A social acceptability scale: Validation in the context of government measures to curb the COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal.

INTRODUCTION: In March 2020, the government of Senegal introduced a curfew, a ban on travel between regions, the closure of markets, and a ban on attending places of worship to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of research into the response to COVID-19, we developed a scale to measure the social acceptability of these measures. METHODS: We used Sekhon's theoretical framework of acceptability (TFA) to formulate the content of the scale items. We assessed the homogeneity of the scale using Cronbach's Alpha and average interitem correlations. We measured the dimensional properties of the scale using rating scale models. We tested the sensitivity of the scale to sociodemographic characteristics using mixed linear regressions and rating scale models. RESULTS: The final scale consisted of seven items corresponding to the constructs of acceptability. Analysis performed on data from 813 individuals showed that the scale has satisfactory statistical properties (Cronbach's α > 0.8, Loevinger's coefficient>0.3, intraclass correlation>0.4). CONCLUSION: This scale was one of the first to test the TFA. The small number of items was advantageous for use under challenging data collection contexts. Measuring the acceptability of public health interventions with this tool can help in their design and implementation.

Cross-sectional study on intention to be vaccinated against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Benin and Senegal: A structural equation modeling (SEM).

Vaccination is considered one of the solutions to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, a small proportion of the population were fully vaccinated in Benin (20.9%) and Senegal (7.6%) by December 2022. This study explores the determinants of intent to vaccinate. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study of 865 Beninese and 813 Senegalese aged 18 years and older. Marginal quota sampling by age, gender and region was adopted. Data collection, using a survey instrument based on the Random Digit Dialing method, was conducted from December 24, 2020, to January 16, 2021, in Senegal and from March 29 to May 14, 2021, in Benin. The questionnaire used the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Health Belief Model. The influence of factors was assessed using a structural equation model based on a diagonally weighted least squares estimator to account for ordered categorical data (Likert scales). In Benin and Senegal, the intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 is influenced by distinct factors. In Benin, social influence (ß = 0.42, p = 0.003) and perception of vaccine safety (ß = -0.53, p<0.001) play pivotal roles, suggesting those socially influenced have a higher vaccination intention. In Senegal, vaccination intentions are primarily driven by positive attitudes towards the vaccine (ß = 0.65, p = 0.013) and social influence (ß = 0.25, p = 0.048). This underscores the importance of individual beliefs, personal perceptions, and supportive social contexts in decision-making. Notably, positive vaccination attitudes and perceptions in both countries are strongly tied to increased social influence. While nuances exist between Benin and Senegal regarding factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination intentions, both nations underscore the pivotal roles of social influence and individual vaccination perceptions. Emphasizing trust in vaccine safety and promoting positive attitudes through effective communication are crucial for enhancing vaccination uptake in these West African countries.

Factors associated with diabetes knowledge, attitudes and practices among people aged 18 and over in the commune of Niakhene in Senegal.

More than 422 million people worldwide have diabetes in 2016, and 1.6 million deaths are attributed to diabetes each year. Knowledge of preventive measures would enable the adjustment of preventive policies. Hence this study on knowledge and practices in rural Senegal. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical survey of subjects aged at least 18 and living in the commune of Niakhene, carried out in October 2020. A systematic random sample, stratified by sex and age group, was used. The questionnaire was based on the STEPS 2015 tool and a review of the literature. In addition to personal characteristics, the questionnaire was used to measure knowledge of symptoms, complications, risk factors, attitude to the disease and screening practices. Descriptive and analytical analyses were performed using R 4.0.2 software. A total of 300 subjects were surveyed. The average age was 35.3 years (+/-16.9), and 52.3% were women. Knowledge (62.7%) was associated with higher education (ORaj2.46{1.16-3.44}), awareness by healthcare staff (ORaj2.88{1.60-5.34}), and a family history of diabetes (ORaj3.09{1.06-11.3}). The positive attitude (53%) was associated with male sex (ORaj1.98{2.07-7.52}), awareness via audio-visual information sources (ORaj3.87{2.07-7.52}), community awareness (ORaj 3.87{2.07-7.52}), existence of a family history of hypertension and knowledge of diabetes (ORaj3.34{2.5-7.69}). Screening was carried out in 34.3% of patients. The associated risk factors were male sex (ORaj 1.95{1.12-3.34}), higher education (ORaj2.49{1.12-559}) and positive attitudes to diabetes (ORaj1.83{1.04-3.26}). One of the most effective interventions against this disease is the adoption of preventive measures which involve early detection and strengthening communication for more effective prevention.

Quality-of-life measures and their psychometric properties used in African chronic kidney disease populations: a systematic review using COSMIN methodology.

BACKGROUND: If any benefit is to be derived from the use of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaires in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, they should be validated and culturally adapted to the target population. We aimed to critically appraise the psychometric properties of HRQoL questionnaires used in African populations with CKD. METHODS: Web of Science, Embase, PubMed and PsycINFO databases were searched. Psychometric validation studies of HRQoL questionnaires reporting at least one psychometric property of the COSMIN checklist in CKD African population, published up to October 16, 2023 were included and independently assessed for methodological quality and level of measurement properties by using the COSMIN methodology. RESULTS: From 1163 articles, 5 full-text were included. Only the Kidney Disease Quality-of-Life questionnaire was translated and cross-culturally adapted for studies of patients with CKD. Internal consistency was of doubtful quality in 4 studies and very good in 1. Its measurement was sufficient in 1 study and insufficient in 4. Test-retest reliability was of doubtful quality in 4 studies. Its measurement was sufficient in 3 studies and insufficient in 1. Structural validity was of inadequate quality in 1 study and very good quality in 1. Its measurement was sufficient in both. Construct validity was of inadequate quality in all studies. Their measurement was insufficient in 4 studies and sufficient in 1. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlighted that only one HRQoL questionnaire used in studies of African populations with CKD underwent a small number of cultural adaptations and psychometric validations, generally of poor methodological quality. HRQoL validation studies in African CKD populations are needed to better take advantage of the benefits in patient care, population health management, and research.

Predictors of cessation of exclusive breastfeeding according to the Cox regression model: survey of mothers of children aged 6-12 months, Thiès, Senegal.

Introduction: even though exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for up to six months is recognised as essential infant care, it is still insufficiently practiced. The objective of this study was to identify predictors of EBF cessation in Thiès. Methods: this was a survival analysis of data collected using a cross-sectional procedure. Data collection took place from 2nd December 2019 to 21st January 2020. The study population consisted of mothers of children aged 6 to 12 months residing in Thiès and seen at the reference health centre of the Thiès Health District during infant vaccination sessions. The number of subjects was 400 mothers recruited using a systematic survey, with a sampling interval equal to two. Data were collected through a face-to-face interview. Predictive factors were identified using the Cox regression model. The adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) are calculated. Results: the average age of the mothers was 27.08 ± 6.34 years. The proportion of mothers who breastfed their child within one hour of birth was 29.25%. The proportion of those who practiced EBF was 41.50%. The incidence density of EBF cessation was 14 person-months per 100 breastfeeding mothers. The median duration of EBF was 5 months. Lack of advice on EBF during antenatal care (AHR=1.42; 95% CI =1.08-1.85), sources of information other than health professionals (AHR =1.51; 95% CI =1.05-2.19), late initiation of EBF, i.e. breastfeeding beyond 24 hours after birth (AHR =1.53; 95% CI =1.02-2.28) and low level of knowledge about EBF (AHR =1.46; 95% CI =1.11-1.92) were significantly associated with early termination of EBF. Conclusion: the promotion of EBF for up to six months will necessarily involve the promotion of prenatal consultations during which professionals should raise awareness among future mothers.

Mandatory membership of community-based mutual health insurance in Senegal: A national survey.

With the low adherence to voluntary mutual health insurance, Senegal's policymakers have sought to understand the feasibility of compulsory health insurance membership. This study aims to measure the acceptability of mandatory membership in community-based mutual health insurance (CBHI) and to understand its possible administrative modalities. The study consists of a national survey among a representative population sample selected by marginal quotas. The survey was conducted in 2022 over the phone, with a random composition method involving 914 people. The questionnaire measured the socio-economic characteristics of households, their level of acceptability concerning voluntary and compulsory membership, and their level of confidence in CBHIs and the health system. Respondents preferred voluntary (86%) over mandatory (70%) membership of a CBHI. The gap between voluntary and compulsory membership scores was smaller among women (p = 0.040), people under 35 (p = 0.033), and people with no health coverage (p = 0.011). Voluntary or compulsory membership was correlated (p = 0.000) to trust in current CBHIs and health systems. Lack of trust in the CBHI management has been more disadvantageous for acceptance of the mandatory than the voluntary membership. No particular preference emerged as the preferred administrative channel (e.g. death certificate, identity card, etc.) to enforce the mandatory option. The results confirmed the well-known challenges of building universal health coverage based on CBHIs-a poorly appreciated model whose low performance reduces the acceptability of populations to adhere to it, whether voluntary or mandatory. Suppose Senegal persists in its health insurance approach. In that case, it will be essential to strengthen the performance and funding of CBHIs, and to gain population trust to enable a mandatory or more systemic membership.

Associated factors with hypertension, known poorly controlled hypertension, and newly diagnosed hypertension among people aged 18-70 in Senegal.

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to determine the factors associated with hypertension, known poorly controlled hypertension, and newly diagnosed hypertension in 2015 to improve the prevention of this pathology in our country. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of the national WHO STEPwise survey database. It had a quantitative, descriptive, and analytical aim. The sampling was done in stratification in three stages of sampling. Statistical analysis was performed using Rstudio 4.0.2 software. It was a descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analysis using binomial logistic regression for explanatory purposes. Results: The risk factors for being hypertensive among 18-70- year-olds in Senegal in 2015 were: having taken their blood pressure at least once in their life; having taken their cholesterol levels at least once in their life; having received advice to reduce salt consumption; having received advice on how to reduce the amount of sugar; having a lean body mass index; being overweight; being obese III; and being between 35-39 and 65-70 years old. The protective factors are: checking the salt content indicated on the labels; and consuming salt-rich dishes "often" compared to "never". The risk factors for being newly diagnosed with hypertension among 18-70-year-olds in Senegal in 2015 were: having a history of stroke; having a resting heart rate greater than 80 beats per minute; consuming palm oil; and having high fasting blood sugar. The protective factors are: having a high average number of meals eaten per week not prepared at home; checking the salt content indicated on the label; and being of female sex. The risk factors for being known to have poorly controlled hypertension among 18-70- year-olds in Senegal in 2015 were: judging their reduction in salt consumption as "very important"; and having received advice to reduce their salt consumption. The protective factors are: performing physical activity only when traveling; and limiting the consumption of salty meals. Conclusion: Senegalese family cooking exposes to hypertension, small actions limiting salt consumption strongly protect against hypertension, and simple physical activity during travel strongly protects against hypertension, but the health system is very little proactive in the primordial and primary prevention of hypertension.

Paying more attention to arterial hypertension, dyslipidaemia, women and the rural environment in our ongoing fight against cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors.

BACKGROUND: The diagnostic and therapeutic efforts instituted by the state of Senegal since the results of the STEPwise survey in 2015 could and should be reinforced with an effective and targeted preventative approach against cardiovascular accidents. This study aimed to (1) identify the pathological population that contains the most incidents of stroke in Senegal, (2) identify the prevalence, and geographical and gender distribution of biological co-morbidities with hypertension, stroke and advice for a change in behaviour, and (3) research the factors associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular accidents specific to the Senegalese context. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of the STEPwise WHO Senegal 2015 survey: a descriptive quantitative epidemiological study with an analytical aim. RESULTS: Biological co-morbidities with arterial hypertension as well as cardiovascular accidents affected more women than men. Biological co-morbidities with arterial hypertension predominated in urban areas, while cardiovascular accidents were more common in rural areas. The population with arterial hypertension and total hypercholesterolaemia simultaneously was at the top of a list of 25 pathological populations in terms of the proportion of cardiovascular accidents within them. In addition, total hypercholesterolaemia was found in the first three populations with the most cardiovascular accidents. Regarding advice for behavioural change, advice for smoking cessation was the most widespread. All advice was given mostly to the gender most affected by the health problem, but some advice was mostly addressed to the environment least affected by the problem. Therefore, despite being the most affected, the rural environment received the least advice for a change in behaviour with regard to the practice of any of the forms of the physical activities described, the consumption of oil of palm, the consumption of cubed sugar or sugary drinks, smoked and non-smoked tobacco and attempted smoking cessation. In multivariate analysis, it was found that arterial hypertension produced a 2.74 times greater risk of having a cardiovascular accident (adjusted odds ratio = 2.74; 95% confidence interval = 1.88-3.99; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In Senegal, we need to pay more attention to arterial hypertension, dyslipidaemia, women and the rural environment in our ongoing fight against cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors.

Use of interviewer-administered telephone surveys during infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics: a scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: During the COVID-19 crisis, researchers had to collect data remotely. Telephone surveys and interviews can quickly gather data from a distance without heavy expense. Although interviewer-administered telephone surveys (IATS) can accommodate the needs of international public health research, the literature on their use during infectious disease outbreaks is scarce. This scoping review aimed to map the characteristics of IATS during infectious disease outbreaks. METHODS: IATS conducted principally during infectious disease outbreaks and answered by informants at least 18 years old were searched from PubMed and EBSCO. There was a manual addition of relevant documents identified during an initial search. Overall trends were reported using different groupings, including WHO regions, and study details were compared before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: 70 IATS published between 2003 and 2022 were identified. 57.1% were conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among 30 IATS conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic in the world, only 3.3% were carried out in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). This percentage of studies in LMICs out of all the IATS rose to 32.5% during the pandemic. The share of qualitative studies grew from 6.7% before the COVID-19 outbreak to 32.5% during the outbreak. IATS performed during the COVID-19 pandemic focused on more diverse, specific population groups, such as patients and healthcare professionals. Mobile phones are increasingly used for IATS over time. CONCLUSION: IATS are used globally with high frequency in the Western Pacific Region and high-income countries. Technical and financial challenges continue to exist, and assessments of inclusiveness and representativeness should be carefully conducted. A lack of details related to methods was observed, and this scoping review urges researchers using this data collection method in the future to specify how they executed IATS for better use and more efficient deployment.

An improved assembly of the pearl millet reference genome using Oxford Nanopore long reads and optical mapping.

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.)) R. Br. syn. Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone) is an important crop in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa which contributes to ensuring food security. Its genome has an estimated size of 1.76 Gb and displays a high level of repetitiveness above 80%. A first assembly was previously obtained for the Tift 23D2B1-P1-P5 cultivar genotype using short-read sequencing technologies. This assembly is, however, incomplete and fragmented with around 200 Mb unplaced on chromosomes. We report here an improved quality assembly of the pearl millet Tift 23D2B1-P1-P5 cultivar genotype obtained with an approach combining Oxford Nanopore long reads and Bionano Genomics optical maps. This strategy allowed us to add around 200 Mb at the chromosome-level assembly. Moreover, we strongly improved continuity in the order of the contigs and scaffolds within the chromosomes, particularly in the centromeric regions. Notably, we added more than 100 Mb around the centromeric region on chromosome 7. This new assembly also displayed a higher gene completeness with a complete BUSCO score of 98.4% using the Poales database. This more complete and higher quality assembly of the Tift 23D2B1-P1-P5 genotype now available to the community will help in the development of research on the role of structural variants and more broadly in genomics studies and the breeding of pearl millet.

Use of Envelope Domain III Protein for the Detection of IgG Type Antibodies Specific to Zika Virus by Indirect ELISA.

Zika virus (ZIKV) diagnostics are crucial for proper antenatal and postnatal care and also for surveillance and serosurvey studies. Since the viremia during ZIKV infection is fleeting, serological testing is highly valuable to inform diagnosis. However, current serology tests using whole virus antigens frequently suffer from cross reactivity issues, delays, and technical complexity, especially in low and middle income countries (LMICs) and endemic countries. Here, we describe an indirect ELISA to detect specific IgG antibodies using the ZIKV envelope domain III (EDIII) protein expressed in Drosophila S2 cells as an immunogen. Using a total of 367 clinical samples, we showed that the EDIII-ELISA was able to detect IgG antibodies against ZIKV with high sensitivity of 100.0% and specificity of 94.7% when compared to plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs) as the gold standard and using 0.208 as the cut-off OD value. These results show the usefulness of the recombinant envelope domain III as an alternative to standard whole virus proteins for ZIKV diagnostics as it improves the sensitivity and specificity of IgG ELISA assay when used as an immunogen. This method should, therefore, be extended to serological diagnostic techniques for other members of the flavivirus genus and for use in IgM diagnostic testing.

The resilience of two departmental health insurance units during the COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal.

BACKGROUND: In its pursuit of solutions for universal health coverage (UHC), Senegal has set up two departmental health insurance units (UDAMs) since 2014. Few studies on the resilience of health systems in Africa have examined health insurance organisations. This article aims to understand how these two UDAMs have been resilient during the COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictive measures imposed by the State to maintain services to their members and reimbursements to healthcare providers. METHODS: This study was a multicase study with multiple levels of analysis using a conceptual framework of resilience and analysis of organisational configurations. Empirical data are derived from document analysis, observations for 6 months and 17 qualitative in-depth interviews. RESULTS: The results identified three main configurations concerning (1) safety and hygiene, (2) organisation and planning and (3) communication for sustainable payment. The UDAM faced the pandemic with resilience processes to absorb the shock and maintain service to their members. The UDAM learnt positive lessons from crisis management, such as remote work or the ability to support members in their care in hospitals away from their headquarters. They have innovated (transformative resilience) with the organisation of electronic payment and the use of social networks to raise funds and communicate with members. Strengthening their effectiveness after the shock of the departure of the donors in 2017 contributed to the adaptation and even transformation from the pandemic shock of 2020 and 2021. The study shows that leadership, team dynamics and adaptation to contexts are drivers of resilience processes. CONCLUSION: Both UDAMs adapted to the shocks of the pandemic and government measures to maintain the services of their members and their organisational routine. This resilience confirms that UDAMs are one of the possible solutions for UHC in the Sahel.

Behavioral Determinants of Routine Health Information System Data Use in Senegal: A Qualitative Inquiry Based on the Integrated Behavioral Model.

Routine health information system (RHIS) data are essential in driving decision making and planning in health systems as well as health programs. However, despite their importance, these data are underutilized, and the underlying individual-level facilitators and barriers to use remain understudied. In this research, we applied the Integrated Behavior Model (IBM) to examine how attitudes toward RHIS data, perceived norms concerning RHIS data use, and the ability to use RHIS data influence the demand and use of RHIS data among stakeholders in Senegal. Using data from interviews with respondents working at national levels of malaria, HIV, and TB control programs in Senegal, we used a framework analysis approach to apply the IBM behavioral constructs and identify their linkages to RHIS data use. We found that attitudes about the quality, availability, and relevance of RHIS data for decision making were important in driving data use among respondents. Institutional expectations, organizational protocols, policies, and practices around RHIS data ultimately shape social norms around the use of the data. Although we found that perceived ability and self-efficacy to use RHIS data were not barriers to RHIS data use among stakeholders at the strategic levels of their respective organizations, these were reported to be barriers at lower levels of the health system. Low perceived control of the RHIS data production process ultimately reduced RHIS data use for decision making among the strategic-level respondents. We recommend context-specific reexamination of existing RHIS interventions with a renewed emphasis on behavioral aspects of data use. The IBM can help guide practitioners, policy makers, and academics to address multiple socioecological factors that influence data use behavior when recommending RHIS and data use solutions.

Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine intention in Benin in 2021: A cross-sectional study.

Introduction: The development of COVID-19 vaccines has brought considerable hope for the control of the pandemic. With a view to promoting good vaccine coverage, this study aimed to measure vaccine intention against COVID-19 and to understand the factors that promote it. Method: In April 2021, we conducted a cross-sectional and analytical study at the national level through a telephone survey of Beninese aged 18 years or older. We used a marginal quota sampling method (n = 865) according to age, gender, and department. We constructed the questionnaire using a theoretical framework of health intention. We determined the factors associated with intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 in Benin using a multinomial logistic regression at the 5 % significance level. Results: The intention to vaccinate was 64.7 %; 10.9 % of the population were hesitant, and 24.4 % did not want to vaccinate. Thinking that it was important to get vaccinated (AOR = 0.274; CI = 0.118-0.638) or that getting vaccinated will help protect loved ones from the virus (AOR = 0.399; CI = 0.205-0.775) increased the intention to vaccinate. Having a high level of education (AOR = 1.988; CI = 1.134-3.484), thinking that the vaccine could put one's health at risk (AOR = 2.259; CI = 1.114-4.578), and hearing something negative about the vaccine (AOR = 1.765; CI = 1.059-2.941) reduced intention to vaccinate. In addition, believing that the creators of the vaccine had ensured its safety (AOR = 0.209; CI = 0.101-0.430), and believing that it was unlikely to be infected after vaccination (AOR = 0.359; CI = 0.183-0.703) decreased hesitancy in favour of the intention to vaccinate. Conclusion: In April 2021, vaccine intention was high, but maintaining this high rate requires building confidence in the vaccine and combating misinformation about the vaccine.

Acceptability of contact management and care of simple cases of COVID-19 at home: a cross-sectional study in Senegal.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is a major public health problem. In mid-2020, due to the health system challenges from increased COVID-19 cases, the Ministry of Health and Social Action in Senegal opted for contact management and care of simple cases at home. The objective of the study was to determine the acceptability of contact and simple case management of COVID-19 at home and its associated factors in Senegal. METHODS: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study. We collected data from 11 June to 10 July 2020. We used a marginal quota sampling strategy. A total of 813 individuals took part in the survey. We collected data using a telephone interview. RESULTS: The care of simple cases of COVID-19 at home was well accepted (78.5%). The use of home contact management was less accepted (51.4%). Knowledge of the modes of transmission of the virus and confidence in institutional information were associated with the acceptability of home care for simple cases. Regularly searching for information on COVID-19 and confidence in the government's control of the epidemic were associated with the acceptability of managing contacts at home. CONCLUSIONS: Authorities should take these factors into account for better communication to improve the acceptability and confidence in home-based care for COVID-19 and future epidemics.

First hepatitis E outbreak in Southeastern Senegal.

The Rapid proliferation of traditional gold mining sites in the Kedougou region has led to massive migration of people from neighbouring West African countries and the establishment of several small villages where poor hygiene and sanitation conditions exist. In this context, a Hepatitis E virus outbreak was reported in Kedougou in 2014 with several cases among the traditional mining workers. Herein, we described epidemiological and laboratory data collected during the outbreak's investigation from February 2012 to November 2014. Any suspected, contact or probable case was investigated, clinical and epidemiological data were collected. In our study, sera were collected and tested for viral RNA and anti-Hepatitis E virus (HEV) IgM. Archived serum samples from Kedougou were retrospectively screened by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 65 water samples collected from ponds and wells surrounding gold panners' sites and habitats and 75 tissues samples from rats captured in the environment of traditional gold mining sites were also tested. A total of 1617 sera were collected from 698 suspected cases, 862 contacts and 57 persons with missing information. The median age was 20 (1-88 years-old) and the sex ratio was 1.72. An overall rate of 64.62% (1045/1617) of these patients tested positive for HEV with a high case fatality rate in pregnant women. All water samples and animal tissues tested negative for HEV. Our data help not only determining of the beginning of the HEV outbreak to March 2012, but also identifying risk factors associated to its emergence. However, there is a need to implement routine diagnosis, surveillance and training of health personnel in order to reduce mortality especially among pregnant women. In addition, further studies are needed to identify the virus reservoir and environmental risk factors for HEV in the Kedougou region.

[The comeback of "one health" and global health: let us not make the same mistakes again]. / Le retour d'« une seule santé ¼ et la santé mondiale : ne reproduisons pas les mêmes erreurs.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a rediscovery of the concept of "One Health" and the idea that animals, humans and the environment are intimately linked. This is not a new concept, but it is still labile, contributing to inevitable confusion. There is still a lack of action on the ground, and "One Health" fails to integrate all three dimensions. This editorial aims to share six challenges for implementing the "One Health" approach in order to avoid the pitfalls of other global health initiatives. One Health programmes cannot be relevant and sustainable without the active involvement of communities. This deployment implies the necessary decolonisation of health, i.e. a rethinking of how programmes are governed, financed, formulated, implemented and evaluated, with and for the citizens and countries concerned. It cannot be done without addressing social inequalities in health and power issues. This approach leads to questioning the exploitation models of both agricultural and natural resources. Thinking about "One Health" implies thinking about issues and interventions from an intersectoral, inclusive and participatory perspective, from an interdisciplinary, if not transdisciplinary perspective, and understanding the resulting complexity. Finally, research findings should be taken into account to build public actions. Considering these different challenges and adopting a systemic and interdisciplinary perspective anchored in local contexts according to a participatory and inclusive approach thus seems essential to us to respond in an appropriate, relevant and sustainable manner to the issues associated with "One Health".

Genomic footprints of selection in early-and late-flowering pearl millet landraces.

Pearl millet is among the top three-cereal production in one of the most climate vulnerable regions, sub-Saharan Africa. Its Sahelian origin makes it adapted to grow in poor sandy soils under low soil water regimes. Pearl millet is thus considered today as one of the most interesting crops to face the global warming. Flowering time, a trait highly correlated with latitude, is one of the key traits that could be modulated to face future global changes. West African pearl millet landraces, can be grouped into early- (EF) and late-flowering (LF) varieties, each flowering group playing a specific role in the functioning and resilience of Sahelian smallholders. The aim of this study was thus to detect genes linked to flowering but also linked to relevant traits within each flowering group. We thus investigated genomic and phenotypic diversity in 109 pearl millet landrace accessions, i.e., 66 early-flowering and 43 late-flowering, grown in the groundnut basin, the first area of rainfed agriculture in Senegal dominated by dry cereals (millet, maize, and sorghum) and legumes (groundnuts, cowpeas). We were able to confirm the role of PhyC gene in pearl millet flowering and identify several other genes that appear to be as much as important, such as FSR12 and HAC1. HAC1 and two other genes appear to be part of QTLs previously identified and deserve further investigation. At the same time, we were able to highlight a several genes and variants that could contribute to the improvement of pearl millet yield, especially since their impact was demonstrated across flowering cycles.