Real emotional experience of family members of patients transported within hospital in neurosurgical intensive care unit: A descriptive qualitative study.

AIM: To understand the real experience of family members of patients in neurosurgical intensive care unit (NICU) during intra-hospital transport (IHT), explore their inner needs and provide effective intervention measures for the construction of standardized IHT plan. DESIGN: A descriptive qualitative study. METHODS: For the purposes of this study, 10 family members of IHT patients were included using a purposive sampling method. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to collect the data, Nvivo 11 software was used to organize the data, and Colaizzi's 7-step descriptive phenomenology method was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: A total of three themes and nine subthemes were extracted, namely: Experience of emotional changes at different stages (uncertainty before transfer, complex internal activity during transit, ambivalence after transfer); Perception of problems in IHT (poor doctor-patient communication, weak awareness of risk assessment, deficiencies in the transfer procedure); Consciousness of the real needs (emotional respect and closeness, stay informed of the progression of the disease, greater social support). CONCLUSION: Family members of patients in the NICU have complex internal experiences and multiple support needs during IHT, reflecting the need for further standardization of the transport process. In the future, we should improve the mode of safe IHT involving doctors, nurses and family members of patients, ensure the safety of patient transport, meet the social support needs of family members and improve the experience of IHT and the medical satisfaction of family members.

ERS Mediated by GRP-78/PERK/CHOP Signaling Is Involved in Fluoride-Induced Ameloblast Apoptosis.

Fluoride can be widely ingested from the environment, and its excessive intake could result in adverse effects. Dental fluorosis is an early sign of fluoride toxicity which can cause esthetic and functional problems. Though apoptosis in ameloblasts is one of the potential mechanisms, the specific signal cascade is in-conclusive. High-throughput sequencing and molecular biological techniques were used in this study to explore the underlying pathogenesis of dental fluorosis, for its prevention and treatment. A fluorosis cell model was established. Viability and apoptosis rate of mouse ameloblast-derived cell line (LS8 cells) was measured using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry analysis. Cells were harvested with or without 2-mM sodium fluoride (NaF) stimulation for high-throughput sequencing. Based on the sequencing data, subcellular structures, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and apoptosis related biomarkers were verified using transmission electron microscopy, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting techniques. Expression of ERS markers, apoptosis related proteins, and enamel formation enzymes were detected using Western blotting after addition of 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA). NaF-inhibited LS8 cells displayed time- and dose- dependent viability. Additionally, apoptosis and morphological changes were observed. RNA-sequencing data showed that protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum was obviously affected. ERS and apoptosis were induced by excessive NaF. Downregulation of kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4) was also observed. Inhibition of ERS by 4-PBA rescued the apoptotic and functional protein changes in cells. Excessive fluoride induces apoptosis by activating ERS, which is mediated by GRP-78/PERK/CHOP signaling. Key proteinase is present in maturation-stage enamel; KLK4 was also affected by fluoride, but rescued by 4-PBA. This study presents a possibility for therapeutic strategies for dental fluorosis, while further exploration is required.

Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose versus High-Dose Postoperative Intrathecal Morphine in 62 Women Undergoing Elective Cesarean Section Delivery at Full Term.

BACKGROUND Adequate pain control is desired in women undergoing cesarean section. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of low- and high-dose postoperative intrathecal morphine in 62 women undergoing elective cesarean section delivery at full term. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical study from April to November 2022. Full-term, 22-38-year-old pregnant women who were singleton pregnancies, weighing 55-80 kg, scheduled for elective cesarean section, were enrolled. A total of 62 patients were randomly assigned into either the low-dose (60 µg morphine, N=32) or high-dose (100 µg morphine, N=30) group. Post-cesarean pain intensity was recorded at 4, 12, and 24 hours. Patients requiring additional rescue analgesics or with adverse effects were documented. RESULTS There were no differences in age, weight, height, gestational age, or operating time between the 2 groups (all P>0.05). The 2 groups also had no statistically significant differences in the resting and exercise pain intensities at 4, 12, and 24 hours after cesarean section (P>0.05). Most patients (53 patients) did not require additional analgesics, suggesting an overall successful analgesic rate of 85.5%. The low-dose group had a lower incidence of pruritus than the high-dose group (13% vs 40%, P=0.029). The 2 groups had no differences in the other adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of intrathecal 60 µg morphine could provide adequate analgesia comparable with 100 µg morphine, with a lower incidence of pruritus, in Chinese women after cesarean delivery.

Immunotherapy combined with anti-angiogenic drugs and chemotherapy in negative driver gene and advanced non-small cell lung cancer / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To investigate the application value of immunotherapy combined with anti-angiogenic drugs and chemotherapy in negative driver gene and advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: A total of 48 patients with advanced NSCLC and negative driver genes were included and randomly divided into two groups according to 1:1. The observation group received immunotherapy combined with anti-angiogenic drugs and chemotherapy. The control group received conventional standard chemotherapy. The differences between the two groups were analyzed in drug toxicity, side effects and survival status. RESULTS: Objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were compared to evaluate the short-term efficacy. There was no statistical difference in ORR between the two groups. DCR in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, the difference was significant (P<0.05). The probability of hypertensive proteinuria and hand-foot syndrome in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P< 0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group could prolong the mPFS mOS of the patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Immunotherapy combined with anti-angiogenic drugs and chemotherapy can improve the efficacy of negative driver gene and advanced NSCLC, which is tolerated by patients and worthy of clinical application.

Empagliflozin ameliorates renal tissue damage in diabetic nephropathy mice through autophagy-lysosome pathway / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effeots of empagliflozin on kidney tissue and autophagy-lysosome pathway in diabetio kidney disease (DKD) mice. Methods The db/m group as the control group, the db/db mice were randomly divided into the model group and empagliflozin group. After 8 weeks of administration, the levels of 24 h urine protein (24 h-UTP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HBAlc), total cholestérol (TC), triglycéride (TG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were detected. The expression of p62, LC3B, Beclinl, Agt7, LAMP1, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and Bax in kidney tissue was measured by Western blot. The pathological changes of kidney were observed under light microscope. Results Compared with the control group, the model group showed thickening of basement membrane, increased extracellular matrix, interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration and interstitial fibrosis (P < 0. 01). Moreover, the model group had higher content of FBG, HBAlc, 24h-UTP, TC, TG, BUN, Scr, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 (P < 0. 01), higher expression of LC3B-/LC3B- I, Beclinl, LAMP1, Agt7 and Bcl-2 (P<0. 01), and lower expression of p62, caspase-3 and Bax in rénal tissue (P < 0. 01) than those in the control group. Compared with the model group, empagliflozin alleviated the pathological injury in kidney (P < 0. 01), and the changes in the above indicators were reversed. Conclusion By irepairing autophagy-lysosomal pathway in renal tissue, empagliflozin can promote the degradation of autophagy substrates, inhibit the production of inflammatory factors and apoptosis, thereby protecting the kidney.

Traditional Chinese medicine used as anti-aging agent by targeting nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway / 生理学报

The imbalance of redox homeostasis is a major characteristic of aging and contributes to the pathogenesis of various aging-related diseases. As a regulatory hub of redox homeostasis, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) can attenuate oxidative stress by activating the transcription of many antioxidant enzymes. China is the birthplace of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which has been wildly used as medicine for thousands of years. Recently, TCM as anti-aging medicine has attracted enormous attention. Focusing on the NRF2 signaling pathway, this paper summarizes the correlation between various anti-aging TCM and the NRF2 signaling, and discusses the common key mechanisms by which TCM slows the aging process by targeting the NRF2 signaling network.

Diagnosis and selection of surgical treatment of paraurethral cyst in adults / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To explore the diagnosis and choice of surgical treatment of paraurethral cyst in adults. 【Methods】 The clinical data of 56 patients with paraurethral cyst treated at our hospital during Dec.2011 and Jul.2022 were retrospectively analyzed. 【Results】 Of the 56 patients, most of the urethral masses were found during physical examination or bathing, and the time between finding of masses and admission was 2 days to 10 years. Two cases were diagnosed as vaginal wall mass, and one as ureal mass, which were confirmed by postoperative pathology as leiomyoma. Fifty-three cases were diagnosed as paraurethral cysts, 15 of whom underwent fenestration and 38 complete resection of the cyst wall. In the 38 cases who underwent complete resection of cyst wall, 6 had urethral damage due to large and deep cysts closely connected with the urethra, and catheter was indwelled for 10 to 14 days after surgery. All cases were cured without complications. There was no recurrence during the 2 months to 10 years of follow-up. 【Conclusion】 Paraurethral cysts are not difficult to diagnose. Large cysts are likely to damage the urethra due to repeated infection and close connection with urethra. We suggest that the large and deep paraurethral cysts should be removed with fenestration.

Clinical analysis of human acellular allogeneic dermis in the repair of urinary fistula / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the clinical efficacy of human acellular allogeneic dermis (HADM) in the repair of urinary fistula. 【Methods】 The clinical data of 12 female patients with complex vesicovaginal fistula treated during Jun.2021 and Nov.2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients’ average age was 47.3 years, ranging from 38 to 56 years. The body mass index (BMI) ranged from 16.6 to 25.2, with an average of 21.3. HADM was inserted between vagina and bladder wall fistula to repair fistula in all 12 patients. 【Results】 All operations were successful. After the operation, the vaginal urine leakage stopped and the urinary tube was retained for 2 weeks. During the postoperative follow-up of 1 to 16 months, no recurrence or complication were observed. 【Conclusion】 Transvaginal HDMA is an ideal surgical method in the treatment of complex vesicovaginal fistula, which has advantages of small trauma, fast recovery and high success rate.

A comparative study based on the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of the virtual articulator in simulating occlusal adjustment / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#This study aimed to compare the effects of virtual adjustment on occlusal interferences in mandibular posterior single crown and three-unit bridge restorations by using the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of a virtual articulator.@*METHODS@#Twenty-two participants were recruited. Digital casts of the maxillary and mandibular arches were obtained using an intraoral scanner, and the jaw registration system was used to record the data of the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of the articulator. Four kinds of restorations with 0.3 mm occlusal interferences were designed with dental design software. In particular, single crowns were designed for teeth 44 and 46, whereas three-unit bridges were designed for teeth 44-46 and 45-47, and the corresponding natural teeth were virtually extracted. Virtual adjustment of the restorations was performed using two dynamic occlusal recordings, namely, the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of the virtual articulator. A reverse-engineering software was used to measure the root-mean-square of the three-dimensional deviation of the occlusal surfaces between natural teeth and the adjusted restorations. The differences between the two methods of virtual-occlusion adjustment were compared and analyzed.@*RESULTS@#For the same group of restorations, the three-dimensional deviation of the mandibular movement track group were lower than those of the virtual articulator group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). For the four groups of restorations adjusted by the same method, the three-dimensional deviation of the 46-tooth single crown was the largest and the smallest three-dimensional deviation was that of the 44-tooth single crown. Statistical differences existed between the 44-tooth single crown and the other groups (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#For the occlusal design of posterior single crown and three-unit bridge, the mandibular movement track could be a more effective approach to virtual occlusal adjustment than the movement parameters of the virtual articulator.

Clinical Anslysis of TAFRO Syndrome / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of one patient with TAFRO syndrome, and to strengthen the understanding of this rare type.@*METHODS@#The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment process, and prognosis of the patient admitted in Gansu Provincial People's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Combined with laboratory tests, bone marrow examination, imaging, pathology, etc, the patient was diagnosed with TAFRO syndrome. After three cycles of treatment with pomalidomide (2-3 mg/d, d1-21), cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m2, 0.54 g once a week) and dexamethasone (20 mg/d, two days a week), platelet count, serum creatinine and procalcitonin returned to normal, the systemic edema disappeared, and the patient's condition was alleviated. The therapeutic effect was good.@*CONCLUSION@#TAFRO syndrome is rare, involves multiple systems, progresses rapidly, and has a worse prognosis. The choice of the "Pomalidomide+cyclophosphamide+dexamethasone" regimen is help to improve the survival prognosis of patient with TAFRO syndrome.

Blinatumomab as bridging therapy in two children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia complicated by invasive fungal disease / 中国当代儿科杂志

This article reports two cases of children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) complicated by invasive fungal disease (IFD) who received bridging treatment using blinatumomab. Case 1 was a 4-month-old female infant who experienced recurrent high fever and limb weakness during chemotherapy. Blood culture was negative, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of peripheral blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid were all negative. Chest CT and cranial MRI revealed obvious infection foci. Case 2 was a 2-year-old male patient who experienced recurrent high fever with multiple inflammatory masses during chemotherapy. Candida tropicalis was detected in peripheral blood and abscess fluid using NGS, while blood culture and imaging examinations showed no obvious abnormalities. After antifungal and blinatumomab therapy, both cases showed significant improvement in symptoms, signs, and imaging, and B-ALL remained in continuous remission. The report indicates that bridging treatment with blinatumomab in children with B-ALL complicated by IFD can rebuild the immune system and control the underlying disease in the presence of immunosuppression and severe fungal infection.

Voltage Dependent Anion Channel 1 Mediated Inflammation and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

VDAC1（voltage dependent anion channel 1）is an important channel protein on the outer mitochondrial outer membrane， which regulates mitophagy， participates in the regulation of inflammatory cytokines and the activation of the inflammasome， hence being crucial to the inflammatory response. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome （OSAS） suffer neuroinflammation due to intermittent hypoxia and increased oxidative stress， leading to chronic damage and neuronal cell apoptosis， and eventually develop cognitive impairment. Since OSAS patients' cognitive impairment is significantly influenced by inflammation， and VDAC1 regulates the activation of the inflammasome， the relationship between OSAS and VDAC1， mitophagy， as well as inflammation are reviewed here. We hope that this study can provide a new breakthrough in mitophagy and inflammation in patients with cognitive dysfunction caused by OSAS.

Meranzin Hydrate Improves Depression-Like Behaviors and Hypomotility via Ghrelin and Neurocircuitry / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate whether meranzin hydrate (MH) can alleviate depression-like behavior and hypomotility similar to Chaihu Shugan Powder (CSP), and further explore the potential common mechanisms.@*METHODS@#Totally 120 Spraque-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5-8 groups including sham, vehicle, fluoxetine (20 mg/kg), mosapride (10 mg/kg), CSP (30 g/kg), MH (9.18 mg/kg), [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (Dlys, 0.5 mg/kg), and MH+Dlys groups by a random number table, 8 rats in each group. And 32 mice were randomly divided into wild-type, MH (18 mg/kg), growth hormone secretagogue receptor-knockout (GHSR-KO), and GHSR+MH groups, 8 mice in each group. The forced swimming test (FST), open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), gastric emptying (GE) test, and intestinal transit (IT) test were used to assess antidepressant and prokinetic (AP) effects after drug single administration for 30 min with absorbable identification in rats and mice, respectively. The protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) in the hippocampus of rats were evaluated by Western blot. The differences in functional brain changes were determined via 7.0 T functional magnetic resonance imaging-blood oxygen level-dependent (fMRI-BOLD).@*RESULTS@#MH treatment improved depression-like behavior (FST, OFT) and hypomotility (GE, IT) in the acute forced swimming (FS) rats (all P<0.05), and the effects are similar to the parent formula CSP. The ghrelin antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 inhibited the effect of MH on FST and GE (P<0.05). Similarly, MH treatment also alleviated depression-like behavior (FST, TST) in the wild-type mice, however, no effects were found in the GHSR KO mice. Additionally, administration of MH significantly stimulated BDNF and p-mTOR protein expressions in the hippocampus (both P<0.01), which were also prevented by [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (P<0.01). Besides, 3 main BOLD foci following acute FS rats implicated activity in hippocampus-thalamus-basal ganglia (HTB) circuits. The [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 synchronously inhibited BOLD HTB foci. As expected, prokinetic mosapride only had effects on the thalamus and basal ganglia, but not on the hippocampus. Within the HTB, the hippocampus is implicated in depression and FD.@*CONCLUSIONS@#MH accounts for part of AP effects of parent formula CSP in acute FS rats, mainly via ghrelin-related shared regulation coupled to BOLD signals in brain areas. This novel functionally connection of HTB following acute stress, treatment, and regulation highlights anti-depression unified theory.

Progress in the Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Forensic Trace Analysis / 法医学杂志

Given the complexity of biological samples and the trace nature of target materials in forensic trace analysis, a simple and effective method is needed to obtain sufficient target materials from complex substrates. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have shown a wide range of application value in many research fields, such as biomedicine, drug delivery and separation, due to their unique superparamagnetic properties, stable physical and chemical properties, biocompatibility, small size, high specific surface area and other characteristics. To apply MNPs in the pretreatment of forensic materials, maximize the extraction rate of the target materials, and minimize interference factors to meet the requirements of trace analysis of the target materials, this paper reviews the application of MNPs in the fields of forensic toxicological analysis, environmental forensic science, trace evidence analysis and criminal investigation in recent years, and provides research ideas for the application of MNPs in forensic trace analysis.

Resveratrol Prevents Vibrio vulnificus-Induced Sepsis by Attenuating Necroptosis / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#This study investigated how the natural phytophenol and potent SIRT1 activator resveratrol (RSV) regulate necroptosis during Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus)-induced sepsis and the potential mechanism.@*METHODS@#The effect of RSV on V. vulnificus cytolysin (VVC)-induced necroptosis was analyzed in vitro using CCK-8 and Western blot assays. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry and survival analyses were performed to elucidate the effect and mechanism of RSV on necroptosis in a V. vulnificus-induced sepsis mouse model.@*RESULTS@#RSV relieved necroptosis induced by VVC in RAW264.7 and MLE12 cells. RSV also inhibited the inflammatory response, had a protective effect on histopathological changes, and reduced the expression level of the necroptosis indicator pMLKL in peritoneal macrophages, lung, spleen, and liver tissues of V. vulnificus-induced septic mice in vivo. Pretreatment with RSV downregulated the mRNA of the necroptosis indicator and protein expression in peritoneal macrophages and tissues of V. vulnificus-induced septic mice. RSV also improved the survival of V. vulnificus-induced septic mice.@*CONCLUSION@#Our findings collectively demonstrate that RSV prevented V. vulnificus-induced sepsis by attenuating necroptosis, highlighting its potency in the clinical management of V. vulnificus-induced sepsis.

Perceived exercise benefits and barriers and their association with physical activity time in Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 9 to 18 years / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the perceived exercise benefits and barriers and their association with physical activity time in Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 9-18 years. Methods: Data were extracted from the 2019 Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health and a total of 163 656 children and adolescents aged 9-18 years in Han ethnic group were included in the analysis. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare the perceived exercise benefits score, perceived exercise barriers score and perceived exercise benefits to barriers ratio in the children and adolescents with different demographic characteristics and physical activity time. The differences in physical activity time in subgroups were compared with χ2 tests. log-binomial regression model was used to evaluate the association between physical activity time and perceived exercise benefits and barriers. Results: The M (Q1,Q3) of the perceived exercise benefits score, perceived exercise barriers score, and perceived exercise benefits to barriers ratio in the children and adolescents were 4.11 (3.78, 4.78), 2.70 (2.10, 3.20) and 1.55 (1.22, 2.07), respectively. Children and adolescents living in urban area, boys, those at younger age and those with physical activity time ≥1 hour had higher perceived exercise benefits score and perceived exercise benefits to barriers ratio, but lower perceived exercise barriers score (all P<0.001). The prevalence of physical activity time ≥1 hour was 41.4% in the children and adolescents. In the log-binomial model with two variables of perceived exercise benefits score and perceived exercise barriers score, for each 1-point increase in the perceived exercise benefits, the possibility of physical activity time ≥1 hour increased by 11% (OR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.10-1.12), and for each 1-point increase in the perceived exercise barriers, the possibility of physical activity time ≥1 hour decreased by 15% (OR=0.85, 95%CI: 0.84-0.85). In the log-binomial model with variable of perceived exercise benefits to barriers ratio, for each 1-point increase in the perceived exercise benefits to barriers ratio, the possibility of physical activity time ≥1 hour increased by 12% (OR=1.12, 95%CI: 1.11-1.12). Conclusion: The perceived exercise benefits and barriers are significantly associated with physical activity time in children and adolescents in China.

Trend of the detection rate of myopia among Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2010 to 2019 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the trend of the detection rate of myopia among Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2010 to 2019. Methods: Data from the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health in 2010, 2014 and 2019 were used, and about 213 833, 212 742 and 209 942 Han students aged 7-18 years were included in this study. The χ² test was used to compare the differences in the prevalence of myopia among the subgroups in the survey year, and logistic regression was used to compare the differences in the prevalence of myopia between different years. A curve-fitting method was used to obtain the growth rate of myopia among Han Chinese students from 2010 to 2019, and the differences in the change of myopia between different age groups were analyzed. Results: In 2019, the overall detection rate of myopia among Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 7-18 was 60.1%. The detection rate of urban students (62.7%) was higher than that of rural students (57.4%) and the detection rate of girls (63.5%) was higher than that of boys (56.7%). In 2019, the regional disparities were large in the detection rate of myopia in various provinces, with the lowest in Guizhou (49.6%) and the highest in Zhejiang (71.3%). The detection rate of myopia showed an upward trend from 2010 to 2019, from 55.5% in 2010 to 57.1% in 2014, and finally to 60.1% in 2019. The gap in the detection rate of myopia between urban and rural children and adolescents gradually shrank. The average annual growth rate of myopia detection rate from 2014 to 2019 was 0.6 percentage points per year, higher than that from 2010 to 2014 about 0.4 percentage points per year. The peak age of the growth rate of myopia detection rate decreased from 12 years in 2010 to 10 years in 2014, and finally to 7 years in 2019. Conclusions: The detection rate of myopia among Chinese Han children and adolescents is still at a high level, and the peak age of the growth rate of myopia detection rate continues to advance.

Long-term trend of the age of spermarche and its association with nutritional status among Chinese Han boys aged 11-18 from 2010 to 2019 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the long-term trend of the age of spermarche among Chinese Han boys aged 11 to 18 from 2010 to 2019 and its association with nutritional status. Methods: The data from Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health in 2010, 2014 and 2019 were used. The age, residence and spermarche of the participants were collected by questionnaire, and their height and weight were measured. A total of 184 633 Han boys aged 11‒18 years with complete data on spermarche, height, and weight were included in this study. The probability regression method was used to calculate the median age (95%CI) at spermarche in different areas, and the trend of age at spermarche in different groups was compared. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between nutritional status and spermarche of Chinese Han boys aged 11‒18 years. Results: The median age of spermarche (95%CI) was 13.85 (13.45-14.22) years old among Chinese Han boys aged 11‒18 years in 2019, with 0.18 years earlier than that in 2010. The median age at spermarche in urban and rural boys was 13.89 and 13.81 years, respectively. Compared with that in 2010, the age at spermarche in urban and rural boys was 0.08 and 0.27 years earlier, respectively. After adjusting for age, province and urban/rural areas, compared with normal weight, spermarche was negatively associated with wasting and positively associated with overweight and obesity, with OR (95%CI) about 0.73 (0.67-0.80), 1.09 (1.02-1.17) and 1.09 (1.01-1.18), respectively. Conclusion: The age of spermarche generally shows an advanced trend among Chinese Han boys and is associated with nutritional status.

Trends of age of menarche among Chinese Han girls aged 9 to 18 years from 2010 to 2019 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the trends of the age of menarche among Chinese Han girls aged 9 to 18 years from 2010 to 2019. Methods: Data were extracted from the Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health in 2010, 2014 and 2019. A total of 253 037 Han girls aged 9 to 18 years with complete data on menarche were selected in this study. They were asked one-on-one about their menstrual status, age and residence information. The median age of menarche was estimated by probability regression. U tests were used to compare the difference in median age at menarche in different years. Results: The median age at menarche (95%CI) among Chinese Han girls was 12.47 (12.09-12.83) years in 2010, 12.17 (11.95-12.38) years in 2014 and 12.05 (10.82-13.08) years in 2019, respectively. Compared with that in 2010, the median age at menarche in 2019 decreased by 0.42 years (U=-77.27, P<0.001). The annual average changes were-0.076 years from 2010 to 2014 (U=-57.19, P<0.001) and-0.023 years from 2014 to 2019 (U=-21.41, P<0.001), respectively. The average annual changes in urban areas in the periods of 2010 to 2014 and 2014 to 2019 were-0.071 years and 0.006 years, respectively, while those in rural areas were-0.082 years and-0.053 years, respectively. The average annual changes in the regions of north, northeast, east, south central, southwest and northwest were-0.064, -0.099, -0.091, -0.080, -0.096 and-0.041 years in the period of 2010 to 2014 and 0.001, -0.040, -0.002, -0.005, -0.043 and-0.081 years in the period of 2014 to 2019. Conclusion: The age of menarche among Chinese Han girls aged 9 to 18 years shows an advanced trend from 2010 to 2019, and the trends in urban and rural areas and different regions have different characteristics.

Therapeutic effect and mechanism of Mailuo Shutong Pills on posterior limb swelling caused by femur fracture in rats based on intestinal flora and intestinal metabolism / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect and underlying mechanism of Mailuo Shutong Pills(MLST) on posterior limb swelling caused by femur fracture in rats. The rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group, a model group, a low-dose MLST group(1.8 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), a high-dose MLST group(3.6 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), and a positive drug group(60 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) Maizhiling Tablets). The femur in the sham operation group was exposed and the wound was sutured, while the other four groups underwent mechanical damage to cause femur fracture. The rats were treated with corresponding drugs by gavage 7 days before modeling and 5 days after modeling, while those in the sham operation group and the model group were given an equivalent dose of distilled water by gavage. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to detect the pathological injury of the posterior limb muscle tissues in rats, and the degree of hind limb swelling was measured. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) kit was used to detect the expression levels of interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in the serum of rats in each group. The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), malondialdehyde(MDA), catalase(CAT), and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) in rat serum was also measured. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of heme oxygenase 1(HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1), and nuclear transcription factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2) in rat posterior limb muscle tissues. The changes in the intestinal flora and intestinal metabolites in rats were detected by 16S rDNA sequencing and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS), respectively, to explore the underlying mechanism of MLST in treating posterior limb swelling caused by femur fracture in rats. Compared with the model group, MLST significantly improved the degree of posterior limb swelling in rats, reduced the levels of serum inflammatory factors, and alleviated oxidative stress injury. The HE staining results showed that the inflammatory infiltration in the posterior limb muscle tissues of rats in the MLST groups was significantly improved. Western blot results showed that MLST significantly increased the protein expression of HO-1, NQO1, and Nrf2 in rat posterior limb muscle tissues compared with the model group. The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that MLST improved the disorder of intestinal flora in rats after femur fracture. The UPLC-MS/MS results showed that MLST significantly affected the bile acid biosynthesis and metabolism pathway in the intestine after femur fracture, and the Spearman analysis confirmed that the metabolite deoxycholic acid involved in bile acid biosynthesis was positively correlated with the abundance of Turicibacter. The metabolite cholic acid was positively correlated with the abundance of Papilibacter, Staphylococcus, and Intestinimonas. The metabolite lithocholic acid was positively correlated with Papilibacter and Intestinimonas. The above results indicated that MLST could protect against the posterior limb swelling caused by femur fracture in rats. This protective effect may be achieved by improving the pathological injury of the posterior limb muscle, reducing the expression levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress-related factors in serum, reducing the oxidative injury of the posterior limb muscle, improving intestinal flora, and balancing the biosynthesis of bile acids in the intestine.