Drivers of and Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose Acceptance in Indonesia.

Obtaining a booster dose of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is required to maintain the protective level of neutralizing antibodies and therefore herd immunity in the community, and the success of booster dose programs depends on public acceptance. The aim of this study was to determine the acceptance of a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine and its drivers and barriers in Indonesia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the provinces of Indonesia between 1 and 15 August 2022. Individuals who completed the primary series of the COVID-19 vaccine were asked about their acceptance of a booster dose. Those who refused the booster dose were questioned about their reasons. A logistic regression was used to determine the determinants associated with rejection of a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine. A total of 2935 respondents were included in the final analysis. With no information on the efficacy and safety of the COVID-19 vaccine, 95% of respondents agreed to receive a booster dose if it were provided for free by the government. This acceptance was reduced to only 50.3% if the vaccine had a 75% efficacy with a 20% chance of side effects. The adjusted logistic regression analysis indicated that there were eight factors associated with the rejection of the booster dose: age, marital status, religion, occupation, type of the first two vaccines received, knowledge regarding the importance of the booster dose, belief that natural immunity is sufficient to prevent COVID-19 and disbelief in the effectiveness of the booster dose. In conclusion, the hesitancy toward booster doses in Indonesia is influenced by some intrinsic factors such as lack of knowledge on the benefits of the booster dose, worries regarding the unexpected side effects and concerns about the halal status of the provided vaccines and extrinsic determinants such as the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine. These findings suggest the need for more campaigns and promotions regarding the booster dose benefits to increase its acceptance.

Willingness to Pay (WTP) for COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Dose and Its Determinants in Indonesia.

Willingness to pay (WTP) for booster doses of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines is an under studied research topic. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the WTP for the booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines and its predictors in Indonesia using an online survey distributed all over the provinces of this low-middle-income country. The WTP was evaluated using a basic dichotomous contingent valuation approach, and its associated determinants were evaluated using a linear regression model. Out of 2935 responders, 66.2% (1942/2935) were willing to pay for a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. The majority of respondents (63.5%) were willing to pay within a price range of 100,000-500,000 Indonesian rupiah (IDR), i.e., USD 6.71-33.57. Being older than 40 years, having a higher educational level, having a higher income, knowing and understanding that booster doses were important, and having a vaccine status that is certified halal (permissible in Islamic law), were all associated with a higher WTP for the booster dose of COVID-19 vaccines. The study findings imply that the WTP for a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia is lower compared to acceptance of vaccines provided free of charge. This WTP data can be utilized to develop a pricing scheme for the booster doses of COVID-19 vaccination in the country with potential benefits in other low-income countries. The government may be required to provide subsidies for the herd immunity vaccination process to proceed as anticipated. Furthermore, the public community must be educated on the importance of vaccination as well as the fact that the COVID-19 epidemic is far from being over.

Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review.

The 2022 multi-country monkeypox outbreak in humans has brought new public health adversity on top of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The disease has spread to 104 countries throughout six continents of the world, with the highest burden in North America and Europe. The etiologic agent, monkeypox virus (MPXV), has been known since 1959 after isolation from infected monkeys, and virulence among humans has been reported since the 1970s, mainly in endemic countries in West and Central Africa. However, the disease has re-emerged in 2022 at an unprecedented pace, with particular concern on its human-to-human transmissibility and community spread in non-endemic regions. As a mitigation effort, healthcare workers, public health policymakers, and the general public worldwide need to be well-informed on this relatively neglected viral disease. Here, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of monkeypox, including the following aspects: epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. In addition, the current review discusses the preventive and control measures, the latest vaccine developments, and the future research areas in this re-emerging viral disease that was declared as a public health emergency of international concern.

A comparison study of headache characteristics and headache-associated quality-of-life of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients.

Headache is prevalent in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The main objective of this study was to compare the characteristics of COVID-19-associated headache to non-COVID-19 headache. The quality-of-life (QoL) and its associated determinants between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients were also compared. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Headache and QoL were assessed using the International Classification of Headache Disorders, version 3 (ICHD-3), and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), respectively. Factors associated with poor QoL in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients were examined using logistic regression. A total of 356 headache patients were included: 215 COVID-19 and 141 non-COVID-19 patients. Our data suggested that the headache in COVID-19 patients was bilateral; pain centered on one specific area with a pulsating or pressing sensation; pain intensity ranging from moderate to severe; and the frequency ranging from more than twice per week to every day. Non-COVID-19 headache was bilateral; pain centered on one side of the head resembling a migraine with pulsating or pressing sensation; mild to moderate pain intensity; and the frequency of one or two times per month. In COVID-19, low QoL was associated with unemployment status, having non-health-related jobs, having used painkillers to reduce the pain, having long duration of headache, having more frequency of attacks, and having headaches that were worsened by activities or light, and having additional symptom during a headache attach. In non-COVID-19 patients, poor QoL was associated with the use of painkillers, long duration of headache, and having conditions that aggravate the headache. To prevent long-term effects of headache associated with COVID-19, studies exploring the photobiology of headache are needed, along with the necessity of having standardised guideline on headache prevention.