ABSTRACT
Wildlife markets and wet wildlife markets, a type of human-animal interface, are commonly trading centers for wild-caught and captive-exotic animals as well as their products. These markets provide an ideal environment for spillovers of zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). These conditions may raise serious concerns, particularly in relation to wildlife species that frequently interact with humans and domestic animals. EIDs pose a significant risk to humans, ecosystems, and public health, as demonstrated by the current COVID-19 pandemic, and other previous outbreaks, including the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Even though it seems appears impossible to eliminate EIDs, we may still be able to minimalize the risks and take several measures to prevent new EIDs originated from animals. The aim of this study was to review several types of human-animal interfaces with a high risk of zoonotic spillover, infectious agents, and animal hosts or reservoirs. Identifying those factors will support the development of interventions and effective disease control in human-animal interface settings.
ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is becoming a public health concern. Foodborne pathogens are infectious agents that can be transmitted from animals to humans through food and can become resistant due to misuse and overuse of antibiotics, especially in poultry. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from local and broiler chickens at the Cibinong market, West Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 cloacal swab samples from 30 local and broiler chickens sold at the Cibinong market in West Java were obtained by random sampling. From these samples, 39 E. coli isolates were obtained after being cultured on eosin methylene blue agar and molecularly identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Six antibiotic disks were used for the antibiotic sensitivity test against E. coli isolates cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar. PCR was performed to detect ESBL genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M). Results: A total of 76.47% (39/51) cloacal swab samples were positive for E. coli. All E. coli isolates were sensitive to imipenem (100%), and 38 isolates were sensitive to cefoxitin (FOX) (97.4%). On average, the isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) (69.2%) and ceftriaxone (CRO) (89.7%). E. coli isolates were occasionally resistant to enrofloxacin (25.64%), followed by gentamicin (20.51%), CRO (10.25%), AMC (7.69%), and FOX (2.56%). The prevalence of E. coli AMR was 10.25% (4/39). All four multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates (blaTEM and blaCTX-M) were confirmed to have the ESBL gene based on PCR. Conclusion: The prevalence of multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing E. coli is still found, proving that there is still inappropriate use of antibiotics and a need for strict supervision of their use, especially around Cibinong market, West Java.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Infectious coryza (IC) is an upper respiratory disease of chicken caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum. Its clinical symptoms are swollen face and malodorous sinus exudate. This study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity of A. paragallinarum isolates from layers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The samples used in this study were 30 layers that showed IC symptoms. The colony and cell morphology were observed with Gram staining; then, biochemical tests (catalase, oxidase, urease, indole, and motility tests, and carbohydrate fermentation tests using lactose, maltose, mannitol, and sorbitol) were performed to the suspected colony to identify A. paragallinarum. An antibiotic sensitivity test was performed using several antibiotic disks against A. paragallinarum isolates that were cultured on Mueller-Hinton Agar. RESULTS: Out of 30 samples, 24 samples (80%) were found positive for A. paragallinarum. All isolates were sensitive to ampicillin (AMP) and amoxicillin (AML) (100%), and chloramphenicol (C) (91.6%). The antibiotics with intermediate sensitivity were enrofloxacin (79.2%), fosfomycin (75%), and ciprofloxacin (54.2%). The isolates were most resistant to erythromycin (100%), followed by tetracycline (87.5%), streptomycin (83.3%), doxycycline and kanamycin (70.8%), and trimethoprim (62.5%). CONCLUSION: Out of the total samples, 24 samples (80%) from layers with IC symptoms were identified biochemically as A. paragallinarum. It was sensitive to AMP, AML, and C.
