ABSTRACT
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.709019.].
ABSTRACT
Ginsenoside is the principal active ingredient in ginseng. Several investigations have found that ginsenosides have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, and antiallergic activities. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic form of cell-regulated death caused by lipid peroxidation. Iron, lipid, and amino acid metabolism orchestrate the complex ferroptosis response through direct or indirect regulation of iron accumulation or lipid peroxidation. More and more research has demonstrated that ginsenoside impacts illnesses via ferroptosis, implying that ferroptosis might be employed as a novel target of ginsenoside for disease therapy. This article examines the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis as well as the current advancement of ginsenoside in influencing disorders via ferroptosis.
Subject(s)
Ferroptosis , Ginsenosides , Ginsenosides/pharmacology , Ginsenosides/chemistry , Ferroptosis/drug effects , Humans , Animals , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/chemistry , Iron/metabolism , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Panax/chemistryABSTRACT
Storage proteins are essential for seed germination and seedling growth, as they provide an indispensable nitrogen source and energy. Our previous report highlighted the defective endosperm development in the serine hydroxymethyltransferase 4 (OsSHMT4) gene mutant, floury endosperm20-1 (flo20-1). However, the alterations in storage protein content and distribution within the flo20-1 endosperm remained unclear. Here, the immunocytochemistry analyses revealed a deficiency in storage protein accumulation in flo20-1. Electron microscopic observation uncovered abnormal morphological structures in protein bodies (PBI and PBII) in flo20-1. Immunofluorescence labeling demonstrated that aberrant prolamin composition could lead to the subsequent formation and deposition of atypical structures in protein body I (PBI), and decreased levels of glutelins and globulin resulted in protein body II (PBII) malformation. Further RNA-seq data combined with qRT-PCR results indicated that altered transcription levels of storage protein structural genes were responsible for the abnormal synthesis and accumulation of storage protein, which further led to non-concentric ring structural PBIs and amorphous PBIIs. Collectively, our findings further underscored that OsSHMT4 is required for the synthesis and accumulation of storage proteins and storage organelle formation in endosperm cells.