anxiety and depression symptoms. The variables being younger, not having a steady income, feeling ill, and exhibiting a high level of meta-worries increased the chances of showing symptoms. It was concluded that providing care in the face of psychological suffering is fundamental in combating COVID-19, since factors of susceptibility to the development of mental disorders were detected at the beginning of the pandemic in Brazil.
Esta pesquisa analisou associações entre metapreocupações e sintomatologias ansiosa e depressiva no início da pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. Participaram do estudo 2.042 indivíduos, com idades entre 18-78 anos. Um questionário sociodemográfico, o 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire e o Meta-Worry Questionnaire foram respondidos online. Quatro modelos de Regressão Logística foram utilizados para estimar o efeito das variáveis independentes sobre as sintomatologias ansiosa e depressiva. As variáveis ser mais jovem, não ter renda fixa, perceber-se doente e exibir alto nível de metapreocupações ampliaram as chances de sintomas ansiosos e/ou depressivos. Concluiu-se que prover cuidado frente ao sofrimento psicológico é fundamental no combate à COVID-19, pois foram detectados fatores de suscetibilidade ao desenvolvimento de transtornos mentais no começo da pandemia no Brasil.
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Abstract Introduction: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale - Revised (CESD-R) was developed to provide an efficient screening scale for depression syndrome, mimicking the original CESD, one of the most widely used screening tools to measure depressive symptoms globally. This investigation examined the factor structure of the CESD-R with a non-clinical Brazilian population. Method: We performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of two adult samples, and also conducted invariance analysis by sex and place of residence of the participants. The full sample consisted of 1,427 adults, divided into two groups. The first sample (n = 400) was used for the EFA and the second sample (n = 1027) for the CFA. Results: The EFA indicated an internal structure composed of a single factor, which explained 53.2% of the variance. The CFA attested to the unidimensionality of the measure. Fit indices and reliability indicators showed values higher than expected, without modifications in the initial structure. The model was invariant in relation to the variables investigated at four different levels (configural, metric, scalar, and strict). Conclusions: Our findings support the utility of the CESD-R and suggest its validity for application to the Brazilian population in general.
Resumo Introdução: A Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale - Revised (CESD-R) foi elaborada para fornecer um eficiente diagnóstico de sintomas de depressão, seguindo a proposta original da CESD, que é uma das escalas para rastreamento da depressão mais utilizadas mundialmente. Esta pesquisa avaliou a estrutura fatorial da CESD-R em uma população não-clínica no Brasil. Método: Realizaram-se análises fatoriais exploratória (AFE) e confirmatória (AFC) com duas amostras compostas por adultos. Também foi verificada a invariância do modelo por sexo e local de residência do participante. A amostra total foi composta por 1427 adultos, tendo sido dividida em duas subamostras. A primeira subamostra (n = 400) foi utilizada para a AFE e a segunda (n = 1027) para a AFC. Resultados: A AFE indicou uma estrutura interna composta por um único fator, que explicou 53.2% de variância. A AFC atestou unidimensionalidade da medida. Os índices de ajuste e indicadores de confiabilidade apresentaram valores acima do esperado, sem modificações na estrutura inicial. O modelo foi invariante em relação às variáveis investigadas em quatro diferentes níveis (configural, métrico, escalar e estrito). Conclusões: Os presentes achados suportam a utilidade da CESD-R e sugerem sua validade para aplicação na população brasileira.