Periodic inundation accelerates the release process of organic carbon from plant litter.

The total organic carbon (OC) from plant litter in riparian zones is an important nutrient source for aquatic organisms and plays a crucial role in the nutrient cycling of river ecosystems. Nevertheless, the total amount of OC in dammed rivers gradually decreases, and the restoration methods are rarely researched. A hypothesis was proposed that the periodic inundation altered the process of OC release from plant litter. To explore the impact of periodic inundation on OC release from litter in the riparian zone, litter bags in situ tests were conducted in the Yalong River. Three inundation treatments were conducted for the test samples, which were NS (never submerged by water), PIS (periodic submerged), and PMS (permanent submerged). Results indicated that the amount of OC released from litters in PIS treatment was about 1.1 times that in PMS treatment, and about 2.1 times that in NS treatment. The average release rate coefficient k of PIS treatment (at mean water level) was the highest (12.8 × 10-4 d-1), followed by PMS treatment (11.0 × 10-4 d-1), and NS treatment (5.6 × 10-4 d-1), which demonstrated that the periodic inundation was critical for OC release. The mean water level was a demarcation line where there was a significant difference in the release of OC in the riparian zone (p < 0.05). Flow velocity alone could account for 84% of the variation in OC release rate, while the flow velocity and inundation duration together could achieve an explanatory degree of 86%. This research can provide a valuable scientific basis for the protection and restoration of river ecosystems, especially for the recovery of OC concentration in dammed rivers.

Study on the habitat evolution after dam removal in a habitat-alternative tributary of large hydropower station.

The establishment of large hydropower stations in the main stream poses a threat to fish habitats. Selecting suitable tributaries as alternative habitats is a practical measure for ecological environment protection during large hydropower station's construction. The small dams constructed on certain tributaries need to be removed in order to restore river connectivity. The removal of dams will activate hydro-sedimentary dynamics and change the original habitat in terms of topography and hydrodynamics. To explore the evolution of fish habitats following the removal of small dams, a dam-removed reach of a habitat-alternative tributary was selected as the research object, and the model of water-sediment transport and riverbed evolution in strongly disturbed dam-removed reaches and the model of fish habitat suitability evaluation were established. The key parameters calibration and model verification were completed by field monitoring results. The simulation results showed dramatic evolution in the reservoir riverbed in the initial stage after dam removal and during the high discharge period. One year after dam removal, there was a noticeable 4.0 m incision in front of the dam, along with a decrease in channel slope at the dam site from about 4.8% to approximately 1.5%. Downstream of the dam, alterations to the riverbed were mainly concentrated near the dam, and sedimentary bodies with a height of around 2.0 m have formed on the left bank following the high discharge period. The fish habitat in most areas of the dam-removed reach was suitable, except for the downstream high-velocity area. To compare the evolution process of fish habitat under two dam removal periods in wet and dry seasons, two dam removal schemes were implemented in March and June. The results showed that the riverbed evolved more gradually in the March scheme, creating a larger and continuous suitable habitat for fish. Therefore, the March scheme was recommended. By revealing the evolutionary pattern of fish habitat after dam removal, this research provides a reliable model for assessing and restoring habitats in dam-removed reaches, and enjoys significant implications for protecting river ecology in hydropower development reaches.

TDG prediction model improvement by analysis and validation of experiments on a dam model.

The combination of aerated flows and a high-pressure environment in a stilling basin can result in the supersaturation of total dissolved gas (TDG) downstream of hydraulic projects, posing an ecological risk to aquatic populations by inducing gas bubble disease (GBD) or other negative effects. There is limited literature reporting TDG mass transfer experiments on a complete physical dam model; most existing research is based on measurements in prototype tailwaters. In this study, TDG mass transfer experiments were conducted on a physical model of an under-constructed dam, with TDG-supersaturated water as the inflow, and TDG concentrations were meticulously monitored within the stilling basin. The measurements indicate that the TDG saturation at the outlet of the stilling basin decreased by 13.7% and 10.6% compared to the inlet for the two cases, respectively. Subsequently, an improved TDG prediction model was developed by incorporating a sub-grid air entrainment model and a phase-constrained scalar model. The numerical simulation results were compared with experimental data, indicating a maximum error in TDG saturation at all measured points of less than ± 3%. Moreover, the TDG saturation showed an error of only ± 0.3% at the outlet of the stilling basin. This model has broad applicability to various flow types for obtaining TDG mass transfer results and evaluating mitigation measures of TDG supersaturation to reduce the harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems.

Integrating spatial-temporal soundscape mapping with landscape indicators for effective conservation management and planning of a protected area.

Protected areas (PAs) possess generous biodiversity, making them great potential for human and wildlife well-being. Nevertheless, rising anthropogenic sounds may pose a serious challenge and threat to the habitats. Therefore, understanding the acoustic environments of PAs and implementing proper conservation strategies are essential for maintaining species richness within the territory. In this study, we investigate the spatial-temporal variations of soundscape distribution in the Dashanbao Protected Area (DPA) of China, ultimately discussing the planning and management strategies. Firstly, to systematically analyse the spatial-temporal soundscape distribution of the reserve, we generated single and multi-acoustic source maps by classifying geographical, biological, and anthropogenic sounds. In the region, we installed 35 recording points and collected sounds using the synchronic recording method. Secondly, we conducted Spearman correlation analyses to examine the relationships between the sound sources and i) temporal variations, ii) landscape feature indicators. Thirdly, we identified the dominant sound sources in the region and their conflict areas through the cross-analysis module of Grass Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Finally, we provided sound control strategies by discussing landscape indicators and land-use management policies. The results show that even though there is conservation planning in the DPA, anthropogenic sounds dominate in certain parts of the reserve depending on diurnal and seasonal cycles. This reveals deficiencies in the DPA's current planning concerning the soundscape and highlights the effectiveness of spatial-temporal mapping. Additionally, our correlation analyses demonstrate that landscape feature indicators can represent how sound environment is affected by landscape. The patch diversity (PD), landscape shape index (LSI), Shannon's Diversity Index (SHDI), woodland, shrubland, and water distance (WD) were identified as the primary predictors for both biological and anthropogenic sounds. None of the indicators exhibited a significant positive or negative correlation with geological sounds. Consequently, to enhance and conserve the acoustic quality of the region, spatial-temporal mapping with landscape indicators can be employed in the management and planning processes.

TDG generation in a ski-jump spillway with a fully or partial-flip bucket.

Ski-jump spillways are frequently used as discharge structures for high dams during floods with high energy heads. The selection of bucket types at the end of spillways has a pronounced effect on the hydraulics of jet characteristics, such as trajectories and entrained air features. However, there is no literature reporting how changes in the bucket types influence TDG generation. This study compares the hydraulic characteristics and TDG mass transfer properties of a hydraulic project under construction using both the traditional fully-flip bucket and the partial-flip bucket configurations. The results indicate that, the use of the partial-flip bucket at the end of the spillway significantly disperses the water flow and yields better energy dissipation effects. At low flow rates (lower than 400 m3/s for the dam in this study), there is little difference in the downstream TDG saturation between the traditional fully-flip bucket and the partial-flip bucket, the average difference is 1.6 % in three cases with a low flow rate. However, at high flow rates (higher than 400 m3/s), the partial-flip bucket generates more TDG compared to the traditional fully-flip bucket, reaching up to 6.2 % at the maximum flow rate. This phenomenon stems from significant changes in the hydrodynamics of the stilling basin at high flow rates due to variations in the flip bucket type. When strict control of TDG generation is necessary downstream of dams, the use of the partial-flip bucket should be carefully considered. This is because, at high flow rates, the partial-flip bucket might result in higher TDG saturation than the fully-flip bucket.

Experimental research on the effect of water velocity on phosphorus release from sediments of a plateau cold water type river.

The release of phosphorus from sediment is an important source of endogenous phosphorus in water bodies and is an important factor affecting the total phosphorus content in river system. Water velocity is key factor affecting the rate of phosphorus release from sediments. In this paper, the effects of water velocity on the release of phosphorus from sediments in a plateau cold water type river were investigated. The ecological environment of plateau cold water rivers is sensitive and fragile. The changes in environmental conditions can easily lead to changes in the overall water quality of rivers. Therefore, exploring the release process of phosphorus in plateau cold water rivers under changes in hydrodynamic conditions is important for protecting the ecological environment of plateau rivers. The results showed that the release of total phosphorus from sediments followed a first-order kinetic process, when the flow velocity was lower than the threshold velocity of sediments. The total phosphorus release coefficient of sediment linearly increased with increases in water flow velocity. The total phosphorus release coefficient of sediment was related to the flow velocity by kTP20=3.03v/vc+0.08v

Research on the purification enhancement of ecological ponds: Integrating water cycle optimization and plants layout.

The hydrodynamic conditions of ponds are generally poor, which seriously affects the long-term water quality guarantee. In this research, the numerical simulation method was used to establish an integrated model of hydrodynamics and water quality for the simulation of the plant purification effect in ponds. Based on the flushing time using the tracer method, the purification rate of plants was introduced to consider the purification effect of plants on water quality. In-situ monitoring was carried out at the Luxihe pond in Chengdu, and the model parameters such as the purification rate of typical plants were calibrated. The degradation coefficient of NH3-N in the non-vegetated area was 0.014 d-1 in August and 0.010 d-1 in November. In areas with vegetation, the purification rate of NH3-N was 0.10-0.20 g/(m2·d) in August and 0.06-0.12 g/(m2·d) in November. The comparison of the results in August and November showed that due to the higher temperature in August, the plant growth effect was better, and the degradation rate of pollutants and the purification rate of pollutants by plants were higher. The flushing time distribution of the proposed Baihedao pond under the conditions of terrain reconstruction, water replenishment, and plant layout was simulated, and the frequency distribution curve of flushing time was used to evaluate the results. Terrain reconstruction and water replenishment can significantly improve the water exchange capacity of ponds. The reasonable planting of plants can reduce the variability of the water exchange capacity. Based on this combined with the purification effect of plants on NH3-N, the layout plan of Canna, Cattails, and Thalia in ponds was proposed.

Experimental study on the dissipation performance of supersaturated total dissolved gas in microbubble treatment.

The production of total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation resulting from dam discharges has been identified as a causative factor for gas bubble disease (GBD) or mass mortality in fish. In this study, the mitigation solution for fish refuge in supersaturated TDG water was explored by using microbubbles generated by aeration to enhance supersaturated TDG dissipation. The effects of various aeration factors (aeration intensity, water depth, and aerator size) on the dissipation processes of supersaturated TDG were quantitatively investigated through a series of tests conducted in a static aeration column. The results indicated that the dissipation rates of supersaturated TDG increased as a power function with the factors of aeration intensity and aerator size and decreased as a power function with increasing water depth. A universal prediction model for the dissipation rate of supersaturated TDG in the aeration system was developed based on the dimensional analysis of the comprehensive elements, and the parameters in the model were determined using experimental data. The outcomes of this study can furnish an important theoretical foundation and scientific guidance for the utilization of aeration as a measure to alleviate the adverse impacts of supersaturated TDG on fish.

Field investigation on the change process of microbial community structure in large-deep reservoir during the initial impoundment.

During the initial impoundment of large-deep reservoir, the aquatic environment changed dramatically in various aspects such as water level, hydrological regime, and pollutants, which could alter microorganisms' community structure, break the balance of the aquatic ecosystem and even endanger the aquatic ecosystem. However, the interaction of microbial communities and water environment during the initial impoundment process of a large-deep reservoir remained unclear. To this end, in-situ monitoring and sampling analysis on water quality and microbial communities during the initial impoundment process of a typical large-deep reservoir named Baihetan were conducted so as to explore the response of microbial community structure to the changes of water environmental factors during the initial impoundment of large deep reservoir and reveal the key driving factors affecting microbial community structure. The spatio-temporal variation in water quality was analyzed, and the microbial community structure in the reservoir was investigated based on high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the COD of each section increased slightly, and the water quality after impoundment was slightly poorer than that before the impoundment. Water temperature and pH were proved to be the key factors affecting the structure of bacterial and eukaryotic communities respectively during the initial impoundment. The research results revealed the role of microorganisms and their interaction with biogeochemical processes in the large-deep reservoir ecosystem, which was crucial for later operation and management of the reservoir and the protection of the reservoir water environment.

Identification of Circular RNA Profiles in the Liver of Diet-Induced Obese Mice and Construction of the ceRNA Network.

Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, metabolic, and respiratory diseases, and it has become an important social health problem affecting the health of the population. Obesity is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. In this study, we constructed a diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mouse model and performed deep RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on liner-depleted RNA extracted from the liver tissues of the mice to explore the underlying mechanisms of obesity. A total of 7469 circular RNAs (circRNAs) were detected, and 21 were differentially expressed (DE) in the high-fat diet (HFD) and low-fat diet (LFD) groups. We then constructed a comprehensive circRNA-associated competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that DE circRNAs associated with lipid metabolic-related pathways may act as miRNA sponges to modulate target gene expression. CircRNA1709 and circRNA4842 may serve as new candidates to regulate the expression of PTEN. This study provides systematic circRNA-associated ceRNA profiling in HFD mouse liver, and the results can aid early diagnosis and the selection of treatment targets for obesity in the future.

Unusual Dual-Site Substitution Adjusts the Degree of Stacking Disorder in Honeycomb Na3Ni2SbO6 Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

O'3-Na3Ni2SbO6 with a honeycomb cation order, as a potential cathode, presents simplified phase-transition steps and a high average voltage. To mitigate the intrinsic phase irreversibility, Mg, Zn, and Co have been introduced to displace part of the Ni, which inevitably reduces the theoretical capacity related to the Ni2+/Ni3+ redox reaction. In this work, an unusual dual-site substitution is carried out to increase the P'3-O'3 structure reversibility without sacrificing the practical capacity. In addition, it is found that special stacking faults along the c-axis direction can be induced by doping to result in incomplete Sb/Ni disorder, though the honeycomb order remains in every TM (transition-metal) layer. The codoped Na2.85Cs0.15Ni1.9Mg0.1SbO6 has a high degree of disorder, which breaks the ideal monoclinic symmetry (C2/m) and partly upgrades its structure to higher-symmetry models. Profiting from the influence of stacking disorder and doping ions on the coordination environment around Na, more gradual and smaller variations of the lattice parameters appear upon Na-ion extraction/insertion. Consequently, this cathode displays a high initial discharge capacity (120 mAh g-1), long-term cycling stability, and excellent rate performance (66 mAh g-1 under 10 C). These findings reveal that not only a full TM-disordered arrangement but also this incomplete stacking disorder can effectively improve the performance of a layered cathode.

Mortality risk evaluation methods for total dissolved gas supersaturation to fish based on a mitigation measure of utilizing activated carbon.

The proper water chemical composition of aquaculture water is very important for fish farming in reservoirs or fish multiplication stations. Gas bubble disease (GBD) is mainly caused by total dissolved gas supersaturation (TDGS) in water and is a common problem that affects the healthy growth of fish. Extensive measures have been taken to mitigate TDGS levels in water where fish live, while methods for quantitatively evaluating the mitigation effect of the proposed measures on fish exposed to TDGS are still lacking. In this paper, an activated carbon (AC) adsorption experiment for supersaturated total dissolved gas (TDG) dissipation was conducted, and the experimental results indicated that AC addition could effectively accelerate supersaturated TDG dissipation. Based on fish tolerance experiments conducted by Huang (2010), two models, including a mortality risk degree evaluation model and a mortality rate calculation model, were developed to quantitatively evaluate the mortality risk mitigation effect of AC addiction on fish exposed to unsteady TDGS levels. Application of the results of the mortality risk degree evaluation model has shown that AC addition can help alleviate the mortality risk of fish suffering from TDGS. Application of the results of the mortality rate calculation model has also demonstrated that the final mortality rate of the fish group in the case with AC addition was lower than that of the case without added AC, and the final mortality rate decreased as the specific surface area and dosage of AC increased. Furthermore, an equation that related the required AC mass and a given harvested fish mass was established. This paper provides a reference for evaluating the effects of various mitigation measures to alleviate the risk posed to fish by TDGS.

Experimental investigations on the growth of wall-attached bubble in total dissolved gas supersaturated water.

Due to dam discharge, waterfalls, sudden increases in water temperature and oxygen production by photosynthesis, the total dissolved gas (TDG) in water is often supersaturated, which may have serious effects on aquatic ecology. When the atmospheric pressure is lower than the TDG pressure in water, the supersaturated dissolved gas in water will slowly release into air. Wall-attached bubbles were formed during the TDG release process. The generation and departure of wall-attached bubbles influence the release process of TDG in water. To simulate the growth period of the wall-attached bubbles under different pressures, a decompression experimental device was designed to record the supersaturated TDG release process. Based on experimental data and mathematical calculations, the quantitative relationship between the bubble growth rate and environmental pressure was obtained. The supersaturated TDG dissipation rate increases monotonically with increasing relative vacuum degree. Applied the calculation method about the wall-attached bubble growth rate, a formula of the supersaturated TDG adsorption flux was proposed, and a prediction method of the TDG release coefficient was established. The simulation results show that with the increasing relative vacuum degree, the TDG release coefficient increases correspondingly, and the adsorption from wall surface area can be obviously promoted. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the accurate calculation of the TDG release process and provides a scientific basis for the accurate prediction of the spatial and temporal distribution of supersaturated TDG under different pressure and solid wall conditions.

Swimming performance of a pelagic species in the Yangtze River under different exposure modes of the total dissolved gas supersaturation.

During flood discharges of upstream dams in the Yangtze River, the pelagic fish have a stress risk from total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation in the river water. This study took the silver carp as the object and systematically evaluated the effects of TDG supersaturation levels and exposure time on their critical swimming speed (Ucrit) at different temperatures. The external symptoms of gas bubble disease were found when TDG levels exceeded 130%. Both exposure time and TDG level did not significantly impact the Ucrit of fish under 6 days of non-lethal exposure (110%, 120%, 130% TDG) with lower or higher water temperature. Significant differences in Ucrit were found among different exposure times at 11.0 ± 1.0°C under 10 hours of lethal exposure (135%, 140%, 150% TDG) and the Ucrit reduced by 59.88%, 83.32%, and 92.40%, respectively. TDG level had a significant impact on the Ucrit at 21.0 ± 1.0°C when exposure time exceeded 8 hours. Ucrit at 21.0 ± 1.0°C water were significantly greater than those at 11.0 ± 1.0°C water where conditions had the same TDG supersaturation and exposure time. Differences in Ucrit between temperatures ranged from 3.24 to 6.12 BL/s under non-lethal exposure and from 6.38 to 13.88 BL/s under lethal exposure. The results of this study can provide a reference for fish conservation during flood discharge.

Experiments about the removal of supersaturated total dissolved gas from water environment by activated carbon adsorption.

Water environment conditions directly support aquatic life. It is important to maintain a suitable water environment to improve the efficient use of water resources. Supersaturation of total dissolved gas (TDG) in the water will cause fish suffer from gas bubble disease and even mortalities. Measures should be taken to mitigate the adverse effect of supersaturated TDG. Considering the adsorption effect of porous medium, activated carbon (AC) was utilized in this experiment to explore the effect of AC on supersaturated TDG removal. The effects of AC properties, AC dosage, and initial TDG saturation were investigated. The results showed that adding AC in the water could effectively accelerate the supersaturated TDG removal rate, which was positively correlated with the AC specific surface area and dosage. Meanwhile, the average dissipation rate of TDG increased and then decreased with increasing initial TDG saturation. The adsorption characteristics of AC on supersaturated TDG were also explored. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity and removal rate were 0.262 mg/g and 48.5% respectively. It was concluded that the adsorption process of AC on supersaturated TDG conformed to the Langmuir equation and pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Recycling test indicated that the used AC could be reused after drying. It was hoped that this research could contribute to improving water environment and ensuring the healthy development of the aquatic livings.

Prediction model and application of machine learning for supersaturated total dissolved gas generation in high dam discharge.

Supersaturation of total dissolved gas (TDG) caused by high dam discharge is an ecological risk that cannot be ignored in the operation of hydropower stations. The establishment of an efficient and concise TDG generation prediction model is of great significance to the water ecology and water environment protection of hydropower development reaches. The flow conditions and the process of water-gas mass transfer in discharge and energy dissipation are very complicated and difficult to observe in the field, bringing difficulties to the establishment of prediction model and parameter calibration. Increasingly abundant observations make it possible to establish an efficient machine learning prediction model for supersaturated TDG. In this study, extreme learning machine (ELM) and support vector regression (SVR) were used to establish the prediction model. The main influencing factors of supersaturated TDG, obtained by the analysis of the physical process of the generation of supersaturated TDG, were used as the input of the machine learning model. Then, this research took Dagangshan hydropower station and Xiluodu hydropower station as objects, and established machine learning prediction model for supersaturated TDG with several years of observation data in different discharge scenarios. Four models, including ELM, SVR, GA-ELM and GA-SVR, were obtained through genetic algorithm optimization. The relative errors of the simulation results of each model are mostly less than 5%, mean absolute error (MAE) values less than 1.6%, and root mean square error (RMSE) values less than 2.5%. The results showed that these models are highly accurate and time-saving. Based on this, TDG saturation in downstream of Dagangshan hydropower station with different discharge scenarios was simulated by machine learning model, on which the discharge optimization scheme was put forward. The proposed models, as an important supplement to the prediction of supersaturated TDG, enjoy practical significance and engineering value.

Facile synthesis of one-dimensional vanadyl acetate nanobelts toward a novel anode for lithium storage.

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are prospective anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), owing to their high theoretical specific capacity. However, the inherently low conductivity of TMOs restricts their application. The coupling of lithium-ion conducting polymer ligands with TMO structures is favorable for the dynamics of electrochemical processes. Herein, vanadyl acetate (VA) nanobelts, an organic-inorganic hybrid material, are synthesized for the first time as an anode material for LIBs. As a result, the VA nanobelt electrode displays an outstanding electrochemical performance, including a highly stable reversible specific capacity (around 1065 mA h g-1 at 200 mA g-1), superior long-term cyclability (with a capacity of approximately 477 mA h g-1 at 2 A g-1 over 500 cycles) and attractive rate capability (1012 mA h g-1 when the current density recovers to 200 mA g-1). In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves at different scanning rates and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are used to investigate the variation of the specific capacity and the electrochemical kinetic characteristics of the VA electrode during cycling in detail, respectively. Also, the structural variations of the VA electrode in the initial two cycles are also investigated by in situ XRD testing. The periodic evolution of the in situ XRD patterns demonstrates that the VA nanobelt electrode shows excellent reversibility for Li+ ion insertion/extraction. This work offers an enlightening insight into the future research into organo-vanadyl hybrids as advanced anode materials.

Energy dissipation efficiency as a new variable in the empirical correlation of total dissolved gas.

Total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation, which occurs during dam spilling, may result in fish bubble disease and mortality. Many studies have been conducted to identify the factors pertaining to TDG generation, such as the spilling discharge and tailwater depth. Additionally, the energy dissipation efficiency should be considered due to its effect on the air entrainment, which influences the TDG generation process. According to the TDG field observations of 49 cases at Dagangshan and Xiluodu hydropower stations, the TDG was positively related to the energy dissipation efficiency, tailwater depth and discharge per unit width. A correlation between the generated TDG level and these factors was established. The empirical equations proposed by the USACE were calibrated, and the TDG level estimation performance was compared with the established correlation for 25 spillage cases at seven other dams. Among the considered cases, the standard error of the TDG estimation considering the energy dissipation efficiency was 5.7%, and those for the correlations obtained using the USACE equations were 13.0% and 10.0%. The findings indicated that the energy dissipation efficiency considerably influenced the TDG level, and its consideration helped enhance the precision of the TDG estimation. Finally, the generality of this approach and future work were discussed.

Total dissolved gases induced tolerance and avoidance behaviors in pelagic fish in the Yangtze River, China.

Total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation caused by dam operations can cause fish gas bubble disease (GBD) and even fish kill. Few studies have examined the effects on pelagic species. Here, we examined the tolerance and avoidance characteristics of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), a pelagic fish widely distributed in the Yangtze River basin in China, under stress caused by TDG supersaturation. Silver carp had an average mortality rate of 7.5% ±â€¯1.8%, 92.5% ±â€¯1.8%, and 97.5% ±â€¯1.8% under 130%, 140% and 150% TDG supersaturation for 72 h of exposure, respectively. The average median lethal time (LT50) of silver carp was 18.1 h and 8.0 h under 140% and 150% TDG supersaturation, respectively. Bubbles and congestion appeared in the fins, gills and skin of silver carp. Silver carp can detect and avoid high TDG supersaturation. Significant avoidance behaviors were displayed by silver carp and the final avoidance rate was over 80% under 130% or above TDG conditions. The results of this study indicate that 130% TDG supersaturation triggered silver carp avoidance behaviors, and can be considered as the tolerance threshold.

In situ hydrothermal synthesis of double-carbon enhanced novel cobalt germanium hydroxide composites as promising anode material for sodium ion batteries.

Germanium (Ge)-based materials are considered to be one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Nevertheless, the practical electrochemical performance is severely hampered by poor cyclability due to volumetric expansion of Ge upon cycling. Herein, double-carbon confined cobalt germanium hydroxide (CGH@C/rGO) composites has been facilely synthesized with the supportion of l-ascorbic acid and graphene oxide (GO) as anode materials for sodium-ion storage. As a result, the CGH@C/rGO anode delivers a high cyclic stability with a reversible capacity of 416 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g-1 and an excellent rate capability of 206 mA h g-1 at 2000 mA g-1 compared with CGH, CGH@C and CGH/rGO composites. Besides, the reversible capacity of 266 mA h g-1 still remained even after 500 cycles at current density of 1 A g-1. Such outstanding electrochemical performance could be accredited to a strong interaction between CGH, carbon, and graphene, which increases the electronic conductivity, relieves the volume expansion aroused by sodiation/desodiation, shortens the pathway of electron/ion transportation that further improving the reaction kinetics and endowing the material with remarkable cycling capability. Obviously, this in situ hydrothermal synthesis of double carbon coating strategy can be extended to designing other candidates of anode materials for SIBs.